Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology, the linguistic subfields concerned with speech sounds. It explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology studies how sounds are represented mentally within languages. The document then introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols to accurately represent all speech sounds across languages. It presents the IPA symbols for the basic consonant and vowel sounds in North American English, explaining the symbols and their pronunciation values. The goal is to establish a systematic way to transcribe sounds beyond English spelling conventions.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics - Articulatory, Acoustic and Perceptual Phonetics. With a focus on articulatory phonetics and the IPA.
1. The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to pronunciation in language learning, including phonemes, allophones, phonetic transcription, and distinctive features.
2. It examines challenges for second language learners, such as different phonemic inventories and phonological rules across languages, and stages of phoneme learning.
3. The document also covers syllabic structures, suprasegmentals like intonation and tone, and implications for teaching pronunciation through awareness raising, imitation, and linking intonation to communication.
This document discusses phonetic transcription and phonemes. It defines a phoneme as the minimal distinctive sound unit of a language. Phonemes are contrastive and unpredictable, while allophones are consistent variants of phonemes that are in complementary distribution. The document also discusses phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent sounds, and provides examples of phonemic versus allophonic transcription. It gives instructions on how to transcribe words and includes transcription activities.
This document discusses how sounds and sound patterns transfer between languages when learning a new language. It outlines 6 types of segmental errors and discusses suprasegmental patterns involving stress, tone, and intonation. Native language influence is an important factor in acquiring a new language's phonetics and phonology. Differences in sounds, phonological rules, syllable structure, and frequency of phonemes across languages can lead to errors for language learners.
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisMeagan Louie
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
Slides for a LING 100 tutorial class geared towards a explicitly identifying a process one can take to answer the question "Are these separate phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?"
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, while phonology focuses on phonemes, or the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning. There are two types of transcription: phonetic uses the IPA to precisely notate sounds, while phonemic uses slashes for a broader view. Phonemes contrast words like "pan" and "ban", while allophones are variations that don't change meaning, like different [n] sounds in different environments. Phonology examines phonemes in real language use regarding stress, rhythm and connected speech. While phonetic transcription provides more detail, phonemic transcription is sufficient for learner comprehension. Some debate exists around using phonemic symbols with young learners.
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other LanguagesGraspingfish
Are the long-noted similarities between Japanese and other languages mere coincidences and created by chance? This presentation suggests a different view of these language resemblances based on global genetic history of homo sapiens and brain dynamics.
This document discusses vowel epenthesis in the Twi language spoken by students in Kasoa, Ghana. It analyzes student speech to identify the causes and locations of inserted vowels. The study finds that epenthetic vowels are used to create emphasis and emphasize statements. Previous research on epenthetic vowels in loan words is reviewed, focusing on how inserted vowels repair illegal consonant sequences and affect pronunciation. The quality, location, and phonetic characteristics of epenthetic vowels vary between languages.
The document discusses the English language, including its history and status as a global lingua franca. Some key points include:
- English originated in England and has developed over 1400+ years, originating from Old English and evolving into Middle English and Early Modern English.
- It spread around the world through the British Empire from the 17th to 20th century and is now the most commonly spoken language internationally.
- English is the third most spoken native language and the most widely learned second language. It holds official language status in international organizations like the UN.
- The document also defines linguistic terminology like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and discusses various domains of language such as phonology,
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
1. The document discusses interference and integration as topics in sociolinguistics that occur due to the use of multiple languages in multilingual societies. Interference refers to changes in a language system due to influence from other languages, while integration is the incorporation of elements from other languages.
2. Interference can occur at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels of language. Examples of phonological interference include pronouncing sounds that don't exist in the first language. Morphological interference involves using affixes from one language to form words in another. Syntactic interference includes using language structures that don't conform to the target language rules.
3. While interference can be seen as "damaging" a language
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonologyShagufta Moghal
The presentation includes the basic characteristics of Urdu and English Phonology, in which some common and uncommon characteristics of both of the languages are discussed in detail.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know a language? - introduction to the core subdisciplines of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics)
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...ijnlc
e-Governance and Web based online commercial multilingual applications has given utmost importance to
the task of translation and transliteration. The Named Entities and Technical Terms occur in the source
language of translation are called out of vocabulary words as they are not available in the multilingual
corpus or dictionary used to support translation process. These Named Entities and Technical Terms need
to be transliterated from source language to target language without losing their phonetic properties. The
fundamental problem in India is that there is no set of rules available to write the spellings in English for
Indian languages according to the linguistics. People are writing different spellings for the same name at
different places. This fact certainly affects the Top-1 accuracy of the transliteration and in turn the
translation process. Major issue noticed by us is the transliteration of named entities consisting three
syllables or three phonetic units in Hindi and Marathi languages where people use mixed approach to
write the spelling either by orthographical approach or by phonological approach. In this paper authors
have provided their opinion through experimentation about appropriateness of either approach.
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)MIN KYUNG LEE
This document summarizes and compares features of Korean, Japanese, and English languages. It discusses phonological and morphological differences such as consonant and vowel phonemes. Korean and Japanese are topic-prominent languages that rely on word endings, while English is subject-prominent and relies on word order. The writing systems are also compared, with Korean having a unique alphabet created for phonetic representation. Implications for teaching a second language are that differences can pose pronunciation challenges, but understanding morphological features can help literacy instruction by relating words across languages.
This document contains lecture notes on morphosyntactic categories from a linguistics class. It discusses parts of speech and provides formal criteria to identify nouns, verbs, and adjectives in English based on their distributional properties. For nouns, evidence includes plural formation, occurring with determiners and adjectives, and being derived from suffixes like -er, -ion, -ment. For verbs, evidence includes inflecting for tense/aspect with suffixes like -ed, -s, being modified by adverbs, and occurring with modal auxiliaries. For adjectives, the document states the criteria will be discussed but does not list them. Examples are provided to illustrate the criteria for each part of speech
The document compares and contrasts the phonological systems of Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA). It discusses four main differences:
1. Systemic differences in phoneme inventories, such as RP having /ɑː/ instead of /æ/ in words like "bath".
2. Distributional differences in phoneme occurrence, such as RP being non-rhotic while GA is rhotic.
3. Lexical differences where some words have different pronunciations between the accents, like "process".
4. Phonetic differences in phoneme realization, such as vowels being nasalized before nasals in GA but not RP. The document provides
This document discusses aspiration of voiceless stops in English. It explains that voiceless stops [p, t, k] are aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable, such as in "pie", but are unaspirated in other positions, like at the end of words. Native English speakers can feel a puff of air when releasing an aspirated stop. The document provides examples of words where voiceless stops are and aren't aspirated according to these rules.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document describes using a genetic algorithm to find the maximum values of single-variable functions. It discusses:
1) How genetic algorithms work by simulating biological evolution to optimize solutions.
2) Testing the genetic algorithm on continuous and non-continuous functions that are difficult to optimize with traditional methods, such as multimodal, non-differentiable functions.
3) The genetic algorithm was able to find maximum values close to the real maximum for complex test functions, demonstrating its effectiveness at optimizing these difficult single-variable functions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document describes the design of a contactless power supply system capable of generating 300V and 10A of DC power. It is composed of a primary power converter and a secondary power converter. The primary converter uses an inverter to convert 50/60Hz power to 20kHz power, which is then transferred through magnetic coupling to the secondary converter. The secondary converter uses a boosting circuit to generate the high-voltage DC power from the induced 20kHz AC power. Simulation and experimental results showed the system was effective at contactlessly transferring power at high voltages.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesiainventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of silver nanoparticles on the biomass and chlorophyll content of two plant species, Vigna radiata and Brassica campestris. Seedlings of both plant species were exposed to different concentrations (50, 500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and silver ions for 12 days. Exposure to high concentrations (500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and ions resulted in significant reductions in the fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of both plant species over time. V. radiata was found to be more resistant to the effects than B. campestris. Treatment with silver nanoparticles also led to significant decreases in the total chlorophyll content of both species
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell to generate electricity. The study used a small test rig to run experiments supplying hydrogen and oxygen gases to the fuel cell. The experiments measured voltage, current, power output, and other parameters over time. The results showed that the fuel cell was able to produce up to 13.44W of power at 11.20V by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. Producing power from hydrogen in a fuel cell is presented as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuel-based power generation.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses the sounds of human language, known as phonetics. It begins by stating that while language can be written, signed, or synthesized, speech remains the primary way humans express themselves. The document then provides an overview of phonetics, explaining that it is the study of the inventory and structure of speech sounds. It notes that while humans can make many sounds, the set of possible speech sounds used in human languages is finite. The document focuses on articulatory phonetics but also references acoustic phonetics.
