Asexual reproduction in animals
- 2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which the new offspring arise from a single parent. • The offsprings are identical to each other, both physically as well as genetically. They are the exact copies of their parent cell.
- 3. FISSION • Fission means division. • During asexual reproduction, the parent cell divides into two or more cells. Unicellular organisms show different patterns of cell division according to their cell structure.
- 5. BUDDING • It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
- 7. FRAGMENTATION • Fragmentation is another mode of asexual reproduction The parent body divides into two or more fragments. Later, each fragment develops into a new individual. • Multi-cellular organisms like planaria, spirogyra, etc. reproduce by fragmentation.
- 9. PARTHENOGENESIS • is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization. • Animals including most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants that have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this process.
- 11. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • It is a form of reproduction where two gametes fuse together. • Specifically one male and one female
- 12. 3 FUNDAMENTAL STEPS • Gametogenesis: production of gametes • Spawning or Mating: bringing gametes together • Fertilization: fusion of gametes
- 13. SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM • Occurs when individuals can change their sex in response to social or environmental pressures • Usually occurs in many fishes, gastropods, and plants.
- 15. GONADS • an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary.
- 17. INFORMAL FERTILIZATION • Particularly happens in aquatic animals, sexual reproduction occurs outside of the body.
- 18. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION • occurs mostly in wet environment and requires both the male and the female to release or broadcast their gametes into their surroundings (usually water).
- 20. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION • is the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction inside the body of a parent. For this to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce the sperm into the female's reproductive tract.
- 22. OVIPAROUS ANIMALS • Animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce.
- 23. VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS • The young develops inside the mother’s body until they are mature enough to be born and live independently
- 25. • Organisms produce offspring, which resemble their parents due to transmission of their genetic makeup. • The genetic material present in sex cellls is used as a carrier of genetic information passed in from parent to offspring through a genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • DNA carries the instructions for assembling a variety of proteins responsible for forming a variety of structures
- 26. DNA • Every human body cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes • Chromosomes ontains many genes joined together, which could be attached on a string. • Each cell in a human body contains about 35000 genes • Gene is a distinct portion of the DNA responsible for inherited trait.
- 27. • Genotype- genetic material found inside the nucleus • Phenotype- observable traits • The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein.