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Anne MacLachlan study

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Kara Sammet

This document summarizes a study on the careers of minority women who earned PhDs in science and engineering from the University of California, Berkeley between 1980-1990. It finds that: 1) Of the 85 minority PhD holders from UC Berkeley in this time period, only 23 were women. The majority have built substantial careers, though few hold faculty positions at top research universities. 2) About 59% of the 56 minority PhD holders interviewed currently work in academic institutions, while others work for government labs, in the private sector, or other organizations. They are distributed across prestigious institutions. 3) Of the 19 women PhD holders interviewed, about one-third hold faculty or research positions while others work in government,

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REFORM STRUCTURAL TOWARD MAKING STRIDESDirectorate for Education and Human Resources Programs American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Inside this issue: African American and Hispanic Women in Science and Engineering, pg. 6 An Interview with Dr. Raymond Johnson, pg. 9 A Profile of an AGEP Institution: The Colorado PEAKS Alliance, pg. 11 R E S E A R C H N E W S O N A L L I A N C E S F O R G R A D U A T E E D U C A T I O N A N D T H E P R O F E S S O R I A T E ( A G E P ) V O L U M E 3 N U M B E R 3 J u l y 2 0 0 1 Continued on page 2 Careers of Minority Women Scientists from the University of California, Berkeley1 By Anne J. MacLachlan, Specialist, Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley T he recent report on the situation of women scientists at the Massachu-setts Institute of Technology (MIT) has brought the working conditions and treat- ment of women scientists into the conscious- ness of many in the academic community. In all of the publicity about MIT and local cam- pus conversations about women scientists, however, women scientists of color and their absence in major research departments have not been discussed. Among the 14 tenured women on the faculty at MIT, there are no women of color. A recent survey of the top 50 research departments in Chemistry by Donna Nelson at the University of Oklahoma con- firmed that there were very few men or women of color in any of these 50 depart- ments.2 Yet for the past two decades these same research universities have steadily been awarding Ph.D.s in science and engineering to persons of color, the majority of whom have been men. Still, more than 4,877 women of color have earned Ph.D.s in science and engineering. (See Table 1) So where are they? If the field of vision is altered from the cur- rent faculty distributed among institutions to the Ph.D.s awarded from one institution, it is possible to gain some insight into where minority Ph.D.s may have gone. The follow- ing discussion is based on preliminary results from A Longitudinal Study of Minority Ph.D.s from 1980 to 1990: Progress and Outcomes in Science and Engineering during Graduate School and Professional Life, in which careers of University of California (UC) Ph.D.s are tracked. One of these, UC Berkeley, has been among the leading institutions to graduate minority Ph.D.s in the last twenty years. Many of its science and engineering depart- ments enjoy the highest academic rankings in the country. It is assumed that Ph.D.s earned from such departments prepare the holder for a distinguished life in science. The question immediately arises in this context: If there are distinguished minority graduates of this institution why are they not filling faculty positions at equally prestigious universities? One simple answer is that they are there, but invisible, as there are so few minority degree holders. In the years between 1980 and 1990 Berkeley graduated 52 African American Ph.D.s from all science and engineering departments. Fifteen of those were women. In the same period it graduated 24 Chicanos, five of whom were women, and nine Native Americans, three of whom were women. In all these years then, only 23 Ph.D.s were awarded to women from these traditionally underrepresented American groups, although
for the purposes of the broad study members of all ethnic groups are included. (See Table 2) Excepting Native Americans, where we only have found five of the nine, we have been successful in locating 78 percent of the African American Ph.D.s from Berkeley and 88.5 per- cent of the Chicanos. Two African American men actually proved to be African while three African American men and one Chicano have declined to be interviewed. Even had we found every one of the 85 traditionally underrepresented Ph.D. holders, the number is a drop in the bucket com- pared with the total number of full time faculty in the natural sciences and engineering (125,361) reported for 1992.3 Notwithstanding their relative invisi- bility at research universities, almost all of those interviewed so far in this study are living distinguished lives in science. Their occupational choices and locations are determined by many factors in the pursuit of objectives related to the opportunities to do sci- ence rather than acquiring prestige. They are using their training and building substantial careers inside and outside academe. During the time that the respondents were in training, as well as today, fac- ulty tend to assume they are training their students to develop careers much like their own.This is a faulty assump- tion as students of every ethnicity have chosen a broad range of careers and were often obliged to, given the nature of the academic job market during the 1980s and early 1990s, take jobs out- side of the academy.4 Still, the acute shortage of minority faculty at leading research universities raises many ques- tions about the overall attractiveness of such careers, as well as less than wholehearted efforts to recruit minorities to them.5 So where are the 56 predominantly minority Ph.D.s interviewed so far in this study now? (See Table 3.) Thirty- three (59 percent) are employed at academic institutions, either as associ- ate or full professors, or as a senior researcher or research manager. One earned a M.D. Nine work directly for either government labs or agencies, one for a school district. Three have acquired law degrees and work on patents and technology issues. Thirteen work in the private sector, mostly as researchers. Almost all are at mid-career or senior ranks in whatev- er environment they are working. In addition to the five working at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), three more are working at other minority-serving institutions, three at California State universities. With the exception of the one community college, the remaining institutions include: UCLA, Geor-gia Institute of Technology, Pennsylvania State University, UC Berkeley, Rice University, Case Western University, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, Johns Hopkins University, MIT, UC San Diego, Stanford University and Gonzaga University. While there are 15 Asian Americans in this group, along with the remain- ing interviewed population of African Americans, Chicanos, one Filipino American and two whites, all ethnicities were distributed among the range of prestigious institutions and organizations. Turning to just the women in the study, nine African Americans, five Asian Americans, three Chicanas, one Filipina and one white were inter- viewed. Their employment includes 6 associate or full professorships at the University of Minnesota, North Carolina A&T University, Spelman College, Cali-fornia State University LET US KNOW WHAT YOU THINK Please continue to send us your comments, feedback and in- quiries. The goal of this newsletter is, after all, to serve the needs of its readers. If you are interested in submitting a research article, please contact Jolene Jesse at jjesse@aaas.org. For further information about our work, visit http:// ehrweb. aaas.org/mge/. Making Strides is a quarterly (January, April, July, and October) research newsletter published by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science, Directorate for Education and Human Resources Programs. Its pur- pose is to share information about minority graduate education in the fields of science, mathematics, and engineering. It is available in print and electronic format. Inquiries, informa- tion related to AGEP, and all corre- spondence should be sent to the editor. Managing Editor: Yolanda S. George Editor: Jolene Jesse Art Director: Ann M. Williams 1200 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20005 202-326-6631 e-mail: mge@aaas.org http://ehrweb.aaas.org/mge/ © 2001 AAAS This newsletter was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The opinions expressed in this newsletter are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the AAAS Board of Directors, the Council of AAAS, the staff or the mem- bership of the association, nor the National Science Foundation. 2 Continued on page 4
Year US All Black Asian/ Hisp. Native Mex Am. Total Min. White Women Pac. Isl. Am. 1988 2,066 33 72 87 6 5 203 1,863 1989 2,316 38 93 108 9 8 256 2,060 1990 2,375 36 85 119 2 15 257 2,118 1991 2,453 48 134 108 9 14 313 2,140 1992 2,549 36 147 126 11 16 336 2,213 1993 2,699 56 174 150 5 14 399 2,300 1994 2,812 77 156 148 9 20 410 2,402 1995 2,906 79 224 130 8 20 461 2,445 1996 2,958 74 240 150 18 20 502 2,459 1997 3,015 76 244 172 8 31 531 2,484 1998 3,166 111 233 199 16 33 592 2,574 1999 3,132 111 246 214 18 28 617 2,515 Total 32,450 775 2,048 1,711 119 224 4,877 27,573 Table 1: U.S. Citizen Women Ph.D.’s in Science and Engineering, 1988-1999 Source: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards 1999, NSF 2001 Ethnicity Total Men % Women % Asian 347 282 81.30% 65 18.70% Black 54 39 72.20% 15 27.80% Chicano 24 19 79.20% 5 20.80% Filipino 5 3 60.00% 2 40.00% Nat. American 9 6 66.70% 3 33.30% Other Hispanics 57 43 75.40% 14 24.60% Others 142 125 88.00% 17 12.00% White 2464 1909 77.50% 555 22.50% Foreign 1036 941 90.80% 95 9.20% Total: 4138 3367 81.40% 771 18.60% Source: UC Berkeley Graduate Division Database Table 2: UC Berkeley Science and Engineering Ph.Ds 1980-1990 By Gender and Ethnicity 3
Hayward, and Sonoma and Gonzaga Univer-sities. Research positions at academic institutions include UC Office of the President, UC San Diego, and Stanford University. One woman is now a lawyer, four work for the federal government at Sandia and Lawrence Berkeley National Labora- tories, the Department of Energy and the Center for Disease Control. One works as the science librarian in a tech- nical high school, while three currently work for major corporations as senior researchers. A fourth resigned from such a position to have her children. Women chose their career paths for many different reasons with different degrees of purposefulness. For several women there was a conscious desire to work at institutions which would enable them to serve their communi- ties. In some of these cases that also meant returning to the area where their families lived. Others chose jobs or a succession of positions to accommo- date spouses. Several wished to remain in the Bay Area. Given the range of parameters behind the desire to con- tinue to do serious science, it is striking how almost all of these women were able to find desirable positions. Although one study participant main- tains she was “lucky” as jobs “fell out of the sky,” the pattern of employment shows how training and talent pay off. Another characteristic, which should not be under-rated, is the degree of determination and commitment to succeed. As one woman remarked, an important factor to her success, “my perseverance and ability to handle suf- fering.” In the group of 19 women discussed here, only four received their degrees before 1985, the rest finished their degrees in the late 1980s. Fourteen of the 19 had one or more postdoctoral positions. Although one postdoctoral position was “a loser experience,” and another “unpleasant,” on the whole these first postdoctoral appointments were very important to developing skills essential for the eventual career. Comments range from “I learned everything I know there,” “learned new techniques, a different way of looking at problems,” “developed independent research area,” to “realized I was inter- Table 3: Current Employment of 56 UC Berkeley Science and Engineering Ph.Ds. Earned Between 1980-1990 4 Continued on page 5 Source: A. MacLachlan June 2001