The document discusses the rules of phonology. Phonology translates phonemes, which are mental representations of sounds, into allophones, which are the actual sounds produced. Languages have phonological rules that govern how phonemes are realized as allophones. These rules vary between languages and include feature-changing rules like assimilation, where sounds take on features of neighboring sounds. Phonology is important for maintaining recognizable words across variations in pronunciation.
This document discusses phonetics and phonology. It begins by defining key terms like phonetics, phonology, phonemes, and the branches of linguistics. It then explains that phonetics studies speech sounds, how they are produced, and their properties. Phonetics uses the International Phonetic Alphabet to transcribe sounds. The document outlines some limitations of using the English spelling system for phonetic transcription due to inconsistencies between letters and sounds.
This document discusses the representation of speech sounds in three paragraphs:
1) It defines a phonological representation as the mental representation of sounds and combinations of sounds in a spoken language, which can be described at the acoustic, linguistic, or cognitive level.
2) It describes speech sounds as the vocal sounds used to form words, differentiated from letters, and notes that understanding speech sounds benefits speech development.
3) It outlines three levels of phonological structure: constituent structure, melodic structure, and A-structure, and discusses symbolic phonetic representation forms which represent sounds with symbols and diacritics.
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for the 1st year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for the CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Lab and ICS (Interactive Communication Skills) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics - it describes vowels, consonants, and provides the phonetic chart and transcription of example words.
This study aims to identify the causes of epenthesis, or the insertion of extra sounds, in the speech of students at Bisease Senior High School. Recordings of students' conversations show insertion of both vowels and consonants. The insertions occur for several reasons, including influence from the students' native Fante and Twi languages, which have different phonotactic rules than English. Vowels are often added to conform to the syllable structure and phonotactics of Fante and Twi. Consonants are inserted to break up unfamiliar consonant clusters in English words. The type of sound inserted depends on factors like neighboring sounds. The study concludes epenthesis is caused by mother tongue interference and recommends spending more
This document provides an overview of syntax, which studies sentence structure. It discusses that speakers can produce an infinite number of sentences through combining words and phrases. It also covers parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and more. Additionally, it explains that English follows a subject-verb-object word order and introduces the concept of phrases, including how they can be identified and moved around in sentences.
Phonology refers to how sounds work together when pronounced in a language. Some key aspects of phonology include:
1) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound, often represented with slashes like /t/, while phones are the actual pronunciation of those sounds in context.
2) Minimal pairs are two words that differ by one phoneme, helping to identify sounds. Minimal sets contain multiple words that vary by one phoneme.
3) Phonotactics is how the mind recognizes permissible sound combinations in a language.
The document discusses key concepts in phonetics and phonology, including:
1. Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in a language.
2. Speech sounds are called phones in phonetics and phonemes in phonology. Phonemes represent abstract linguistic units that can distinguish meaning, while phones are concrete sound realizations that are in complementary distribution.
3. Phonetics also examines segmental features of individual sounds as well as suprasegmental features like pitch, length, and loudness that span larger units of speech. It has applications in language teaching, speech technology, and forensic investigations.
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesEditor IJCATR
Speech recognition applications are becoming common and useful in this day and age as many of the modern devices are designed and produced user-friendly for the convenience of general public. Speaking/communicating directly with the machine to achieve desired objectives make usage of modern devices easier and convenient. Although may interactive software applications are available, the use of these applications is limited due to language barriers. Hence development of speech recognition systems in local languages will help anyone to make use of this technological advancement. In this paper we discuss the results of the Nasal phonetic class wise speech recognition performance of Malayalam language
The document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, the stages of learning a language, and features that distinguish human and animal communication. It then describes the main branches of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as phoneme, morpheme, allomorph, morph, and their differences are explained. Theories around the linguistic sign and grammar are also introduced. The document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental terminology and topics within the field of linguistics.
