Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change and Relative Growth in Social Amenities: Panvel Tahsil, Maharashtra
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This document analyzes land use and land cover change in Panvel Tahsil, Maharashtra, India over the past 30 years using remote sensing and GIS techniques. It finds that the area has experienced rapid urbanization, with built-up land increasing from 6.87% to 48.46% of the total area from 1991 to 2021. Vegetation and agricultural land have decreased significantly over this period as land has been converted to urban uses. The study also compares growth in social amenities to population growth and planning standards, finding that while amenities have increased at a higher rate than urbanization in some decades, there is still a gap between recommended standards and existing provision of amenities.
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Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change and Relative Growth in Social Amenities: Panvel Tahsil, Maharashtra
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 0 Issue: 0 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 239 Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change and Relative Growth in Social Amenities: Panvel Tahsil, Maharashtra Aradhana Tripathy1, Amruta Gandhi2 1Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur 2Urban Planner, College of Engineering Pune ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Panvel is a fast-growing locality adjacentto Navi Mumbai, and a growth hub in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Due to its proximity to Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, it is one of the few urban areas of Raigad district, and attracts migrants due to work opportunities and low cost of living, which has led to incredibly high speed to urbanization post-2000s. Through a series of land use and mapping studies utilizing aerial imagery and historical maps, this study aims to understand the pattern of Panvel’s rapid urbanization over the last 30 years, while also comparing the rate of growth of its social amenities, to compare the lag or the delay with which urban amenities are provided in rapidly growing cities. Lastly, the actual mapped amenities are compared with the relevant census populations and the recommended URDPFI standards to understand the degree of pressure on amenities due to this urbanization, and the gap between recommended standards and real-life cases. Keywords: Urbanization, Panvel, Urban amenities, Planning standards, social amenities 1. INTRODUCTION Remote sensing (RS) and GIS are recognized as primarily essential and powerful tools in determining LULC changes at various spatial scales (Dewan & Corner, 2013). Land Use and Land Cover change detection has become a fundamentally important component to understand the extentofurbanizationin rapidly growing cities. LULC generated information is utilized by researchers,cityprofessionalsandplanners to determinechangesinnaturalresourcesandevaluate the growth patterns (Adeel, 2010). It has been recognized that the growth and development of larger cities and its interaction with the neighboring areas is influenced by economic development, the intensity of trade growth, and motivation on the part of the administration aimed at bringing about development of the cities (Tabuchi, 2013). Nevertheless, Panvel tahsil, located on the periphery of Mumbai Metropolitan Region has been extensivelyinfluenced bythegrowthanddevelopment of its surrounding urabn areas. The integration of Mumbai and its surrounding region into the global economy, is bringing radical changes in the socioeconomic and environments of this surrounding region (Phadke, 2013). Such areas that are in proximity to the urban as well rural centres act as transitional economicandsocialspaceswherechanges in the land use result in several other dynamics that result in transition to a great extent (Varkey, 2019) The main objective of the paper is to identifytheextent to which the changes in land use land cover have affected the developmentof socialinfrastructureinthe selected study area. 2. STUDY AREA Panvel tahsil is a part of Raigad district falling within the peripheral limits of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.Itluesapproximately30kmstothesoutheastof central Mumbai. LocatedtothesouthofThaneDistrict, Panvel Tahsil is surrounded by Uran Tahsilontheeast, Pen Tahsil on the south and Khalapur Tahsil on the west. Panvel City located in the tahsil is the first Municipal CorporationofRaigaddistrict.Thetahsilhas close proximity to Mumbai as well Pune district. According to the census report of 2011, Panvel Tahsil has recorded highest growth rate in the urban areas of the district. MMR Regional Plan 2036 has recognized the area around Panvel as an emerging growth centre. Fig -1: Location of Panvel Tahsil in context to MMR, Maharashtra.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 240 For analyzing land use land cover change, Landsat imagery has been acquired from the USGS portal. After undergoing the required corrections and referencing, the images were analyzed and 100-400 identification points were selected per land use category per decade. Using MLE classification, the images were classified, and the extracted image was verified using historical Google Earth imagery and census maps. 3. METHODOLOGY To assess the pattern of LULC change, Landsat 05 image of 1991, Landsat 07 imageof2001and2011and Landsat 08 image of 2021 was used from USGS portal. The selection of the land sat images was based on the image quality considering low cloud cover Different band combinations were used to proceed with the image classification of Landsat imagery. Table -1: Land Sat Imagery acquired and analyzed as per decade S. No. Year Landsat type 1 1991 5 2 2001 7 3 2011 5 4 2021 8+ OLI After undergoing the required corrections and referencing, the images were analyzed and 100-400 identification points were selected per land use category per decade. In order to facilitatethechangein land use land cover of the study area, supervised classification(MaximumLikelihoodClassification)was conducted in ArcGIS. Four classes viz. Built Up, Water Body, Vegetation (includes densevegetationlikeforest cover, sparsely vegetated areas, agriculture area) and Barren land were used. Fig -2: Methodology of LULC extraction using Landsat Imagery 4. LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE DETECTION The results from the classificationsuggest that there is change in the pattern of land useoverthefourdecades. The table below indicates land use changes in Panvel Tahsil from 1991 to 2021. The total area under Panvel Tahsil is 642.90 sq. kms. A significant increase in the built-up land is seen from 1991 to 2021. The year 2001 and2021haveseenmore increase in the built-up percentage. Area under built up land has increased from 44.18 sq. kms to 105.76 sq. kms in 2001 and 117.01 sq. kms to 311.03 sq. kms respectively, covering up to 48.46% of the total area. This increasing trend in the built up is indicative of the rapid urban growth occurring in areas under Panvel tahsil. The area under water body has shown a gradual decrease over a span of these four decades with a total decrease in the area under water body by 45.36%. The area under vegetation has also reducedfrom1991 to 2021. The area under vegetation in the year 1991 was 331.31 sq. kms comprising of 51.5% of the tahsil area which has further decreased to 113.50 sq. kms accounting to 17.655 of land area. Hence, it is inferred that the area under agriculture in the tahsil has also subsequently reduced. The classification as seen from the maps indicate that most of the area under vegetationcoverhaschanged to barren land over the years. Thus, the percentage of barren land has increased over the period of three decades. The area under barren land has increased from 251.65 sq. kms to 378.08 sq. kms from 1991 to 2011. There is decrease in the area under barren land from 2011 (378.08 sq. kms) to 2021 (208.95 sq. kms). The trend in the classification map indicates that the barren land is further being converted to built up area in the tahsil. The land use land cover analysis suggests that the tahsil is undergoing rapid urban growth.
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 241 Fig -3: Maps indicating LULC Change in Panvel Tahsil Table 2: Land Use Land Cover Change Detection 5. PROVISION OF SOCIAL AMENITIES Civic and social amenities and facilities providedtothe citizens at taxpayer’s cost. These encompass educational, medical, communication facilities and more. In the Indian scenario, URDPFI guidelines lists down the hierarchy of social infrastructure development in Appendix N of Volume of 2 of URDPFI Guidelines 2014. For the purpose of this study, the given standards of education, medical and communication facilities like Post and Telegraph office and banks are compared with the recorded numbers of social infrastructure as extracted from District Census Handbook records of Panvel C.D. Block, Raigad district. In total, within the three main categories, there are a total of 14 subcategories, dependent on available information from various government related secondary sources. Table 3: URDPFI recommended values of amenities for a given population of CD Block URDPFI social amenity 1991 2001 2011 2021 Population 172217 218186 252477 304764 Recommended values 1 per EDUCATION 1 Primary school 5000 34 44 50 61 2 Senior Secondary School 10000 17 22 25 30 3 Bank 15000 11 15 17 20 4 Dispensary 15000 11 15 17 20 5 College 100000 2 2 3 3 Land Use Land Cover Year 1991 2001 2011 2021 Area (sq. km) % Area (sq. km) % Area (sq. km) % Area (sq. km) % Built Up 44.18 6.87% 105.76 16.45% 117.01 18.20% 311.03 48.46% Water Body 15.76 2.45% 12.09 1.88% 7.14 1.11% 8.61 1.34% Vegetation 331.31 51.53% 258.96 40.28% 140.67 21.88% 113.30 17.65% Barren 251.65 39.14% 266.09 41.39% 378.08 58.81% 208.95 32.55%