ested in alternatives to doing research science in academia,” while another “missed teaching, I learned I didn’t enjoy full time research.” Only two women started their current job directly out of graduate school. One went to a national laboratory where she does “interesting stuff at times, but loses an incredible amount of time in bureaucracy.” One went directly to a tenure track job at a California State university. Most of the other women reached their current positions within two or three job changes including postdoctoral posi- tions. Only two women required seven or more job changes to get to their pre- sent position. Most report a high satis- faction rating in their current positions with a score of one or two on a five- point scale, with one the highest. A surprising number of women managed to find satisfying work while being constrained geographically, with an astounding total of nine succeeding in staying in the Bay Area, although not without some major effort. One respondent’s postdoctoral experi- ence was so negative she was turned off by academic politics and earned a law degree. Another trained as a librarian. Few were completely free to follow their fancy, as motherhood, elderly parents, and other family responsibili- ties required creative solutions to sci- entific employment. For some, howev- er, there was no conflict, as job and other responsibilities could be resolved. In comparing the percentages of men and women who hold academic jobs currently, 31.6 percent of women and 56.8 percent of men hold such posi- tions. Not only are there fewer women, but fewer proportionately in academic jobs. One reason for this is that women have left academic positions, as the academic experience often led them to seek another kind of scientific work. Two had temporary teaching jobs as their first position. Both were jobs of convenience. Neither promoted a desire to stay in academic teaching. The attorney taught at a community college and an extension program for many years. Another could not sustain the uncertainties of her teaching posi- tion because her husband died and she needed to have a permanent regular position to support her children. Yet another now employed in industry, had an academic postdoctoral position as well as a subsequent teaching position and ended up being put off academic work forever. Still another, who taught briefly, learned she preferred being in a lab. If all these women had stayed in the academy, then the percentage would have been higher than that of the men in the study: 63 percent. Clearly some of the choices which led to the positions now currently held by these women were idiosyncratic, but the decision to leave for several was preceded by unpleasant treatment or conflict. Although there are generally high levels of satisfaction articulated about current employment, there are traces of regret. Two of the women not in the academy always wanted to teach at a HBCU. Those who do teach are generally very satisfied, but two raised issues of inadequate opportunities to pursue research. One had a very diffi- cult promotion to professor in a situa- tion in which “the dean almost implied bias.” Another is unhappy with the new chair. Even if one is doing excel- lent science and working extensively to promote students’ participation in sci- ence, the quality of life in the academy can fluctuate for many other reasons. Does science discriminate against women?6 Certainly several women in this study have had difficulties in sus- taining research careers, or when in them have had to bounce against bar- riers to promotion in the organization even, as in one case, when she was win- ning national and company prizes for innovative science. Nineteen women are a small sample. Yet these 19 mani- fest such a deep commitment to their work, and ingenuity and determina- tion to make their work successful, that the pattern of success is dominant. Obstacles—sexist, racist or other— have been overcome one way or another. 5 1I would like to thank the Spencer Foundation and the UC Industry University Cooperative Research Program for their generous support of this work. Thanks to Mia Ong and Kara Sammet for their work on this project. 2Jennifer Jacobson, “Minority Groups are Poorly Represented on Chemistry Faculties, Study Finds.” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 21, 2001. 3Almanac of the Chronicle of Higher Education, September 2000. 4Anne J. MacLachlan, Berkeley Placement Project: Placement of All Berkeley Ph.D.s between 1980 and 1989. U.C.Berkeley, 1992. 5Daryl G. Smith, Caroline S. Turner, Trevor Chandler, Charles Henry, Interrupting the Usual: Successful Strategies for Hiring Diverse Faculty. Report to the Spencer Foundation, April 30, 2001. 6Donna K. Ginther, Does Science Discriminate against Women? Evidence from Academia, 1973-97. Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, February 2001. Endnotes
African American and Hispanic Women in Science and Engineering By Cheryl B. Leggon, Ph.D., Director of Women’s Studies, Wake Forest University Introduction T he underrepresentation of women in general, and African American and Hispanic women in particular, is a critically important issue for the United States (U.S.)—especially as people of color are rapidly becoming the numerical majority of the population. Women of Hispanic origin (of any race) are one of the fastest growing population groups in the U.S. Who does science largely determines who will do science insofar as scientists act as gatekeepers who determine who is qualified to be a sci- entist. Scientists are humans who bring their socio-cultural and histori- cal backgrounds to the practice of sci- ence. This background affects what is studied, how it is studied, and how results are to be used (Leggon, 1995). An important prerequisite for dis- cussing African Americans and Hispanics in science and engineering (S&E) is a clear specification of terms. The term “African American” is used to refer to Americans born in the United States who are the biological, socio-legal descendants of people with origins in Africa. Particularly within the context of data on the S&E work- force, it is vital to distinguish between Blacks born in the U.S., and non-U.S.- born Blacks. Data that combine U.S.- born-and-raised Blacks with Blacks born and raised outside of the U.S. are problematic because they greatly underestimate the extent of African American participation in S&E. Moreover there are significant social and cultural differences between Blacks born in the U.S. and those born and raised elsewhere. One of the most noteworthy differences is that African Americans were educated in a race- and class-based school system (Weber 2001). Just as the term “Black” obscures important intergroup differences, the term “Hispanic” is problematic for the same reason. “Hispanic” is an umbrella term encompassing Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, Cubans, and peo- ple with origins in Central and South America. It obscures critical socio-eco- nomic, cultural and historical differ- ences among groups. For example, Mexican Americans are different from Puerto Ricans, and Puerto Ricans who grew up on the island are different from those who grew up on the mainland. Puerto Ricans raised on the mainland (sometimes called “New Yoricans”) share similarities with African Americans. Mexican Americans (sometimes called “Chica- nos”) are similar to Native Americans. Data on the S&E workforce should be disaggregated not only by race/ethnic- ity but also by gender. Collecting data by either race/ethnicity or gender masks critical intra-group differences. This is especially problematic for women of color, such as African Americans and Hispanics. Most stud- ies do not focus on minority women in science and engineering; those that do rarely focus on the structural condi- tions surrounding Ph.D. training (MacLachlan, 2001). Often these women tend to be in a “double bind” in at least two ways. First, when they are not included in either research on women or research on African Americans and Hispanics; second, when they are included, but relegated to footnotes or parenthetical discus- sion. Although they share some issues with white women and men of color, women of color have issues and con- cerns that differ from those of both groups. It is my contention that issues stemming from both race/ethnicity and gender are not merely additive, but synergistic. This article discusses the underrepresentation of African American and Hispanic women not only in the S&E education pipeline, but also in the S&E workplace. S&E Education Pipeline African American women and Hispanic women comprise 75 percent of the students at minority-serving institutions (MSI). For these groups MSIs include Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), predominantly Hispanic-serving insti- tutions (HSIs), and the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) system. The UPR system consists of three graduate cam- puses and eight four-year colleges. UPR is the baccalaureate-source insti- tution for approximately 20 percent of all science, mathematics, engineering and technology (SMET) doctoral degrees earned by Hispanics in the U.S. (Weiner, 2000). Similarly, HBCUs are major producers of African American students who later earn doctorates in the biological and physical sciences (Leggon and Pearson, 1997). At the undergraduate level in MSIs, Hispanic and African American women are well represented in mathe- matics, physics, and computer science. At the graduate level, although both Hispanic and African American 6 continued on next page 7
7 women out-earn their male counter- parts in terms of the total number of Ph.D.s in all fields, these women either do not enter graduate programs in mathematics or, if they enter these programs, they are not retained through to the Ph.D. Hispanic and African American women do not per- sist in science because they are not encouraged to do so (NCES, 2000). Research on women in science indi- cates that not encouraging women to persist produces the same result as actively discouraging them (Hall and Sandler, 1982; Sonnert and Holton, 1995). Table 1 shows the percentages of women among Blacksi and Hispanics in S&E by degree level from 1995- 1997. For both Blacks and Hispanics, there is an inverse correlation between degree level and the percentage of the race/ethnic group that is female. This correlation holds for Blacks in every field, and for Hispanics in every field except engineering and mathematics. Women comprise at least half of Blacks in S&E with: bachelors degrees in physics, mathematics, biological sci- ence, agricultural science, psychology, social science; masters degrees in mathematics, biological science, psy- chology, and social science; and doc- torates in biological science and social science. Women comprise at least half of Hispanics in S&E: in biological sci- ence, psychology, and social science at the bachelors level; agricultural sci- ences and psychology at the masters level; and in no S&E field at the doc- toral level. The S&E workforce in the U.S.ii For the overall U.S. labor force, the U.S. Department of Labor projects that after Hispanic women and men, Black women will comprise the largest share of non-white labor force entrants between 1994 and 2005 (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1997b). Although they have a lower participation rate in the U.S. labor force than both Black and white women, Hispanic women are one of the fastest growing groups of working women in the U.S. Among those women who graduated in 1990 or later, women comprise 30 percent of the S&E labor force. In 1997, women comprised 23 percent of the U.S. S&E labor force, and women of color accounted for 4.6 percent of all scientists and engineers in the labor force. Within each racial/ethnic group, women were a smaller percentage of the S&E labor force than were men. Women comprised higher percentages than men in computer science, biolog- ical science and social science, but lower percentages in engineering. In 1997, 20 percent of all women in the S&E labor force were women of color. continued on page 8 Table 1: Percentage Women of Blacks and Hispanics in S&E by degree level 1995-1997 Field Black Hispanic BS MS Ph.D. BS MS Ph.D. Engineering 34.3 33.4 23.7 22.5 23.0 23.7 Physics 58.0 48.6 20.0 44.2 38.1 22.9 Mathematics 52.4 50.1 28.6 41.5 29.6 33.3 Computer 48.9 44.8 25.0 39.9 28.4 11.8 Science Biological 68.4 71.6 54.0 57.9 48.6 43.2 Science Agricultural 54.8 41.7 24.0 47.1 51.4 26.9 Science Natural Sci.& 60.8 44.6 34.2 39.7 31.0 31.0 S&E Psychology 79.2 77.0 26.5 75.7 73.0 63.3 Social Science 60.0 57.8 51.8 54.4 45.0 39.2 Total S&E 60.1 57.6 46.9 52.3 43.8 40.6 Non S&E 66.3 70.1 64.5 62.7 63.7 56.8 All Fields 64.5 68.7 57.2 59.2 60.1 47.8 Source: NSF 2000
8 Among this group, Black and Hispanic women comprise one percent each (Asian women comprised two percent, and Native American women approximately one-tenth of one per- cent). Hispanics have the most propor- tional distribution among those in S&E occupations. White women sci- entists and engineers had a lower unemployment rate in 1997 than did nonwhite women, 2 percent and 2.8 percent, respectively. Moreover, a higher percentage of Hispanic women (17 percent) than of Black women (9 percent) worked part time in 1997. There are three major employment sectors for S&E degree holders: busi- ness or industry; national, state and local government; and academe. In 1997, among both sexes employed in the S&E workforce, 55 percent of Hispanics and 53 percent of Blacks worked in for-profit business or indus- try. Among all racial/ethnic groups employed in business or industry, women were less likely than men to report research and development as a primary or secondary activity, and more likely than men to report com- puter applications as a primary or sec- ondary work activity. Moreover, Black and Hispanic scientists and engineers are more likely than any other groups to be employed in government at all levels (federal, state, local)—including the military. Among all employed in the S&E workforce, women are more likely than men to be employed in educational institutions, and less likely to work in business or industry. Among those employed in educational institutions, females are more likely than males to work in 2-year colleges. Within 4-year colleges and universi- ties, there is an inverse correlation between gender and rank: the higher the rank, the fewer the women. Black and Hispanic females with S&E degrees are less likely than both white women and men of any racial/ethnic group to be full professors. Moreover, Black and Hispanic females are less likely than men of any racial/ethnic group and white women to be tenured. In 1997, 29 percent of both Black and Hispanic women held tenure. For white women and white men, the tenure percentages were 38 percent and 63 percent, respectively. Discussion/Summary/ Conclusions Black and Hispanic women with S&E degrees employed in academe are crit- ical to the future of S&E. They have a direct impact on who will do science, insofar as they teach, advise and men- tor the next generations of scientists and engineers. The absence of Black and Hispanic female S&E faculty in undergraduate and graduate class- rooms and laboratories sends the mes- sage not only to Black and Hispanic students but also to all students that Black and Hispanic women cannot be scientists. However, the presence of Black and Hispanic females in class- rooms and laboratories is necessary but not sufficient to counter this message. If Black and Hispanic women are pre- sent but treated poorly by their col- leagues and/or students, Black and Hispanic female students will choose not to enter academic science in par- ticular, or any S&E field in general.iii Therefore, the focus should be on improving the professional environ- ment for Black and Hispanic female faculty as well as for their student counterparts. How can this be done? Regardless of employment sector, management—e.g., department chairs, academic deans, managers, and divi- sion directors—can and should be made accountable for the extent to which women of color (also men of color and white women) are mentored and their careers developed. In acad- eme at the institutional level, this should be a major factor in awarding research funds and grants. In other words, the focus should be on the macro-level of institutions, not on the micro-level of individuals. Things can—and must—be done to improve both the representation and profes- sional experiences of under-participat- ing groups in the S&E workforce. Not being part of the solution perpetuates the problem. ENDNOTES i The term “Black” is now used because that is the term used by the source of these data, the National Science Foundation. ii The National Science Foundation (NSF 00-327) defines scientists and engineers in terms of occupation, not degree field. iii Nelson (2001) makes these points about women in chemistry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hall, R.M., and Bernice Sandler. (1982). “The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?” Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges. Leggon, Cheryl B. (1995). “The Impact of Science and Technology on African Americans.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, Volume 21:2. Leggon, Cheryl B. and Willie Pearson, Jr. (1997). “The Baccalaureate Origins of African American Female Scientists,” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 3(4):213-224. Malcom, Shirley (2000) “Minority Ph.D. Production in SME Fields: Distributing the Work?” Making Strides, volume 2, number 3, July. MacLachlan, Anne J. (2001) “The Lives and Careers of Minority Women Scientists.” Center for Studies in Higher Education, http://ishi.lib.berkeley.edu/cshe/projects/minority/invesandcareers.htm. National Center for Education Statistics (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science and Engineering Education. National Science Foundation (2000). Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering. NSF 00-327. Nelson, Donna J. (2000) “Constancy in Chemistry: Effects on females and minorities. AWIS Magazine. http://www.awis.org/magazine.html. Sonnert, Gerhard and Gerald Holton (1995). Who Succeeds in Science: The Gender Dimension. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau: 1997a Facts on Working Women, “Women of Hispanic Origin in the Labor Force,” No. 97, February . 1997b Facts on Working Women, “Women of African American Origin in the Labor Force,” No. 97, March. Weber, Lyn (2001) Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality: A Conceptual Framework. McGraw-Hill. Weiner, Brad (2000) “A Profile of AGEP Institution: University of Puerto Rico,” Making Strides, volume 2, number 3, July.
9 An Interview with Dr.Raymond Johnson MS: Tell me about your background and the reasons you chose math. Johnson: I was a student in high school when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. This event triggered a renewed interest in science and math, and my high school offered special math enrich- ment classes. I took those classes and found that I liked it. MS: What was it about math specif- ically that you liked? Johnson: It wasn’t really math but the classes that I enjoyed. The supplemental classes just happened to be in math. What I liked about them is that they went beyond the basic material in the textbook. I learned more about what math was going to be like as a profes- sion. Then when I went to the University of Texas and had to choose a major, I found I liked math better than anything else. My professors then suggested I go on to graduate school. I applied to Rice University. Rice University was, at the time, due to a stip- ulation in William Marsh Rice’s will, for the white citizens of Texas only.This was being contested, however, and I was accepted. Some alumni of the university then contested integration, and so it took a year before I was formally admitted to the school. MS: Was it difficult for you being one of the first African Americans at Rice? Johnson: Not really. It was an unusual time—1963, and the Civil Rights Revolution was in full swing. All my fellow graduate students were very sup- portive, and I made friends that I have kept to this day. Most everyone I met there felt that my admission and the integration of the campus were the appropriate things to do. MS: Did any of your own experi- ences as a graduate or undergrad- uate student inform your later activ- ities on behalf of graduate students? Johnson: I was very much alone in grad- uate school. I didn’t learn anything about building a community or anything like that. But I was welcomed into the group of other math graduate students at Rice. We were a small group starting out together and were put under heavy pres- sure. So we all stuck together because we were going through the same thing. I was the only Black graduate student at Rice at the time, and there was only one other Black undergraduate student, whom I never met. MS: Where did you go after that? Johnson: My advisor at Rice took a job at the University of Chicago before I was finished with my doctorate. I went to Chicago with him, but finished my degree at Rice. After that I came to the University of Maryland. MS: What were your own experi- ences in the academic job market? Johnson: I graduated at a time when it was much simpler. My advisor asked me where I wanted to go. I said East and he made some phone calls. He called the University of Maryland and I was told that I got the job. There were lots more jobs then than now. MS: You made a conscious effort to diversify the math program at UMCP. Those efforts have led to a third of your current graduate stu- dents being female and 15 percent coming from underrepresented groups. What steps did UMCP’s math department institute to reach this level of success? Johnson: Our efforts started when I was Associate Chair with direct responsibility for the graduate program. I began to try to recruit minority stu- dents by visiting Historically Black Colleges and Univer-sities (HBCUs). I was successful in getting some students to come. At some point we began to have a num- ber of Black students, but they weren’t really talking to each other. There was a feeling that you were not supposed to cluster together. I wasn’t directly involved with all the African American students either. Our program coordina- tor came to me to see if we could get some money to get the Black students together. I began to meet with them as a group. I wanted them to know that it is all right to mingle with everyone—even each other. Once we began to meet as a group, we made much more progress in recruiting more African American stu- dents to the program. Students saw that there was a place to anchor onto, that there were significant avenues for inter- action, and this made them more willing to select us. MS: Why was there this feeling among the African American stu- Each issue of Making Strides features a short interview with a science, mathematics or engineering (SME) professor who has been instrumental in mentoring and encourag- ing students through the pipeline, as well as demonstrating leadership and outstanding accomplishments in the world of SME. This issue profiles Dr. Raymond Johnson, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park. As Chair of the Mathematics Department, Dr. Johnson was instrumental in diversifying the graduate student body. He has won UMCP’s Distinguished Minority Faculty Award and was the co-organizer of the first Conference for African American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences and Minorities and Applied Mathematics: Connections to Industry and Laboratories. Continued on next page 9
10 dents that you weren’t supposed to cluster together? Johnson: I think that its part of the social conditioning. People look suspi- ciously at groups of African Americans. The students felt that.They also felt they should interact with everyone. They are right about that, but that doesn’t mean that they can’t interact with each other as well. They just didn’t realize that they had so much in common. Their interac- tion with each other was productive because they were able to look at anoth- er dimension of what was going on in graduate school by talking with each other. They did not know each other at all is what we discovered. MS: Once you did begin to meet as a group, what specific activities did you do that seemed to attract more students? Johnson: I specifically invited other Black professionals with Ph.D.s to meet with them. Meetings were about once a month and were definitely thematic. For example, I brought in a professor of math education, Dr. Genevieve Knight from Coppin State University, to talk about her work and how her education at the University of Maryland prepared her to do her job. Meetings were based on a professional theme that allowed the students to contemplate their future professions. MS: Have you found that having a critical mass of minority students has made a difference, and is it sus- tainable over the long run? Johnson: I found that it has made a dif- ference and is sustainable. Students see others like themselves and that makes them want to come. There are so many questions that students ask when choos- ing a program. Is this the school for me? Do they have the academics that I need? But most African American students find that simply asking the academic questions isn’t enough. Once we had a critical mass and a community it has become self-perpetuating. Critical mass is the thing that did it. MS: What constitutes a “critical mass?” How many students? Johnson: I don’t really know. More than one. I think it depends on the size of the school and would be different at differ- ent schools. There should be enough so that the Black students feel comfortable and that they are not alone or will be sin- gled out. I knew we reached a critical mass when the students became more comfortable at the university. MS: How did your efforts affect the overall climate in UMCP’s