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docxdurantheseldine
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what extent do we need to be inclusive of others? Be sure to reference at least one philosopher or ethical framework as support for your reasoning (200-250 words)
https://inclusion.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Ethics-of-Inclusion.pdf
2. Choose one of your representatives (U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate) and write a letter to him or her advocating for a particular policy position. You may include personal information and arguments ("As a lifelong hunter..." "As a mother of small children...") but you should also use some facts and figures drawn from your own research. Your letter should make at least two specific arguments, backed up with some sort of data, and be at least 300 words in length.
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operate according to certain rules and are
: manifested as patterns.The word used for individual speech sounds is phones, and the study of the
; characteristics, or features, of phones of all languages is called phonetics (Yule, 2010). Although the
I focus is on the English sound system, it is important to note that each language is systematic in its
patterning, and that although similarities exist across all languages, differences abound.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of languages, called phonology, helps teachers understand many
challenges English learners (ELs) face, both in hearing and producing the sounds of a new language.
This knowledge also assists teachers in diagnosing errors second language (L2) readers typically
make when reading aloud and in predicting how this affects comprehension, accuracy, and fluency.
This section is fundamental to an understanding of linguistics because it introduces a number of
important concepts that are revisited at other levels of language. The first section is on the basic con
cepts of phonology; the second is about the consonants of English; the third provides an overview of
the English vowels; and the fourth is about suprasegmentals, the phonological phenomena affecting
pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·er.
Linguistics provides the foundation for language teaching by describing the components of a language, such as phonetics. While linguistics focuses on analyzing language in detail, language teaching applies linguistic concepts to instruct learners. Some language teachers may only have practical knowledge of a language without formal training in its linguistic structure. Understanding linguistics helps teachers identify areas learners need to develop, like pronunciation. This project gave the participants a new perspective on how phonetics, an important linguistic component, is relevant to developing English speaking and teaching skills.
This document discusses phonetics, phonology, and related linguistic concepts. It begins by defining phonetics as the scientific study of speech sounds and their production and perception, while phonology is the study of phonemes, or meaningful units of sound, in a language.
It goes on to define key terms like phone, phoneme, and allophone. Phones are distinct speech sounds, phonemes are sounds that distinguish meaning, and allophones are variant pronunciations of phonemes that do not change a word's meaning.
The document also covers phonological concepts like place and manner of articulation, phonotactics, and prosody. It includes examples of phonetic transcription and minimal pairs.
This document defines phonology and phonetics and their roles in language learning. [1] Phonology describes how sounds function and are organized in a language to convey meaning, while phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds. [2] The document then provides examples of phonetic transcription and discusses phonological processes in connected speech. [3] Phonological processes refer to how the brain instructs the speech apparatus to pronounce words and segments, and how sounds can change in normal speech flow or over time according to phonological principles.
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docxdurantheseldine
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operate according to certain rules and are
: manifested as patterns.The word used for individual speech sounds is phones, and the study of the
; characteristics, or features, of phones of all languages is called phonetics (Yule, 2010). Although the
I focus is on the English sound system, it is important to note that each language is systematic in its
patterning, and that although similarities exist across all languages, differences abound.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of languages, called phonology, helps teachers understand many
challenges English learners (ELs) face, both in hearing and producing the sounds of a new language.
This knowledge also assists teachers in diagnosing errors second language (L2) readers typically
make when reading aloud and in predicting how this affects comprehension, accuracy, and fluency.
This section is fundamental to an understanding of linguistics because it introduces a number of
important concepts that are revisited at other levels of language. The first section is on the basic con
cepts of phonology; the second is about the consonants of English; the third provides an overview of
the English vowels; and the fourth is about suprasegmentals, the phonological phenomena affecting
pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·ersal o:-.e: a _e::cr or other syrr.x_
in brackets indicates thatit is part ofa system that includes all the world's languages. The Intemationa..
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) includes all these phones using a unique symbol for each sound.
