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Astronomy

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The document provides an overview of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. It describes the characteristics of asteroids as mostly lying between Mars and Jupiter and having irregular shapes. Comets are described as large "dirty snowballs" that produce a glowing head and tail when approaching the sun. Meteoroids are small solid particles that can become meteors when entering Earth's atmosphere or meteorites if reaching the surface. The document also discusses the resolution that established three categories for objects in the solar system: planets, dwarf planets like Pluto, and small solar system bodies.

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Astronomy
Overview of the solar system Solar system includes • Sun • Eight planets and their satellites • Three Dwarf Planets • Asteroids • Comets • Meteoroids
The Planets
Add the SUN
How Small Are WE?
AsteroidsAsteroids Most lie between Mars and Jupiter • Microplanets: small, rocky bodies • Irregular shapes
CometsComets • Large, "dirty snowballs" • Composition: •Frozen gases •Rocky and metallic materials • Produces a glowing head called the coma and a tail that points away from the sun
Comet Hale-Bopp
MeteoroidsMeteoroids • Meteoroid – small solid particle that travels through space • Meteor – when a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere, “shooting star” • Meteorite – when a meteoroid reaches the Earth’s surface
Which one of these is not like the others?
RIGHT! Pluto does not belong…
WHY? The resolution The decision establishes three main categories of objects in our solar system. • Planets: The eight worlds starting with Mercury and moving out to Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. • Dwarf planets: Pluto and any other round object that "has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite." • Small solar system bodies: All other objects orbiting the sun.
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy  Astronomy: the study of the universe Ancient astronomy: • Ancient Greeks – Golden Age of early astronomy • Used geometry and trigonometry to measure sizes and distances of the sun and moon • Aristotle – the Earth is round • Geocentric model– Earth is the center
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy  Birth of modern astronomy • 1500s and 1600s • Five noted scientists 1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) •Concluded Earth was a planet •Heliocentric model – Sun is the center
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 2. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) •Made most precise observations yet which were used by other astronomers
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 3. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) •Planets revolve around the Sun •Three laws of planetary motion
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 4. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Constructed a telescope and saw the universe in a new way • Discovered: • Four moons of Jupiter • Planets appeared as disks • Phases of Venus • Features on the Moon • Sunspots
Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 5. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) • Law of universal gravitation • Explained planetary motion
TELESCOPESTELESCOPES • Tools used to help astronomers see celestial (space) objects with greater detail by: –gathering more light than your eye can (dim objects are easily seen) –magnifying images to separate distant objects from one another
Hubble space telescope • Over 350 miles from earth Hubble Space Telescope Size: Length: 43.5 ft (13.2 m) Weight: 24,500 lb (11,110 kg) Maximum Diameter: 14 ft (4.2 m) Hubble is nearly the size of a large school bus—but it can fit inside a space shuttle cargo bay.
Hubble found that galaxies are speeding away from each other, consistent with a general expansion of the Universe. This is called the Big Bang.
Deep Space Image
Optical TelescopesOptical Telescopes • use lenses and mirrors to collect starlight and light reflected off of planets • Two main types: – Refracting – simple refractors uses two lenses. One lens collects the light, and the other magnifies the image. – Reflecting – uses a large curved mirror to gather and focus the light. Another lens magnifies the image.
REFRACTING – SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPEREFRACTING – SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPE
REFLECTING – ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPEREFLECTING – ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical Telescopes Keck Telescopes Summit view of the twin Keck telescopes, located at 13,600 atop a dormant volcano in Hawaii.
Kepler’s Laws 1.) The Law of Ellipses -The Path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
Kepler’s Laws 2.) The Law of Equal Areas - An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of each planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Kepler’s Laws 3.) The law of harmonies - Compares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets.
Astrophotography
The Way We Move • Rotation • Revolution • Procession • Tilt • Nutation • Barycenter
What is Rotation The turning or spinning of a body on its axis.
Earth’s Rotation The average rotation period of the Earth with respect to the Sun is 24 hours (the mean solar day).
What is Revolution The motion of a body along a path around some point in space. This is also called Orbital Motion
Earth’s Revolution It is the orbital period of Earth, equal to 365.25636042 mean solar days.
What is Precession The slight movement of Earth’s axis over 26,000 years.
Diurnal motion of stars • We cannot detect earth’s rotation, so it appears to us as if the stars (and Sun and Moon and planets) are rotating around us: they rise in the east and set in the west, once a day. This is called diurnal motion.
Tilt of earth on axis
A few more ways to move • Nutation –the wobble – Change in the angle of the axis (1/2 degree) • Barycenter – The point between two objects where they balance each other. – Spin demonstration
Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram
Tilt of earth on axis
Special days of the year • Winter Solstice first day of winter, shortest day of the year • Vernal Equinox first day of spring, equal day and night • Summer Solstice first day of summer, longest day of the year • Autumnal Equinox first day of autumn (fall), equal day and night
Seasons
Definition • One of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice, but geographically at different dates in different climates.
Spring • Begins on the vernal equinox • Usually occurs on March 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt neither toward nor away from sun • Equal day and Night
Summer • Begins on the summer solstice • Usually occurs on June 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt toward the sun • Longest day of the year
Fall • Begins on the autumnal equinox • Usually occurs on September 22 or 23 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt neither toward nor away from sun • Equal day and night
Winter • Begins on the winter solstice • Usually occurs on December 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt away from sun • Shortest day of the year
What causes seasons • TILT! Either toward or away from the sun. • Tilt TOWARD the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere summer in late June (the "summer solstice"). – The amount of sunlight reaching the Northern Hemisphere is at a maximum. • Tilt AWAY from the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere winter in December (the “winter solstice"). – a minimum of sunlight reaches the Northern Hemisphere. • The seasons are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere
Interesting facts • The sun is actually closest to the Earth during Northern Hemisphere winter (not summer). • Because of this, the amount of sunlight averaged over the whole Earth, is as much as 7% more intense in the winter than the summer. • Despite this fact, the global-average surface temperature is warmer in Northern Hemisphere summer, due to the much greater expanse of land there, and since land heats to a higher temperature than the ocean does.
Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram
Energy from the Sun Essential Question: How does the sun produce energy, and how does the energy reach earth?
Layers of the Sun • Interior – cannot be seen – where energy is produced • Photosphere – Photo =“light” Sphere = “ball” – visible “surface” of the sun • Atmospheric layers – Chromosphere – thin layer of hot gases – Corona – “crown” outermost portion, produces the solar wind • Earth’s magnetic field blocks the winds from reaching our surface
Production of Energy • Combustion – burning fossil fuels • Renewable Sources – capture energy from the sun, wind, water to produce electricity • Nuclear Reactions – when atomic particles interact to form different particles – Fusion – Fission
Fusion • Done in the interior of the sun • Less massive nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei • Releases lots and lots of energy
Fission • Able to do on earth (Nuclear Energy) • More massive nuclei are bombarded by neutrons and split to less massive nuclei • Emits heat energy
Energy Flow • Energy is transferred by Electromagnetic Radiation • This includes all energy types that travel as waves from X-rays to visible light to microwaves and radio waves
Forms of Energy Produced • Light – acts like a wave and particle – photons are a stream of particles that push on matter – This push is what causes a comet’s tail • Heat – The sun is extremely hot (15 million K at core) – Waves of heat are ejected into space at all angles
Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram

More Related Content

Astronomy

  • 2. Overview of the solar system Solar system includes • Sun • Eight planets and their satellites • Three Dwarf Planets • Asteroids • Comets • Meteoroids
  • 6. AsteroidsAsteroids Most lie between Mars and Jupiter • Microplanets: small, rocky bodies • Irregular shapes
  • 7. CometsComets • Large, "dirty snowballs" • Composition: •Frozen gases •Rocky and metallic materials • Produces a glowing head called the coma and a tail that points away from the sun
  • 9. MeteoroidsMeteoroids • Meteoroid – small solid particle that travels through space • Meteor – when a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere, “shooting star” • Meteorite – when a meteoroid reaches the Earth’s surface
  • 10. Which one of these is not like the others?
  • 11. RIGHT! Pluto does not belong…
  • 12. WHY? The resolution The decision establishes three main categories of objects in our solar system. • Planets: The eight worlds starting with Mercury and moving out to Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. • Dwarf planets: Pluto and any other round object that "has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite." • Small solar system bodies: All other objects orbiting the sun.
  • 13. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy  Astronomy: the study of the universe Ancient astronomy: • Ancient Greeks – Golden Age of early astronomy • Used geometry and trigonometry to measure sizes and distances of the sun and moon • Aristotle – the Earth is round • Geocentric model– Earth is the center
  • 14. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy  Birth of modern astronomy • 1500s and 1600s • Five noted scientists 1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) •Concluded Earth was a planet •Heliocentric model – Sun is the center
  • 15. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 2. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) •Made most precise observations yet which were used by other astronomers
  • 16. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 3. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) •Planets revolve around the Sun •Three laws of planetary motion
  • 17. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 4. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Constructed a telescope and saw the universe in a new way • Discovered: • Four moons of Jupiter • Planets appeared as disks • Phases of Venus • Features on the Moon • Sunspots
  • 18. Early History of AstronomyEarly History of Astronomy 5. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) • Law of universal gravitation • Explained planetary motion
  • 19. TELESCOPESTELESCOPES • Tools used to help astronomers see celestial (space) objects with greater detail by: –gathering more light than your eye can (dim objects are easily seen) –magnifying images to separate distant objects from one another
  • 20. Hubble space telescope • Over 350 miles from earth Hubble Space Telescope Size: Length: 43.5 ft (13.2 m) Weight: 24,500 lb (11,110 kg) Maximum Diameter: 14 ft (4.2 m) Hubble is nearly the size of a large school bus—but it can fit inside a space shuttle cargo bay.
  • 21. Hubble found that galaxies are speeding away from each other, consistent with a general expansion of the Universe. This is called the Big Bang.
  • 23. Optical TelescopesOptical Telescopes • use lenses and mirrors to collect starlight and light reflected off of planets • Two main types: – Refracting – simple refractors uses two lenses. One lens collects the light, and the other magnifies the image. – Reflecting – uses a large curved mirror to gather and focus the light. Another lens magnifies the image.
  • 24. REFRACTING – SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPEREFRACTING – SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPE
  • 25. REFLECTING – ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPEREFLECTING – ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPE
  • 26. Optical Telescopes Keck Telescopes Summit view of the twin Keck telescopes, located at 13,600 atop a dormant volcano in Hawaii.
  • 27. Kepler’s Laws 1.) The Law of Ellipses -The Path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
  • 28. Kepler’s Laws 2.) The Law of Equal Areas - An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of each planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
  • 29. Kepler’s Laws 3.) The law of harmonies - Compares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets.
  • 31. The Way We Move • Rotation • Revolution • Procession • Tilt • Nutation • Barycenter
  • 32. What is Rotation The turning or spinning of a body on its axis.
  • 33. Earth’s Rotation The average rotation period of the Earth with respect to the Sun is 24 hours (the mean solar day).