Math Department? Johnson: That’s hard to say. I think it helped but I can’t prove it. Some of the things that we did for the African American students were incorporated into our orientation for all new graduate students. We found that for all graduate students there was a problem in making connections with each other. So our graduate office began assigning each entering graduate student with a student mentor. Some of the things we saw that worked with the African American stu- dents were adapted to all students. MS: What effect has the current anti-affirmative action climate had on your diversity efforts? Johnson: It has had an impact in that our university used to have scholarships reserved specifically for African American students to attract them to Maryland.These were lost in the wake of the Michael Williams scholarship ruling. Now individual departments have to use their own resources. We’ve been lucky in that our department has stepped up to the plate in terms of using its own resources. The university-level program, though, did offer us a certain amount of flexibility that allowed us to bring in students that might not have looked so great on paper. There were times that at the departmen- tal level we might not have considered a candidate because their applications did- n’t seem strong. But then the university would rank them as a top candidate in their recruitment efforts and we would be able to accept them into the program. Then with some mentoring, we were able to nurture them and allow them to grow in the program. After these university-wide programs were eliminated, they were replaced by grant programs to individual depart- ments to help in minority recruitment efforts at the departmental level. Recruiting is essentially a departmental activity. If a department didn’t use these grant opportunities then nothing came of it. The math department made the effort to use it and from there we were able to continue to diversify. In the end it all comes down to departmental activity. MS: I have read that you have been somewhat disappointed in the post- doctoral job market experiences of some of your students. Where have your graduates ended up in gener- al? Have you found that most go into the professoriate? Johnson: I have been somewhat disap- pointed in the academic jobs that our African American students have attained. Many have found positions at HBCUs such as Howard University, Morgan State University, and North Carolina A&T. But current legend would have them receiving job offers from Rutgers, the University of Virginia, or other Research I universities. This has happened sporadically with some of our white students. But our Black students have not even been contacted or gotten interviews there. Our students who have gone into indus- try, though, have done extremely well, landing positions at the Departments of Energy and Defense and in top corpora- tions. Those are the kinds of places and the level at which I would like to see the people who choose academia be in as well. Lately we have been encouraging students to consider non-academic jobs more. MS: What is the best way to recruit more women and minorities into SME disciplines? Johnson: When I made the decision to consciously go out and recruit students from underrepresented groups, I first sat down and identified the schools that had sent us students in the past who had been successful. I then focused my recruitment efforts there. I visited those schools in an effort to make contact with them. Every school has a different recruiting area, and that is where efforts should begin. Once you’ve recruited the students, you need to have institutional procedures in place to evaluate them. Again, this was where campus wide fellowship commit- Continued from page 9 Continued on page 12
11 A Profile of an AGEP Institution: The Colorado PEAKS Alliance By Barbara E. Kraus and Christine Macdonald, The Graduate School, University of Colorado at Boulder W hen asked why he chose a career path in academia instead of industry, Charles Glass replies: “There are very few African American environmental engi- neers in academia. I thought my presence could make a difference.” Glass, who earned his Ph.D. in civil engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1997, is currently an assistant professor of civil engineering at Howard University. He is pleased that the University of Colorado’s AGEP award will help increase the successes that CU’s minority students in science, math and engineering have had at the University. The National Science Foundation fund- ed AGEP grant provides funding for the new Colorado PEAKS Alliance, a part- nership between CU-Boulder and Colorado State University, to develop a model of minority graduate education in which the graduate schools coordinate recruiting pipelines and support pro- grams. The PEAKS Alliance initiatives are designed to triple the number of underrepresented minorities graduating with Ph.D.s and entering the professori- ate in the fields of science, math and engineering. CU-Boulder, ranked 16th in the nation in awarding doctoral degrees to minority students in SME fields, is the lead institution of the Colorado PEAKS Alliance. One of the reasons CU-Boulder and CSU competed successfully for the AGEP grant is because the infrastruc- ture to recruit and retain minority stu- dents in science, math and engineering was nearly in place at both institutions. CU-Boulder’s Sum-mer Multicultural Access to Research Training (SMART) program brings talented minority under- graduates to campus to work with facul- ty mentors on research projects and to introduce them to graduate education. Colorado State University is the lead institution for the Colorado Alliance for Minority Participation (LS CO-AMP), which has built a strong pipeline of minority undergraduates at eight bac- calaureate-degree granting institutions, five community colleges and four Native American tribal partners in Colorado and the Four Corners region. The SMART program, begun in 1989, has established a successful infrastructure that supports diversity at CU-Boulder. SMART provides undergraduates the opportunity to prepare for graduate school, and to consider CU-Boulder for their graduate education. SMART is also extremely effective in generating high levels of faculty involvement in campus diversity efforts. The program is so rewarding for faculty, despite the additional commitment of time and energy, that the number of faculty who volunteer to be mentors each year far exceeds the number of students the pro- gram can financially support. Many SMART faculty mentors also learn about and take part in other Graduate School diversity programs—such as a program that supports faculty travel to minority-serving institutions to recruit graduate students. SMART also reaches out to current CU- Boulder graduate students. Between 5 and 10 minority graduate students receive a small stipend to facilitate the rapid integration of the SMART interns into CU-Boulder’s research environ- ment. These graduate students become committed to SMART, and often remain in touch with the program after graduating. Eight graduate students who worked for SMART are now in faculty positions across the United States and Puerto Rico. They are among the best recruiters for the program. Charles Glass knows firsthand the bene- fits of CU-Boulder’s SMART program. After participating in SMART as an undergraduate in 1991, Glass returned to CU as a graduate student in order to continue to work with his faculty men- tor. Upon receiving his Ph.D. at CU- Boulder, Glass taught at the University of Nevada-Reno, and then landed his current position at Howard, where he is continuing the minority mentorship cycle by sending his talented undergrad- uates to the SMART program. SMART was a key factor in inspiring Glass to attend graduate school. “CU is a really supportive place,” he says. “It wasn’t until I participated in the SMART program that I really learned to enjoy research and thinking. The professors involved in the SMART program were genuinely inter- ested in our future and that’s one reason why I decided to go to CU for graduate school.” Glass is now excited about the additional support and professional opportunities that the Colorado PEAKS Alliance will provide to minority gradu- ate students. Colorado’s AGEP Initiative As part of the AGEP initiative to increase the number of minority Ph.D.s entering the professoriate, CU-Boulder is offering 10 Chancel-lor’s Teaching Fellowships annually for minority doc- toral students. These new teaching fel- lowships provide full support for first- year minority doctoral students to serve as teaching assistants within an SME field. CSU is also providing two new PEAKS graduate teaching fellowships that provide full support plus tuition. These teaching fellowships encourage PEAKS students to become involved in campus teacher training programs, such as the Graduate Teacher Program and Continued on next page
the Preparing Future Faculty program, at the beginning of their doctoral studies and to consider the professoriate as a future career. The CU-Boulder and CSU Graduate Schools also offer PEAKS Fellow-ships in addition to the teaching fellowships as an incentive to entering minority doctor- al students. These fellowships consist of a $2,500 diversity fellowship for students during their first year of doctoral study and a $3,500 research award to support their research during the summer follow- ing their first year of study. SME depart- ments accepting students who receive the teaching and research fellowships must guarantee an additional four years of funding for each student’s doctoral edu- cation. CU-Boulder offered its first round of Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowships last spring to minority students who entered doctoral programs during the 2000-01 academic year. Alexander Villacorta, a doctoral student in applied mathematics and a former SMART intern, is a mem- ber of the first group of graduate students to benefit from the AGEP program. After working as a teaching assistant for Introduction to Differential Equations, Villacorta says that he discovered that “I truly loved teaching. Every week I looked forward to those classes and the new techniques I would try.” As for his future plans, Villacorta says,” even though some experience in industry is important in my field [applied math], I’d like to end up in academia.” Villacorta agrees that the SMART program “definitely” influenced his decision to attend graduate school; before attending SMART, he says, “I had thought of grad school, but not serious- ly.” Villacorta is now working in the resi- dence hall for this summer’s SMART program. In fact, five of the first ten recipients of the AGEP Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowships are working with SMART this summer. “The SMART program helped to inspire me to give something back,” says Charles Glass. “I believe in programs like SMART—that’s why I continue to be a recruiter for them.” With the NSF-fund- ed AGEP grant, the University of Colorado at Boulder and Colorado State University are committed to creating a sustainable graduate school infrastructure that produces future generations of facul- ty that are representative of our increas- ingly diverse society. tees might have had an advantage in that they were better able to see poten- tial. It’s a calibration problem. Depart- ments need to work at assessing the quality of students based on informa- tion that the students have provided, but whose import may not always be immediately apparent. MS: What is the best way to retain more women and minorities in SME disciplines? Johnson: For us, the most important issue is to get students to pass their qualifying written exams. We found that success depended on students talk- ing to one another. Once this dialog was opened up they could easily form groups to study together. We found an increase in study sessions for both African Americans and the more gen- eral student body. People chose study groups as appropriate, based on sub- fields or affinity or whatever. That was the main benefit of our activities for retention. Students were able to reach out and form groups more easily. Research shows that reaching out does not take place until students feel com- fortable and know who they are. Then they are able to reach out and partici- pate in activities organized by other groups. MS: Did you do anything to help other faculty assume mentoring roles? Johnson: Yes and no. Actually, I didn’t really have to. Once a student passes the written exam, they have to choose a faculty advisor, and that has always been a strong mentoring position. But, if you don’t get to that point you don’t get a mentor. When more students began to work together to pass the exam, more African American students were able to get past that hurdle. Through that process, we exposed a number of faculty members to high quality African American students and that did have an impact on the faculty. From there things just took their natur- al course. Thank you so much for your insights, Dr. Johnson! Charles Glass, who was the keynote speaker for the annual CU-Boulder Multicultural Engineering Program awards banquet in April, 2001. Continued from page 10 12