The sound of [p] in English actually has three different variants, the aspirated [p] in 'pit', fr.:c
unaspirated [p] in 'shopping' and the unreleased [p] in 'stop'. Even though English has these ya::
ants, called allophones, of [p ], they are still the same phoneme. That is, the same symbol is used.::
represent all the variants of [p] for English. A phoneme is represented by a symbol that includes L
possible variants (allophones) of a particular sound in a particular language, and is written ben..,·ee:
slashes, as in / p /. Aspiration o.
The document discusses the segmental and supra-segmental sounds of English. Segmental sounds are the individual phonemes - consonants and vowels - that make up words. The document lists the 24 English consonant phonemes and 14 vowel phonemes. It also describes length in consonants and vowels. Supra-segmental sounds are effects like pitch, stress, and juncture that extend over multiple segments. The document discusses symbols and transcription for sounds.
03- Phonetics and Phonology- with GLOSSARY.pdfDrTawas1
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology, the linguistic subfields concerned with speech sounds. It explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology studies how sounds are represented mentally within languages. The document then introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols to accurately represent all speech sounds across languages. It presents the IPA symbols for the basic consonant and vowel sounds in North American English, explaining the symbols and their pronunciation values. The goal is to establish a systematic way to transcribe sounds beyond English spelling conventions.
This document discusses measuring the pronunciation of the English stops /p/ and /b/ by Saudi English language learners. It notes that learners may pronounce sounds from their second language like the closest sounds in their first language if a sound is not present. For Saudi learners of English, the voiceless bilabial stop /p/ does not exist in Saudi Arabic, so learners have two ways to pronounce it - without regard for voicing distinction, or like the closest Arabic sound /b/. The document proposes measuring the voice onset time (VOT) of learners' productions of /p/ and /b/ to analyze how closely they match English sounds. VOT is defined as the time between a
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
1) The document presents differential identities connecting velocities, pressure, and body force in two-velocity hydrodynamics equations where the pressure in each component is in equilibrium.
2) It summarizes previous work that derived conservation laws and differential equations for two-velocity hydrodynamic systems. Additional conservation laws are derived for these types of systems.
3) The key results are theorems that present differential identities relating the module and direction of a vector field. These identities can be considered additional conservation laws for two-velocity hydrodynamics equations with a single pressure.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
This summary provides an overview of the impacts of demand side management (DSM) techniques on power system reliability in Saudi Arabia:
1. DSM techniques like load shifting can improve power system reliability by transferring load from peak to off-peak periods, reducing peak demand and allowing generators to operate more efficiently.
2. The study models load shifting and adding renewable energy sources to the Riyadh power system and calculates reliability indices like loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected energy not served (EENS) to analyze the impacts on reliability.
3. Preliminary results show load shifting can reduce peak demand and renewable energy from solar and wind can further contribute to reliability by providing generation during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Best Practices for Password Rotation and Tools to Streamline the ProcessBert Blevins
Securing sensitive data is crucial for both individuals and enterprises in the digital era. Password rotation, or regularly changing passwords, has long been a standard security practice. Despite some debate over its effectiveness, password rotation remains an important part of comprehensive security strategies. This guide will explore best practices for password rotation and highlight tools to streamline the process.
The history of rotating passwords dates back to early computer security guidelines, which aimed to reduce the time attackers could exploit stolen credentials by frequently changing passwords. This practice helps mitigate risks associated with credential stuffing, password reuse, and prolonged exposure of compromised passwords. By regularly changing passwords, the time a compromised password can be used is limited, old passwords exposed in breaches are rendered invalid, and regulatory compliance is maintained. Furthermore, frequent changes encourage security awareness among users, reminding them to stay vigilant against phishing and other threats.