  • 34. What is Revolution The motion of a body along a path around some point in space. This is also called Orbital Motion
  • 35. Earth’s Revolution It is the orbital period of Earth, equal to 365.25636042 mean solar days.
  • 36. What is Precession The slight movement of Earth’s axis over 26,000 years.
  • 37. Diurnal motion of stars • We cannot detect earth’s rotation, so it appears to us as if the stars (and Sun and Moon and planets) are rotating around us: they rise in the east and set in the west, once a day. This is called diurnal motion.
  • 38. Tilt of earth on axis
  • 39. A few more ways to move • Nutation –the wobble – Change in the angle of the axis (1/2 degree) • Barycenter – The point between two objects where they balance each other. – Spin demonstration
  • 40. Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
  • 42. Tilt of earth on axis
  • 43. Special days of the year • Winter Solstice first day of winter, shortest day of the year • Vernal Equinox first day of spring, equal day and night • Summer Solstice first day of summer, longest day of the year • Autumnal Equinox first day of autumn (fall), equal day and night
  • 45. Definition • One of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice, but geographically at different dates in different climates.
  • 46. Spring • Begins on the vernal equinox • Usually occurs on March 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt neither toward nor away from sun • Equal day and Night
  • 47. Summer • Begins on the summer solstice • Usually occurs on June 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt toward the sun • Longest day of the year
  • 48. Fall • Begins on the autumnal equinox • Usually occurs on September 22 or 23 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt neither toward nor away from sun • Equal day and night
  • 49. Winter • Begins on the winter solstice • Usually occurs on December 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere • Tilt away from sun • Shortest day of the year
  • 50. What causes seasons • TILT! Either toward or away from the sun. • Tilt TOWARD the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere summer in late June (the "summer solstice"). – The amount of sunlight reaching the Northern Hemisphere is at a maximum. • Tilt AWAY from the sun is maximized during Northern Hemisphere winter in December (the “winter solstice"). – a minimum of sunlight reaches the Northern Hemisphere. • The seasons are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere
  • 51. Interesting facts • The sun is actually closest to the Earth during Northern Hemisphere winter (not summer). • Because of this, the amount of sunlight averaged over the whole Earth, is as much as 7% more intense in the winter than the summer. • Despite this fact, the global-average surface temperature is warmer in Northern Hemisphere summer, due to the much greater expanse of land there, and since land heats to a higher temperature than the ocean does.
  • 52. Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).
  • 54. Energy from the Sun Essential Question: How does the sun produce energy, and how does the energy reach earth?
  • 55. Layers of the Sun • Interior – cannot be seen – where energy is produced • Photosphere – Photo =“light” Sphere = “ball” – visible “surface” of the sun • Atmospheric layers – Chromosphere – thin layer of hot gases – Corona – “crown” outermost portion, produces the solar wind • Earth’s magnetic field blocks the winds from reaching our surface
  • 56. Production of Energy • Combustion – burning fossil fuels • Renewable Sources – capture energy from the sun, wind, water to produce electricity • Nuclear Reactions – when atomic particles interact to form different particles – Fusion – Fission
  • 57. Fusion • Done in the interior of the sun • Less massive nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei • Releases lots and lots of energy
  • 58. Fission • Able to do on earth (Nuclear Energy) • More massive nuclei are bombarded by neutrons and split to less massive nuclei • Emits heat energy
  • 59. Energy Flow • Energy is transferred by Electromagnetic Radiation • This includes all energy types that travel as waves from X-rays to visible light to microwaves and radio waves
  • 60. Forms of Energy Produced • Light – acts like a wave and particle – photons are a stream of particles that push on matter – This push is what causes a comet’s tail • Heat – The sun is extremely hot (15 million K at core) – Waves of heat are ejected into space at all angles
  • 61. Life cycle of stars. The lifespan of stars varies from thousands of years for massive stars to billions for smaller stars. Our Sun, which is of average mass, is predicted to live for about 10 billion years (it is about halfway through).