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  • 1. REFORM STRUCTURAL TOWARD MAKING STRIDESDirectorate for Education and Human Resources Programs American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Inside this issue: African American and Hispanic Women in Science and Engineering, pg. 6 An Interview with Dr. Raymond Johnson, pg. 9 A Profile of an AGEP Institution: The Colorado PEAKS Alliance, pg. 11 R E S E A R C H N E W S O N A L L I A N C E S F O R G R A D U A T E E D U C A T I O N A N D T H E P R O F E S S O R I A T E ( A G E P ) V O L U M E 3 N U M B E R 3 J u l y 2 0 0 1 Continued on page 2 Careers of Minority Women Scientists from the University of California, Berkeley1 By Anne J. MacLachlan, Specialist, Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley T he recent report on the situation of women scientists at the Massachu-setts Institute of Technology (MIT) has brought the working conditions and treat- ment of women scientists into the conscious- ness of many in the academic community. In all of the publicity about MIT and local cam- pus conversations about women scientists, however, women scientists of color and their absence in major research departments have not been discussed. Among the 14 tenured women on the faculty at MIT, there are no women of color. A recent survey of the top 50 research departments in Chemistry by Donna Nelson at the University of Oklahoma con- firmed that there were very few men or women of color in any of these 50 depart- ments.2 Yet for the past two decades these same research universities have steadily been awarding Ph.D.s in science and engineering to persons of color, the majority of whom have been men. Still, more than 4,877 women of color have earned Ph.D.s in science and engineering. (See Table 1) So where are they? If the field of vision is altered from the cur- rent faculty distributed among institutions to the Ph.D.s awarded from one institution, it is possible to gain some insight into where minority Ph.D.s may have gone. The follow- ing discussion is based on preliminary results from A Longitudinal Study of Minority Ph.D.s from 1980 to 1990: Progress and Outcomes in Science and Engineering during Graduate School and Professional Life, in which careers of University of California (UC) Ph.D.s are tracked. One of these, UC Berkeley, has been among the leading institutions to graduate minority Ph.D.s in the last twenty years. Many of its science and engineering depart- ments enjoy the highest academic rankings in the country. It is assumed that Ph.D.s earned from such departments prepare the holder for a distinguished life in science. The question immediately arises in this context: If there are distinguished minority graduates of this institution why are they not filling faculty positions at equally prestigious universities? One simple answer is that they are there, but invisible, as there are so few minority degree holders. In the years between 1980 and 1990 Berkeley graduated 52 African American Ph.D.s from all science and engineering departments. Fifteen of those were women. In the same period it graduated 24 Chicanos, five of whom were women, and nine Native Americans, three of whom were women. In all these years then, only 23 Ph.D.s were awarded to women from these traditionally underrepresented American groups, although
  • 2. for the purposes of the broad study members of all ethnic groups are included. (See Table 2) Excepting Native Americans, where we only have found five of the nine, we have been successful in locating 78 percent of the African American Ph.D.s from Berkeley and 88.5 per- cent of the Chicanos. Two African American men actually proved to be African while three African American men and one Chicano have declined to be interviewed. Even had we found every one of the 85 traditionally underrepresented Ph.D. holders, the number is a drop in the bucket com- pared with the total number of full time faculty in the natural sciences and engineering (125,361) reported for 1992.3 Notwithstanding their relative invisi- bility at research universities, almost all of those interviewed so far in this study are living distinguished lives in science. Their occupational choices and locations are determined by many factors in the pursuit of objectives related to the opportunities to do sci- ence rather than acquiring prestige. They are using their training and building substantial careers inside and outside academe. During the time that the respondents were in training, as well as today, fac- ulty tend to assume they are training their students to develop careers much like their own.This is a faulty assump- tion as students of every ethnicity have chosen a broad range of careers and were often obliged to, given the nature of the academic job market during the 1980s and early 1990s, take jobs out- side of the academy.4 Still, the acute shortage of minority faculty at leading research universities raises many ques- tions about the overall attractiveness of such careers, as well as less than wholehearted efforts to recruit minorities to them.5 So where are the 56 predominantly minority Ph.D.s interviewed so far in this study now? (See Table 3.) Thirty- three (59 percent) are employed at academic institutions, either as associ- ate or full professors, or as a senior researcher or research manager. One earned a M.D. Nine work directly for either government labs or agencies, one for a school district. Three have acquired law degrees and work on patents and technology issues. Thirteen work in the private sector, mostly as researchers. Almost all are at mid-career or senior ranks in whatev- er environment they are working. In addition to the five working at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), three more are working at other minority-serving institutions, three at California State universities. With the exception of the one community college, the remaining institutions include: UCLA, Geor-gia Institute of Technology, Pennsylvania State University, UC Berkeley, Rice University, Case Western University, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, Johns Hopkins University, MIT, UC San Diego, Stanford University and Gonzaga University. While there are 15 Asian Americans in this group, along with the remain- ing interviewed population of African Americans, Chicanos, one Filipino American and two whites, all ethnicities were distributed among the range of prestigious institutions and organizations. Turning to just the women in the study, nine African Americans, five Asian Americans, three Chicanas, one Filipina and one white were inter- viewed. Their employment includes 6 associate or full professorships at the University of Minnesota, North Carolina A&T University, Spelman College, Cali-fornia State University LET US KNOW WHAT YOU THINK Please continue to send us your comments, feedback and in- quiries. The goal of this newsletter is, after all, to serve the needs of its readers. If you are interested in submitting a research article, please contact Jolene Jesse at jjesse@aaas.org. For further information about our work, visit http:// ehrweb. aaas.org/mge/. Making Strides is a quarterly (January, April, July, and October) research newsletter published by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science, Directorate for Education and Human Resources Programs. Its pur- pose is to share information about minority graduate education in the fields of science, mathematics, and engineering. It is available in print and electronic format. Inquiries, informa- tion related to AGEP, and all corre- spondence should be sent to the editor. Managing Editor: Yolanda S. George Editor: Jolene Jesse Art Director: Ann M. Williams 1200 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20005 202-326-6631 e-mail: mge@aaas.org http://ehrweb.aaas.org/mge/ © 2001 AAAS This newsletter was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The opinions expressed in this newsletter are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the AAAS Board of Directors, the Council of AAAS, the staff or the mem- bership of the association, nor the National Science Foundation. 2 Continued on page 4
  • 3. Year US All Black Asian/ Hisp. Native Mex Am. Total Min. White Women Pac. Isl. Am. 1988 2,066 33 72 87 6 5 203 1,863 1989 2,316 38 93 108 9 8 256 2,060 1990 2,375 36 85 119 2 15 257 2,118 1991 2,453 48 134 108 9 14 313 2,140 1992 2,549 36 147 126 11 16 336 2,213 1993 2,699 56 174 150 5 14 399 2,300 1994 2,812 77 156 148 9 20 410 2,402 1995 2,906 79 224 130 8 20 461 2,445 1996 2,958 74 240 150 18 20 502 2,459 1997 3,015 76 244 172 8 31 531 2,484 1998 3,166 111 233 199 16 33 592 2,574 1999 3,132 111 246 214 18 28 617 2,515 Total 32,450 775 2,048 1,711 119 224 4,877 27,573 Table 1: U.S. Citizen Women Ph.D.’s in Science and Engineering, 1988-1999 Source: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards 1999, NSF 2001 Ethnicity Total Men % Women % Asian 347 282 81.30% 65 18.70% Black 54 39 72.20% 15 27.80% Chicano 24 19 79.20% 5 20.80% Filipino 5 3 60.00% 2 40.00% Nat. American 9 6 66.70% 3 33.30% Other Hispanics 57 43 75.40% 14 24.60% Others 142 125 88.00% 17 12.00% White 2464 1909 77.50% 555 22.50% Foreign 1036 941 90.80% 95 9.20% Total: 4138 3367 81.40% 771 18.60% Source: UC Berkeley Graduate Division Database Table 2: UC Berkeley Science and Engineering Ph.Ds 1980-1990 By Gender and Ethnicity 3
  • 4. Hayward, and Sonoma and Gonzaga Univer-sities. Research positions at academic institutions include UC Office of the President, UC San Diego, and Stanford University. One woman is now a lawyer, four work for the federal government at Sandia and Lawrence Berkeley National Labora- tories, the Department of Energy and the Center for Disease Control. One works as the science librarian in a tech- nical high school, while three currently work for major corporations as senior researchers. A fourth resigned from such a position to have her children. Women chose their career paths for many different reasons with different degrees of purposefulness. For several women there was a conscious desire to work at institutions which would enable them to serve their communi- ties. In some of these cases that also meant returning to the area where their families lived. Others chose jobs or a succession of positions to accommo- date spouses. Several wished to remain in the Bay Area. Given the range of parameters behind the desire to con- tinue to do serious science, it is striking how almost all of these women were able to find desirable positions. Although one study participant main- tains she was “lucky” as jobs “fell out of the sky,” the pattern of employment shows how training and talent pay off. Another characteristic, which should not be under-rated, is the degree of determination and commitment to succeed. As one woman remarked, an important factor to her success, “my perseverance and ability to handle suf- fering.” In the group of 19 women discussed here, only four received their degrees before 1985, the rest finished their degrees in the late 1980s. Fourteen of the 19 had one or more postdoctoral positions. Although one postdoctoral position was “a loser experience,” and another “unpleasant,” on the whole these first postdoctoral appointments were very important to developing skills essential for the eventual career. Comments range from “I learned everything I know there,” “learned new techniques, a different way of looking at problems,” “developed independent research area,” to “realized I was inter- Table 3: Current Employment of 56 UC Berkeley Science and Engineering Ph.Ds. Earned Between 1980-1990 4 Continued on page 5 Source: A. MacLachlan June 2001
  • 5. ested in alternatives to doing research science in academia,” while another “missed teaching, I learned I didn’t enjoy full time research.” Only two women started their current job directly out of graduate school. One went to a national laboratory where she does “interesting stuff at times, but loses an incredible amount of time in bureaucracy.” One went directly to a tenure track job at a California State university. Most of the other women reached their current positions within two or three job changes including postdoctoral posi- tions. Only two women required seven or more job changes to get to their pre- sent position. Most report a high satis- faction rating in their current positions with a score of one or two on a five- point scale, with one the highest. A surprising number of women managed to find satisfying work while being constrained geographically, with an astounding total of nine succeeding in staying in the Bay Area, although not without some major effort. One respondent’s postdoctoral experi- ence was so negative she was turned off by academic politics and earned a law degree. Another trained as a librarian. Few were completely free to follow their fancy, as motherhood, elderly parents, and other family responsibili- ties required creative solutions to sci- entific employment. For some, howev- er, there was no conflict, as job and other responsibilities could be resolved. In comparing the percentages of men and women who hold academic jobs currently, 31.6 percent of women and 56.8 percent of men hold such posi- tions. Not only are there fewer women, but fewer proportionately in academic jobs. One reason for this is that women have left academic positions, as the academic experience often led them to seek another kind of scientific work. Two had temporary teaching jobs as their first position. Both were jobs of convenience. Neither promoted a desire to stay in academic teaching. The attorney taught at a community college and an extension program for many years. Another could not sustain the uncertainties of her teaching posi- tion because her husband died and she needed to have a permanent regular position to support her children. Yet another now employed in industry, had an academic postdoctoral position as well as a subsequent teaching position and ended up being put off academic work forever. Still another, who taught briefly, learned she preferred being in a lab. If all these women had stayed in the academy, then the percentage would have been higher than that of the men in the study: 63 percent. Clearly some of the choices which led to the positions now currently held by these women were idiosyncratic, but the decision to leave for several was preceded by unpleasant treatment or conflict. Although there are generally high levels of satisfaction articulated about current employment, there are traces of regret. Two of the women not in the academy always wanted to teach at a HBCU. Those who do teach are generally very satisfied, but two raised issues of inadequate opportunities to pursue research. One had a very diffi- cult promotion to professor in a situa- tion in which “the dean almost implied bias.” Another is unhappy with the new chair. Even if one is doing excel- lent science and working extensively to promote students’ participation in sci- ence, the quality of life in the academy can fluctuate for many other reasons. Does science discriminate against women?6 Certainly several women in this study have had difficulties in sus- taining research careers, or when in them have had to bounce against bar- riers to promotion in the organization even, as in one case, when she was win- ning national and company prizes for innovative science. Nineteen women are a small sample. Yet these 19 mani- fest such a deep commitment to their work, and ingenuity and determina- tion to make their work successful, that the pattern of success is dominant. Obstacles—sexist, racist or other— have been overcome one way or another. 5 1I would like to thank the Spencer Foundation and the UC Industry University Cooperative Research Program for their generous support of this work. Thanks to Mia Ong and Kara Sammet for their work on this project. 2Jennifer Jacobson, “Minority Groups are Poorly Represented on Chemistry Faculties, Study Finds.” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 21, 2001. 3Almanac of the Chronicle of Higher Education, September 2000. 4Anne J. MacLachlan, Berkeley Placement Project: Placement of All Berkeley Ph.D.s between 1980 and 1989. U.C.Berkeley, 1992. 5Daryl G. Smith, Caroline S. Turner, Trevor Chandler, Charles Henry, Interrupting the Usual: Successful Strategies for Hiring Diverse Faculty. Report to the Spencer Foundation, April 30, 2001. 6Donna K. Ginther, Does Science Discriminate against Women? Evidence from Academia, 1973-97. Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, February 2001. Endnotes
  • 6. African American and Hispanic Women in Science and Engineering By Cheryl B. Leggon, Ph.D., Director of Women’s Studies, Wake Forest University Introduction T he underrepresentation of women in general, and African American and Hispanic women in particular, is a critically important issue for the United States (U.S.)—especially as people of color are rapidly becoming the numerical majority of the population. Women of Hispanic origin (of any race) are one of the fastest growing population groups in the U.S. Who does science largely determines who will do science insofar as scientists act as gatekeepers who determine who is qualified to be a sci- entist. Scientists are humans who bring their socio-cultural and histori- cal backgrounds to the practice of sci- ence. This background affects what is studied, how it is studied, and how results are to be used (Leggon, 1995). An important prerequisite for dis- cussing African Americans and Hispanics in science and engineering (S&E) is a clear specification of terms. The term “African American” is used to refer to Americans born in the United States who are the biological, socio-legal descendants of people with origins in Africa. Particularly within the context of data on the S&E work- force, it is vital to distinguish between Blacks born in the U.S., and non-U.S.- born Blacks. Data that combine U.S.- born-and-raised Blacks with Blacks born and raised outside of the U.S. are problematic because they greatly underestimate the extent of African American participation in S&E. Moreover there are significant social and cultural differences between Blacks born in the U.S. and those born and raised elsewhere. One of the most noteworthy differences is that African Americans were educated in a race- and class-based school system (Weber 2001). Just as the term “Black” obscures important intergroup differences, the term “Hispanic” is problematic for the same reason. “Hispanic” is an umbrella term encompassing Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, Cubans, and peo- ple with origins in Central and South America. It obscures critical socio-eco- nomic, cultural and historical differ- ences among groups. For example, Mexican Americans are different from Puerto Ricans, and Puerto Ricans who grew up on the island are different from those who grew up on the mainland. Puerto Ricans raised on the mainland (sometimes called “New Yoricans”) share similarities with African Americans. Mexican Americans (sometimes called “Chica- nos”) are similar to Native Americans. Data on the S&E workforce should be disaggregated not only by race/ethnic- ity but also by gender. Collecting data by either race/ethnicity or gender masks critical intra-group differences. This is especially problematic for women of color, such as African Americans and Hispanics. Most stud- ies do not focus on minority women in science and engineering; those that do rarely focus on the structural condi- tions surrounding Ph.D. training (MacLachlan, 2001). Often these women tend to be in a “double bind” in at least two ways. First, when they are not included in either research on women or research on African Americans and Hispanics; second, when they are included, but relegated to footnotes or parenthetical discus- sion. Although they share some issues with white women and men of color, women of color have issues and con- cerns that differ from those of both groups. It is my contention that issues stemming from both race/ethnicity and gender are not merely additive, but synergistic. This article discusses the underrepresentation of African American and Hispanic women not only in the S&E education pipeline, but also in the S&E workplace. S&E Education Pipeline African American women and Hispanic women comprise 75 percent of the students at minority-serving institutions (MSI). For these groups MSIs include Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), predominantly Hispanic-serving insti- tutions (HSIs), and the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) system. The UPR system consists of three graduate cam- puses and eight four-year colleges. UPR is the baccalaureate-source insti- tution for approximately 20 percent of all science, mathematics, engineering and technology (SMET) doctoral degrees earned by Hispanics in the U.S. (Weiner, 2000). Similarly, HBCUs are major producers of African American students who later earn doctorates in the biological and physical sciences (Leggon and Pearson, 1997). At the undergraduate level in MSIs, Hispanic and African American women are well represented in mathe- matics, physics, and computer science. At the graduate level, although both Hispanic and African American 6 continued on next page 7
  • 7. 7 women out-earn their male counter- parts in terms of the total number of Ph.D.s in all fields, these women either do not enter graduate programs in mathematics or, if they enter these programs, they are not retained through to the Ph.D. Hispanic and African American women do not per- sist in science because they are not encouraged to do so (NCES, 2000). Research on women in science indi- cates that not encouraging women to persist produces the same result as actively discouraging them (Hall and Sandler, 1982; Sonnert and Holton, 1995). Table 1 shows the percentages of women among Blacksi and Hispanics in S&E by degree level from 1995- 1997. For both Blacks and Hispanics, there is an inverse correlation between degree level and the percentage of the race/ethnic group that is female. This correlation holds for Blacks in every field, and for Hispanics in every field except engineering and mathematics. Women comprise at least half of Blacks in S&E with: bachelors degrees in physics, mathematics, biological sci- ence, agricultural science, psychology, social science; masters degrees in mathematics, biological science, psy- chology, and social science; and doc- torates in biological science and social science. Women comprise at least half of Hispanics in S&E: in biological sci- ence, psychology, and social science at the bachelors level; agricultural sci- ences and psychology at the masters level; and in no S&E field at the doc- toral level. The S&E workforce in the U.S.ii For the overall U.S. labor force, the U.S. Department of Labor projects that after Hispanic women and men, Black women will comprise the largest share of non-white labor force entrants between 1994 and 2005 (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1997b). Although they have a lower participation rate in the U.S. labor force than both Black and white women, Hispanic women are one of the fastest growing groups of working women in the U.S. Among those women who graduated in 1990 or later, women comprise 30 percent of the S&E labor force. In 1997, women comprised 23 percent of the U.S. S&E labor force, and women of color accounted for 4.6 percent of all scientists and engineers in the labor force. Within each racial/ethnic group, women were a smaller percentage of the S&E labor force than were men. Women comprised higher percentages than men in computer science, biolog- ical science and social science, but lower percentages in engineering. In 1997, 20 percent of all women in the S&E labor force were women of color. continued on page 8 Table 1: Percentage Women of Blacks and Hispanics in S&E by degree level 1995-1997 Field Black Hispanic BS MS Ph.D. BS MS Ph.D. Engineering 34.3 33.4 23.7 22.5 23.0 23.7 Physics 58.0 48.6 20.0 44.2 38.1 22.9 Mathematics 52.4 50.1 28.6 41.5 29.6 33.3 Computer 48.9 44.8 25.0 39.9 28.4 11.8 Science Biological 68.4 71.6 54.0 57.9 48.6 43.2 Science Agricultural 54.8 41.7 24.0 47.1 51.4 26.9 Science Natural Sci.& 60.8 44.6 34.2 39.7 31.0 31.0 S&E Psychology 79.2 77.0 26.5 75.7 73.0 63.3 Social Science 60.0 57.8 51.8 54.4 45.0 39.2 Total S&E 60.1 57.6 46.9 52.3 43.8 40.6 Non S&E 66.3 70.1 64.5 62.7 63.7 56.8 All Fields 64.5 68.7 57.2 59.2 60.1 47.8 Source: NSF 2000
  • 8. 8 Among this group, Black and Hispanic women comprise one percent each (Asian women comprised two percent, and Native American women approximately one-tenth of one per- cent). Hispanics have the most propor- tional distribution among those in S&E occupations. White women sci- entists and engineers had a lower unemployment rate in 1997 than did nonwhite women, 2 percent and 2.8 percent, respectively. Moreover, a higher percentage of Hispanic women (17 percent) than of Black women (9 percent) worked part time in 1997. There are three major employment sectors for S&E degree holders: busi- ness or industry; national, state and local government; and academe. In 1997, among both sexes employed in the S&E workforce, 55 percent of Hispanics and 53 percent of Blacks worked in for-profit business or indus- try. Among all racial/ethnic groups employed in business or industry, women were less likely than men to report research and development as a primary or secondary activity, and more likely than men to report com- puter applications as a primary or sec- ondary work activity. Moreover, Black and Hispanic scientists and engineers are more likely than any other groups to be employed in government at all levels (federal, state, local)—including the military. Among all employed in the S&E workforce, women are more likely than men to be employed in educational institutions, and less likely to work in business or industry. Among those employed in educational institutions, females are more likely than males to work in 2-year colleges. Within 4-year colleges and universi- ties, there is an inverse correlation between gender and rank: the higher the rank, the fewer the women. Black and Hispanic females with S&E degrees are less likely than both white women and men of any racial/ethnic group to be full professors. Moreover, Black and Hispanic females are less likely than men of any racial/ethnic group and white women to be tenured. In 1997, 29 percent of both Black and Hispanic women held tenure. For white women and white men, the tenure percentages were 38 percent and 63 percent, respectively. Discussion/Summary/ Conclusions Black and Hispanic women with S&E degrees employed in academe are crit- ical to the future of S&E. They have a direct impact on who will do science, insofar as they teach, advise and men- tor the next generations of scientists and engineers. The absence of Black and Hispanic female S&E faculty in undergraduate and graduate class- rooms and laboratories sends the mes- sage not only to Black and Hispanic students but also to all students that Black and Hispanic women cannot be scientists. However, the presence of Black and Hispanic females in class- rooms and laboratories is necessary but not sufficient to counter this message. If Black and Hispanic women are pre- sent but treated poorly by their col- leagues and/or students, Black and Hispanic female students will choose not to enter academic science in par- ticular, or any S&E field in general.iii Therefore, the focus should be on improving the professional environ- ment for Black and Hispanic female faculty as well as for their student counterparts. How can this be done? Regardless of employment sector, management—e.g., department chairs, academic deans, managers, and divi- sion directors—can and should be made accountable for the extent to which women of color (also men of color and white women) are mentored and their careers developed. In acad- eme at the institutional level, this should be a major factor in awarding research funds and grants. In other words, the focus should be on the macro-level of institutions, not on the micro-level of individuals. Things can—and must—be done to improve both the representation and profes- sional experiences of under-participat- ing groups in the S&E workforce. Not being part of the solution perpetuates the problem. ENDNOTES i The term “Black” is now used because that is the term used by the source of these data, the National Science Foundation. ii The National Science Foundation (NSF 00-327) defines scientists and engineers in terms of occupation, not degree field. iii Nelson (2001) makes these points about women in chemistry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hall, R.M., and Bernice Sandler. (1982). “The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?” Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges. Leggon, Cheryl B. (1995). “The Impact of Science and Technology on African Americans.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, Volume 21:2. Leggon, Cheryl B. and Willie Pearson, Jr. (1997). “The Baccalaureate Origins of African American Female Scientists,” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 3(4):213-224. Malcom, Shirley (2000) “Minority Ph.D. Production in SME Fields: Distributing the Work?” Making Strides, volume 2, number 3, July. MacLachlan, Anne J. (2001) “The Lives and Careers of Minority Women Scientists.” Center for Studies in Higher Education, http://ishi.lib.berkeley.edu/cshe/projects/minority/invesandcareers.htm. National Center for Education Statistics (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science and Engineering Education. National Science Foundation (2000). Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering. NSF 00-327. Nelson, Donna J. (2000) “Constancy in Chemistry: Effects on females and minorities. AWIS Magazine. http://www.awis.org/magazine.html. Sonnert, Gerhard and Gerald Holton (1995). Who Succeeds in Science: The Gender Dimension. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau: 1997a Facts on Working Women, “Women of Hispanic Origin in the Labor Force,” No. 97, February . 1997b Facts on Working Women, “Women of African American Origin in the Labor Force,” No. 97, March. Weber, Lyn (2001) Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality: A Conceptual Framework. McGraw-Hill. Weiner, Brad (2000) “A Profile of AGEP Institution: University of Puerto Rico,” Making Strides, volume 2, number 3, July.
  • 9. 9 An Interview with Dr.Raymond Johnson MS: Tell me about your background and the reasons you chose math. Johnson: I was a student in high school when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. This event triggered a renewed interest in science and math, and my high school offered special math enrich- ment classes. I took those classes and found that I liked it. MS: What was it about math specif- ically that you liked? Johnson: It wasn’t really math but the classes that I enjoyed. The supplemental classes just happened to be in math. What I liked about them is that they went beyond the basic material in the textbook. I learned more about what math was going to be like as a profes- sion. Then when I went to the University of Texas and had to choose a major, I found I liked math better than anything else. My professors then suggested I go on to graduate school. I applied to Rice University. Rice University was, at the time, due to a stip- ulation in William Marsh Rice’s will, for the white citizens of Texas only.This was being contested, however, and I was accepted. Some alumni of the university then contested integration, and so it took a year before I was formally admitted to the school. MS: Was it difficult for you being one of the first African Americans at Rice? Johnson: Not really. It was an unusual time—1963, and the Civil Rights Revolution was in full swing. All my fellow graduate students were very sup- portive, and I made friends that I have kept to this day. Most everyone I met there felt that my admission and the integration of the campus were the appropriate things to do. MS: Did any of your own experi- ences as a graduate or undergrad- uate student inform your later activ- ities on behalf of graduate students? Johnson: I was very much alone in grad- uate school. I didn’t learn anything about building a community or anything like that. But I was welcomed into the group of other math graduate students at Rice. We were a small group starting out together and were put under heavy pres- sure. So we all stuck together because we were going through the same thing. I was the only Black graduate student at Rice at the time, and there was only one other Black undergraduate student, whom I never met. MS: Where did you go after that? Johnson: My advisor at Rice took a job at the University of Chicago before I was finished with my doctorate. I went to Chicago with him, but finished my degree at Rice. After that I came to the University of Maryland. MS: What were your own experi- ences in the academic job market? Johnson: I graduated at a time when it was much simpler. My advisor asked me where I wanted to go. I said East and he made some phone calls. He called the University of Maryland and I was told that I got the job. There were lots more jobs then than now. MS: You made a conscious effort to diversify the math program at UMCP. Those efforts have led to a third of your current graduate stu- dents being female and 15 percent coming from underrepresented groups. What steps did UMCP’s math department institute to reach this level of success? Johnson: Our efforts started when I was Associate Chair with direct responsibility for the graduate program. I began to try to recruit minority stu- dents by visiting Historically Black Colleges and Univer-sities (HBCUs). I was successful in getting some students to come. At some point we began to have a num- ber of Black students, but they weren’t really talking to each other. There was a feeling that you were not supposed to cluster together. I wasn’t directly involved with all the African American students either. Our program coordina- tor came to me to see if we could get some money to get the Black students together. I began to meet with them as a group. I wanted them to know that it is all right to mingle with everyone—even each other. Once we began to meet as a group, we made much more progress in recruiting more African American stu- dents to the program. Students saw that there was a place to anchor onto, that there were significant avenues for inter- action, and this made them more willing to select us. MS: Why was there this feeling among the African American stu- Each issue of Making Strides features a short interview with a science, mathematics or engineering (SME) professor who has been instrumental in mentoring and encourag- ing students through the pipeline, as well as demonstrating leadership and outstanding accomplishments in the world of SME. This issue profiles Dr. Raymond Johnson, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park. As Chair of the Mathematics Department, Dr. Johnson was instrumental in diversifying the graduate student body. He has won UMCP’s Distinguished Minority Faculty Award and was the co-organizer of the first Conference for African American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences and Minorities and Applied Mathematics: Connections to Industry and Laboratories. Continued on next page 9
  • 10. 10 dents that you weren’t supposed to cluster together? Johnson: I think that its part of the social conditioning. People look suspi- ciously at groups of African Americans. The students felt that.They also felt they should interact with everyone. They are right about that, but that doesn’t mean that they can’t interact with each other as well. They just didn’t realize that they had so much in common. Their interac- tion with each other was productive because they were able to look at anoth- er dimension of what was going on in graduate school by talking with each other. They did not know each other at all is what we discovered. MS: Once you did begin to meet as a group, what specific activities did you do that seemed to attract more students? Johnson: I specifically invited other Black professionals with Ph.D.s to meet with them. Meetings were about once a month and were definitely thematic. For example, I brought in a professor of math education, Dr. Genevieve Knight from Coppin State University, to talk about her work and how her education at the University of Maryland prepared her to do her job. Meetings were based on a professional theme that allowed the students to contemplate their future professions. MS: Have you found that having a critical mass of minority students has made a difference, and is it sus- tainable over the long run? Johnson: I found that it has made a dif- ference and is sustainable. Students see others like themselves and that makes them want to come. There are so many questions that students ask when choos- ing a program. Is this the school for me? Do they have the academics that I need? But most African American students find that simply asking the academic questions isn’t enough. Once we had a critical mass and a community it has become self-perpetuating. Critical mass is the thing that did it. MS: What constitutes a “critical mass?” How many students? Johnson: I don’t really know. More than one. I think it depends on the size of the school and would be different at differ- ent schools. There should be enough so that the Black students feel comfortable and that they are not alone or will be sin- gled out. I knew we reached a critical mass when the students became more comfortable at the university. MS: How did your efforts affect the overall climate in UMCP’s Math Department? Johnson: That’s hard to say. I think it helped but I can’t prove it. Some of the things that we did for the African American students were incorporated into our orientation for all new graduate students. We found that for all graduate students there was a problem in making connections with each other. So our graduate office began assigning each entering graduate student with a student mentor. Some