To streamline the process of password rotation, various tools and techniques can be employed. Automated password management solutions can schedule and enforce password changes, ensuring compliance with security policies. Additionally, password managers can securely store and generate complex passwords, making it easier for users to adhere to rotation practices without compromising convenience. Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA) alongside password rotation can further enhance security by adding an extra layer of protection against unauthorized access. By adopting these best practices and utilizing appropriate tools, organizations and individuals can effectively strengthen their cybersecurity posture and safeguard sensitive information.
this slide shows husien hanafy portfolio 6-2024hessenhanafy1
Highly Motivated architectural engineer with 6 years of experience in interior, exterior, and landscape design, I'm self-motivated person and a competitive professional who is driven by goals with complete dedication and enthusiasm
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
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FD FAN.pdf forced draft fan for boiler operation and run its very important f...MDHabiburRhaman1
FD fan or forced draft fan, draws air from the atmosphere and forces it into the furnace through a preheater. These fans are located at the inlet of the boiler to push high pressure fresh air into combustion chamber, where it mixes with the fuel to produce positive pressure. and A forced draft fan (FD fan) is a fan that is used to push air into a boiler or other combustion chamber. It is located at the inlet of the boiler and creates a positive pressure in the combustion chamber, which helps to ensure that the fuel burns properly.
The working principle of a forced draft fan is based on the Bernoulli principle, which states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases. The fan blades rotate and impart momentum to the air, which causes the air to accelerate. This acceleration of the air creates a lower pressure at the outlet of the fan, which draws air in from the inlet.
The amount of air that is pushed into the boiler by the FD fan is determined by the fan’s capacity and the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet of the fan. The fan’s capacity is the amount of air that it can move per unit of time, and the pressure differential is the difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet of the fan.
The FD fan is an essential component of any boiler system. It helps to ensure that the fuel burns properly and that the boiler operates efficiently.
Here are some of the benefits of using a forced draft fan:Improved combustion efficiency: The FD fan helps to ensure that the fuel burns completely, which results in improved combustion efficiency.
Reduced emissions: The FD fan helps to reduce emissions by ensuring that the fuel burns completely.
Increased boiler capacity: The FD fan can increase the capacity of the boiler by providing more air for combustion.
Improved safety: The FD fan helps to improve safety by preventing the buildup of flammable gases in the boiler.
Forced Draft Fan ( Full form of FD Fan) is a type of fan supplying pressurized air to a system. In the case of a Steam Boiler Assembly, this FD fan is of great importance. The Forced Draft Fan (FD Fan) plays a crucial role in supplying the necessary combustion air to the steam boiler assembly, ensuring efficient and optimal combustion processes. Its pressurized airflow promotes the complete and controlled burning of fuel, enhancing the overall performance of the system.What is the FD fan in a boiler?
In a boiler system, the FD fan, or Forced Draft Fan, plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient combustion and proper air circulation within the boiler. Its primary function is to supply the combustion air needed for the combustion process.
The FD fan works by drawing in ambient air and then forcing it into the combustion chamber, creating the necessary air-fuel mixture for the combustion process. This controlled air supply ensures that the fuel burns efficiently, leading to optimal heat transfer and energy production.
In summary, the FD fan i
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP 06-11
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
6
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic
Representation of Sound Structures
Dr. M Hanumanthappa1
, Rashmi S2
, Jyothi N M3
1
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56.
2
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere.
ABSTRACT: Implementing phonetics to Natural language is a Herculean task. The first step for the phonetic
implementation is to generate a phonetic dictionary. Phonetic dictionary is very important as it plays a vital
role in identifying the essential components of the gigantic vocabulary in the speech recognition system of
natural language. Language like English needs phonetic transcriptions because the English spelling does not
tell us how to pronounce it. Pronunciation is very important for communication as it vitalizes rapid transition to
practical concern. There is lot of ongoing research in multilingual speech recognition. Phonetic dictionary is
utmost important for any speech recognition system and hence the key goal of the paper is to build a phonetic
dictionary for English language. The paper aims at building dictionary for identifying the phonetic
transcriptions of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and American English alphabets phonetically. The
paper also gives a detailed explanation about the rules of the phonemes.
KEYWORDS: Natural Language Processing (NLP), Phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Phonemes,
Phonetic transcriptions, WordNet.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the WordNet the phonetics is defined as a branch of NLP which is concerned with the
speech production and perception and a detailed analysis of acoustics. Acoustic phonetics is a branch of
phonetics which deals with the study of sounds that is made by the vocal organs of the human in order to
produce the sound. The acoustic knowledge is very important to locate the underlying phonetic representation.
