Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms
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Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
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Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms
- 1. Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms Drivers of antibiotic use (AMU) in Dairy farms • Antibiotic use is increasing in food-producing animals and is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. • About 10% of the milk from small-holder dairy farmers has been reported to contain beta-lactam residue levels that exceed the maximum allowed limits (0.01 to 100 parts per billion (ppb) (Aduda, 2023) • Here, we quantified levels of commonly used antibiotics and assessed possible drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan dairy farms. Methods Figure 1. Factors associated with antibiotic use in dairy production systems Figure 2. 165 dairy farms in Machakos, Makueni and Narok counties • 165 farms were surveyed using the AMUSE, version 2 questionnaire (https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107443) • Metadata: socio-demographic characteristics, herd management and antibiotic use practices, patterns • Modelled the drivers of antibiotic use. A: Socio-demographic characteristics of sampled dairy farms Figure 3. Socio-demographic characteristics C: Antibiotic use patterns Figure 5. Antibiotic use patterns by single active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs) and antibiotic classes D: Model of antibiotic use drivers Figure 6. Multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial regression model results showing drivers of antibiotic use. Conclusion and next steps • Antibiotic usage is associated with disease incidence and inappropriate herd management practices • There is a need to educate dairy farmers on appropriate antibiotic usage and promote safe herd management practices • Antimicrobial stewardship efforts should target all stakeholders, including animal health service providers • Large-scale surveillance is necessary to provide data on veterinary antibiotic usage and inform evidence-based policies for mitigating antibiotic misuse or overuse and spreading antimicrobial resistance. Correspondence : L.Kisoo@cgiar.org Lydiah Kisoo1*,2, Dishon M. Muloi1,2, Walter Oguta1, Daisy Ronoh1, Lynn Kirwa1, James Akoko1, Eric Fèvre1,2, Arshnee Moodley1,3, Lillian Wambua1,4* 1Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya 2Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom 3Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark 4World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-regional Representation for East Africa, Kenya *Current address Cephalosporins Sulfonamides Penicillins Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Macrolides Fluoroquinolones Diaminopyrimidines Proportion of antibiotic administration over a year 0.4% 48.9% 7.0% 44.0% Growth promoterMetaphylaxis Therapeutic Prophylatic Antibiotic use purpose 23 14 63 77 23 23.6 76.4 64.8 8.4 26.7 59.4 40.6 49.1 36.4 13.9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Machakos Makueni Narok Male Female Dairy only Mixed (Dairy & beef) cattle Indigenous Crossbreed Exotic Yes No Free range Mixed (zero $ free-range) Zero-grazing Location (County) Farmer gender Farm type Breed Cattle housing Husbandry type Percentage (%) 80.00 % 18.79 % 1.21% Veterinary drug stores(Agrovet) Veterinarian Middlemen traders Antibiotic sourcing 61.2 1% 38.7 9% AHPs No one Antibiotic use consultation B: Antibiotic use practices Figure 4. Antibiotic use purpose, consultation and sourcing