of the things we saw that worked with the African American stu- dents were adapted to all students. MS: What effect has the current anti-affirmative action climate had on your diversity efforts? Johnson: It has had an impact in that our university used to have scholarships reserved specifically for African American students to attract them to Maryland.These were lost in the wake of the Michael Williams scholarship ruling. Now individual departments have to use their own resources. We’ve been lucky in that our department has stepped up to the plate in terms of using its own resources. The university-level program, though, did offer us a certain amount of flexibility that allowed us to bring in students that might not have looked so great on paper. There were times that at the departmen- tal level we might not have considered a candidate because their applications did- n’t seem strong. But then the university would rank them as a top candidate in their recruitment efforts and we would be able to accept them into the program. Then with some mentoring, we were able to nurture them and allow them to grow in the program. After these university-wide programs were eliminated, they were replaced by grant programs to individual depart- ments to help in minority recruitment efforts at the departmental level. Recruiting is essentially a departmental activity. If a department didn’t use these grant opportunities then nothing came of it. The math department made the effort to use it and from there we were able to continue to diversify. In the end it all comes down to departmental activity. MS: I have read that you have been somewhat disappointed in the post- doctoral job market experiences of some of your students. Where have your graduates ended up in gener- al? Have you found that most go into the professoriate? Johnson: I have been somewhat disap- pointed in the academic jobs that our African American students have attained. Many have found positions at HBCUs such as Howard University, Morgan State University, and North Carolina A&T. But current legend would have them receiving job offers from Rutgers, the University of Virginia, or other Research I universities. This has happened sporadically with some of our white students. But our Black students have not even been contacted or gotten interviews there. Our students who have gone into indus- try, though, have done extremely well, landing positions at the Departments of Energy and Defense and in top corpora- tions. Those are the kinds of places and the level at which I would like to see the people who choose academia be in as well. Lately we have been encouraging students to consider non-academic jobs more. MS: What is the best way to recruit more women and minorities into SME disciplines? Johnson: When I made the decision to consciously go out and recruit students from underrepresented groups, I first sat down and identified the schools that had sent us students in the past who had been successful. I then focused my recruitment efforts there. I visited those schools in an effort to make contact with them. Every school has a different recruiting area, and that is where efforts should begin. Once you’ve recruited the students, you need to have institutional procedures in place to evaluate them. Again, this was where campus wide fellowship commit- Continued from page 9 Continued on page 12
  • 11. 11 A Profile of an AGEP Institution: The Colorado PEAKS Alliance By Barbara E. Kraus and Christine Macdonald, The Graduate School, University of Colorado at Boulder W hen asked why he chose a career path in academia instead of industry, Charles Glass replies: “There are very few African American environmental engi- neers in academia. I thought my presence could make a difference.” Glass, who earned his Ph.D. in civil engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1997, is currently an assistant professor of civil engineering at Howard University. He is pleased that the University of Colorado’s AGEP award will help increase the successes that CU’s minority students in science, math and engineering have had at the University. The National Science Foundation fund- ed AGEP grant provides funding for the new Colorado PEAKS Alliance, a part- nership between CU-Boulder and Colorado State University, to develop a model of minority graduate education in which the graduate schools coordinate recruiting pipelines and support pro- grams. The PEAKS Alliance initiatives are designed to triple the number of underrepresented minorities graduating with Ph.D.s and entering the professori- ate in the fields of science, math and engineering. CU-Boulder, ranked 16th in the nation in awarding doctoral degrees to minority students in SME fields, is the lead institution of the Colorado PEAKS Alliance. One of the reasons CU-Boulder and CSU competed successfully for the AGEP grant is because the infrastruc- ture to recruit and retain minority stu- dents in science, math and engineering was nearly in place at both institutions. CU-Boulder’s Sum-mer Multicultural Access to Research Training (SMART) program brings talented minority under- graduates to campus to work with facul- ty mentors on research projects and to introduce them to graduate education. Colorado State University is the lead institution for the Colorado Alliance for Minority Participation (LS CO-AMP), which has built a strong pipeline of minority undergraduates at eight bac- calaureate-degree granting institutions, five community colleges and four Native American tribal partners in Colorado and the Four Corners region. The SMART program, begun in 1989, has established a successful infrastructure that supports diversity at CU-Boulder. SMART provides undergraduates the opportunity to prepare for graduate school, and to consider CU-Boulder for their graduate education. SMART is also extremely effective in generating high levels of faculty involvement in campus diversity efforts. The program is so rewarding for faculty, despite the additional commitment of time and energy, that the number of faculty who volunteer to be mentors each year far exceeds the number of students the pro- gram can financially support. Many SMART faculty mentors also learn about and take part in other Graduate School diversity programs—such as a program that supports faculty travel to minority-serving institutions to recruit graduate students. SMART also reaches out to current CU- Boulder graduate students. Between 5 and 10 minority graduate students receive a small stipend to facilitate the rapid integration of the SMART interns into CU-Boulder’s research environ- ment. These graduate students become committed to SMART, and often remain in touch with the program after graduating. Eight graduate students who worked for SMART are now in faculty positions across the United States and Puerto Rico. They are among the best recruiters for the program. Charles Glass knows firsthand the bene- fits of CU-Boulder’s SMART program. After participating in SMART as an undergraduate in 1991, Glass returned to CU as a graduate student in order to continue to work with his faculty men- tor. Upon receiving his Ph.D. at CU- Boulder, Glass taught at the University of Nevada-Reno, and then landed his current position at Howard, where he is continuing the minority mentorship cycle by sending his talented undergrad- uates to the SMART program. SMART was a key factor in inspiring Glass to attend graduate school. “CU is a really supportive place,” he says. “It wasn’t until I participated in the SMART program that I really learned to enjoy research and thinking. The professors involved in the SMART program were genuinely inter- ested in our future and that’s one reason why I decided to go to CU for graduate school.” Glass is now excited about the additional support and professional opportunities that the Colorado PEAKS Alliance will provide to minority gradu- ate students. Colorado’s AGEP Initiative As part of the AGEP initiative to increase the number of minority Ph.D.s entering the professoriate, CU-Boulder is offering 10 Chancel-lor’s Teaching Fellowships annually for minority doc- toral students. These new teaching fel- lowships provide full support for first- year minority doctoral students to serve as teaching assistants within an SME field. CSU is also providing two new PEAKS graduate teaching fellowships that provide full support plus tuition. These teaching fellowships encourage PEAKS students to become involved in campus teacher training programs, such as the Graduate Teacher Program and Continued on next page
  • 12. the Preparing Future Faculty program, at the beginning of their doctoral studies and to consider the professoriate as a future career. The CU-Boulder and CSU Graduate Schools also offer PEAKS Fellow-ships in addition to the teaching fellowships as an incentive to entering minority doctor- al students. These fellowships consist of a $2,500 diversity fellowship for students during their first year of doctoral study and a $3,500 research award to support their research during the summer follow- ing their first year of study. SME depart- ments accepting students who receive the teaching and research fellowships must guarantee an additional four years of funding for each student’s doctoral edu- cation. CU-Boulder offered its first round of Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowships last spring to minority students who entered doctoral programs during the 2000-01 academic year. Alexander Villacorta, a doctoral student in applied mathematics and a former SMART intern, is a mem- ber of the first group of graduate students to benefit from the AGEP program. After working as a teaching assistant for Introduction to Differential Equations, Villacorta says that he discovered that “I truly loved teaching. Every week I looked forward to those classes and the new techniques I would try.” As for his future plans, Villacorta says,” even though some experience in industry is important in my field [applied math], I’d like to end up in academia.” Villacorta agrees that the SMART program “definitely” influenced his decision to attend graduate school; before attending SMART, he says, “I had thought of grad school, but not serious- ly.” Villacorta is now working in the resi- dence hall for this summer’s SMART program. In fact, five of the first ten recipients of the AGEP Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowships are working with SMART this summer. “The SMART program helped to inspire me to give something back,” says Charles Glass. “I believe in programs like SMART—that’s why I continue to be a recruiter for them.” With the NSF-fund- ed AGEP grant, the University of Colorado at Boulder and Colorado State University are committed to creating a sustainable graduate school infrastructure that produces future generations of facul- ty that are representative of our increas- ingly diverse society. tees might have had an advantage in that they were better able to see poten- tial. It’s a calibration problem. Depart- ments need to work at assessing the quality of students based on informa- tion that the students have provided, but whose import may not always be immediately apparent. MS: What is the best way to retain more women and minorities in SME disciplines? Johnson: For us, the most important issue is to get students to pass their qualifying written exams. We found that success depended on students talk- ing to one another. Once this dialog was opened up they could easily form groups to study together. We found an increase in study sessions for both African Americans and the more gen- eral student body. People chose study groups as appropriate, based on sub- fields or affinity or whatever. That was the main benefit of our activities for retention. Students were able to reach out and form groups more easily. Research shows that reaching out does not take place until students feel com- fortable and know who they are. Then they are able to reach out and partici- pate in activities organized by other groups. MS: Did you do anything to help other faculty assume mentoring roles? Johnson: Yes and no. Actually, I didn’t really have to. Once a student passes the written exam, they have to choose a faculty advisor, and that has always been a strong mentoring position. But, if you don’t get to that point you don’t get a mentor. When more students began to work together to pass the exam, more African American students were able to get past that hurdle. Through that process, we exposed a number of faculty members to high quality African American students and that did have an impact on the faculty. From there things just took their natur- al course. Thank you so much for your insights, Dr. Johnson! Charles Glass, who was the keynote speaker for the annual CU-Boulder Multicultural Engineering Program awards banquet in April, 2001. Continued from page 10 12