Acoustics discusses how the sound travels from speakers’ mouth to listeners’ ears. The challenges of identifying
the language and storing the corresponding sound for phonetic transcription are tedious and tiresome. The
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the acoustic modeling of various phonemes have shown rationally
good improvement for the implementation and understanding of the sound structure. Various approaches such as
Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), language identification system (LID) merges gap between the encoding
and the decoding process by using multi stream approach [1].
Phonemes are the basic building block for the language which is combined with the other phoneme to
build a meaningful unit such as words and morphemes. Phonemes are the individual or group of sound units.
The phonetic codes include syllable code, syllable time and syllable rhythm. The phonemes form the bedrock
for initial and final code form to represent the phonetic structure with sensibility and sub-information of
linguistics in syllable code [2].
Phonetic transcriptions tell us how the word has to be pronounced. These phonetic transcriptions are
written in IPA where each and every English alphabet has its own symbol. For example the IPA based phonetic
transcription for the words such as no is noʊ, and the transcription of do is duː. Though both of these words end
with the same letter they have different sound and the phonetic transcriptions are different. The transcription for
the word alphabet is . Phonetic transcriptions are helpful because there are no convincing
empirical results which help us to sort the pronunciation training [5]. The below table mention some of the
examples for phonetic transcriptions.
main stress
/ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃə
n/ expectation
secondary stress /ˌriːˈtell/ retell
syllable division /ˈsɪs.təm/ system
Table-1 phonetic transcriptions
2. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
7
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
It is said that there are around 4000 languages spoken today across the world and most of these
languages have limited linguistic knowledge and speech data/resources are available. Author Akbacak, M et al
have proposed series of speech retrieval algorithms in order to leverage the already existing algorithms. The
algorithms employ confusion-embedded hybrid pronunciation networks, and lattice-based phonetic search
within a proper name retrieval task. Latin-American Spanish are used as the target language. After searching for
queries consisting of Spanish proper names in Spanish Broadcast News data, we demonstrate that retrieval
performance degradations (due to data sparseness during automatic speech recognition (ASR) deployment in the
target language) are compensated by employing English acoustic models [9]. Speech recognition system for
various languages have been studied and developed. Arabic speech recognition system is developed at
Cambridge University by Gales M J F et al [6]. Author has shown a simple scheme for automatically generating
associations among diverse pronunciations for use in training and reducing the phonetic out-of-vocabulary rate.
Author Palanisamy K et al, has developed Tamil pronunciation dictionary by incorporating the visual actions of
the organs for improving communication skills [7]. Phonetic transcriptions by using Speech Assessment Method
Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) for Romanian language has been proposed by Domokos, J et al. Development of
phonetic dictionary and also the system architecture is explained in the paper [8].
In the next section various methodologies for building the phonetic dictionary and the associated rules
are discussed.
III. METHODOLOGIES
Today almost all the English dictionaries have audio recordings. So even with this, the need of
phonetic transcriptions is prominent because of the following reasons [3]
To have a good communication in English first we have learn the pronunciations and English language
is polysemy in nature. So learning the pronunciations through sound is apt in these kinds of situations.
When we are listening to the pronunciations we might not be sure whether we heard
ʊ or ə, ɒ or ʌ, s or z, etc., this is due to the lack of experience and the quality of the particular sound is poor.
Hence reading phonetic transcriptions will make the phonemes clear as we will see the sound symbols of all the
alphabets in a word
Dictionaries often show multiple transcriptions but have the same pronunciations so the better way to
find the reasons for this ambiguity would be to study the information about the particular transcriptions.
The computer which we are using might not have the speakers and hence the audio recording of the
particular sound cannot be heard. Sometimes even if the speakers are available we do not want to disturb the
public with the sound. In these situations transcriptions will greatly help.
Word Stress: A word is combination of syllables. In every word, one or more letters are pronounced
strongly. This is called word stress. The dictionary which is shown in this paper also contains the word stress.
Pronunciation for English language is broadly classified into American and British transcriptions. In American
English, the sound of r is always stressed where as in British English r is not stressed. Example: arm/ father are
pronounced differently in both of the accent.