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 242 6 Nursing home/polyclinic 100000 2 2 3 3 7 Hospital 100000 2 2 3 3 8 Engineering college/Technical college 1000000 0 0 0 0 MEDICAL 9 Dispensary 10000 17 22 25 30 10 Child and maternity welfare 100000 2 2 3 3 11 Polyclinic 100000 2 2 3 3 12 Intermediate Hospital 100000 2 2 3 3 13 Multi-specialty Hospital 100000 2 2 3 3 14 Family welfare center 50000 3 4 5 6 15 Diagnostic center 50000 3 4 5 6 COMMUNICATION 16 Sub post office 10000 17 22 25 30 17 Bank 10000 17 22 25 30 18 Telegraph booking counter 100000 2 2 3 3 19 Post office 250000 1 1 1 1 The values of population are taken from the District Census Handbooks and the population of 2021 is estimated based on previous years’ growth rates. For comparing year-wise data of available statistics from the DHCB. Table 4: Comparison of social amenities – recommended vs real values to show deficit in factors 1991 2001 2011 S.n o. Amenity URDPFI recommen dation Real Value URDP FI recom mend ation Real Value Growt h % URDPFI recomm endation Real Value Growth % Education 1 Primary School 34 139 44 179 28.78 50 288 60.89 2 Middle School NA 15 NA 55 266.67 NA 113 105.45 3 Secondary School NA 11 NA 21 90.91 NA 49 133.33 4 S. Secondary School 17 1 22 5 400 25 22 340 Medical facilities 5 PHC 2 0 2 5 500 3 5 0 6 Primary health subcenter NA 4 NA 22 450 NA 26 18.18 7 Maternity/child welfare 2 0 2 0 0 3 5 500 8 Polyclinic 2 0 2 0 0 3 5 500 9 Hospital 2 0 2 2 200 3 5 150 10 Dispensary 17 0 22 13 1300 25 5 -61.54 Communication 11 Post office 1 25 1 26 4 1 25 -3.85
- 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 243 12 Sub Post office 17 0 22 0 0 25 22 2200 13 Post and telegraph 2 0 2 0 0 3 25 2500 14 Commercial and coop banks 17 NA 22 8 800 25 18 125 Net Deficit (number of factors) 9 7 4 In comparison to the urbanization growth rates on 9.58% between 1991 and 2001, and 1.75% between 2001 and 2011, social amenities in total have grown on an average of 288% and 447% respectively. This shows that the rate of provision of amenities has far exceeded the land conversion rates to built-up land in these decades, though it has still not reached the recommended levels. Chart 1: Comparing rate of growth of built-up area v/s social amenities in Panvel (1991-2011)
- 6. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 244 Primary School S. Secondary School 1991 - recommended 34 17 1991-real 139 1 2001 - recommended 44 22 2001-real 179 5 2011 - recommended 50 25 2011-real 288 22 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Numbers Educational amenities Chart 2: Comparing recommended and actual numbers of educational facilities in Panvel (1991-2011) Chart 3: Comparing recommended and actual numbers of communication and banking facilities in Panvel (1991-2011)
- 7. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 245 Chart 4: Comparing recommended and actual numbers of medical facilities in Panvel (1991-2011) As can be seen from comparative trends over the last 3 decades (1991-2011), the gap of social amenity provision has been reducing. The 2021 DCHB is delayed due to the pandemic and hence its statistics could not be includedinthiscomparison.However,itis expected that the gap will close further when the new statistics are out. As can be seen from Table 4, Higher schooling has lagged behind provision of primary schooling. Medical facilities, which were lagging behind strongly, have caught up andexceededrecommendedlevelsasPanvel transforms into an education and medical hub for its neighboring rural and semi-rural zones. 6. CONCLUSION As Panvel urbanizes at a rapid rate, it is heartening to see the social amenities too have been growing at a rapid rate. While it still hasn’t reached the recommended levels, and will need more funding and execution to match a projected population in the future, it is well on track to achieve the recommended rates. Most parameters see a robust rate of growth exceeding the rate of urbanization for the decade. 7. REFERENCES Adeel, M. (2010). Methodology for identifying urban growth potentialusinglanduseandpopulation data: A case study of Islamabad Zone IV. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2. Dewan, A., & Corner, R. (2013). Dhaka Megacity: Geospatial Perspectives on Urbanisation, Environment andHealth.SpringerNetherlands. Phadke, A. (2013). Mumbai Metropolitan Region: Impact of Recent Urban Change on the Peri- urban Areas of Mumbai. Urban Studies. Tabuchi, T. (2013). Agglomeration in world cities. Procedia: Social and Beha ioral Sciences, 77. Varkey, A. (2019). An Analysis of LULC Change detection using GIS, A case study of peri urban Bengaluru. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(1).