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet is the abbreviation for IPA. It defines the standard phonetic
symbol for every alphabet in English language. The IPA symbols are usually written in the Latin symbols. IPA
defines the standard sound representation for oral language. IPA is considered as the standard for linguistics.
However there is also the American phonetic alphabet because of the difficulties faced with IPA such as, it is
tough to type the IPA symbols with the normal keyboard. IPA also increases the error rate by withholding the
awkwardness reading the transcriptions which are hand written.
IV. BUILDING PHONETIC DICTIONARY
Phonetic dictionary is not as simple as it looks because applying sounding mechanisms to make
computer auto detect the word and give the pronunciation is difficult. There are various rules that need to be
followed while building the phonetic transcriptions. The rules are [3]
[1]. Almost all dictionaries use the e symbol for the vowel in bed. The problem with this convention is
that e in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for
example, in the German word Seele. The ―proper‖ symbol for the bed vowel is ɚ (do not confuse with ɛ:).
The same goes for eə vs. ɚə.
3. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
8
[2]. In əʳ and ɛ:ʳ, the ʳ is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in
answering, answer it). In AmE, the ʳ is always pronounced, and the sounds are sometimes written
as ə and ɜ.
[3]. In AmE, ɑ: and ɒ are one vowel, so calm and cot have the same vowel. In American transcriptions, hot is
written as hɑ:t.
[4]. About 40% of Americans pronounce ɔ: the same way as ɑ:, so that caught and cot have the same vowel.
See cot-caught merger.
[5]. In American transcriptions, ɔ: is often written as ɒ: (e.g. law = lɒ:), unless it is followed by r, in which
case it remains an ɔ:.
[6]. In British transcriptions, oʊ is usually represented as əʊ. For some BrE speakers, oʊ is more appropriate
(they use a rounded vowel) — for others, the proper symbol is əʊ. For American speakers, oʊ is usually
more accurate.
[7]. In eəʳ ɪəʳ ʊəʳ, the r is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in dearest, dear
Ann). In AmE, the r is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written as er ɪr ʊr.
[8]. All dictionaries use the r symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention is that r in
the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the ―hard‖ r that is heard, for example,
in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The ―proper‖ symbol for the red consonant is ɹ.
[9]. In American English, t is often pronounced as a flap t, which sounds like d or (more accurately) like the
quick, hard r heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero. For example: letter. Some dictionaries use
the t ̬ symbol for the flap t.
Table II describes the English alphabets and the corresponding IPA and American phonetic alphabets. Word
stress is also highlighted.
Table II IPA and phonetic Transcriptions
English Alphabet a b c d e f g h i J k l M n o
IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet ə bi si di I ɚf ǰi/dʒi etʃ/eč aj/ay dʒe/ǰe ke ɚl ɚm ɚn o
Stress Marked across the Alphabets é bí sí dí í ɚ́f ǰí/dʒí étʃ/éč áj/áy dʒé/ǰé ké ɚ́l ɚ́m ɚ́n ó
English Alphabet p Q r s t u v W x Y z
IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet pi kyu/kju ɑr ɚs ti ju/yu vi dəbəlju/dəbəlyu ɚks waj/way zi
Stress Marked across the Alphabets pí kyú/kjú ár ɚ́s tí jú/yú ví də́bəlju/də́bəlyu ɚ́ks wáj/wáy zí
Table III shows the IPA phonetic symbols and its phonetic description. The short cut key defines the letters that
we have to type in order to get the appropriate phonetic symbol.
Alphabet
s
Phoneti
c
symbol
Phonetic
description
for the
symbol Short cut key
Alphabet
s
Phoneti
c
symbol
Phonetic
description
for the
symbol Short cut key
A
ɑ
open back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+A) M ɱ
labiodental
nasal (Ctrl+M)
æ
near-open
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+AA)
N
ŋ velar nasal (Ctrl+N)
ɐ
near-open
central vowel (Ctrl+AAA) ɲ palatal nasal (Ctrl+NN)
ɑ̃
nasalized open
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+AAAA) ɴ uvular nasal (Ctrl+NNN)
B
β
voiced bilabial
fricative (Ctrl+B) ɳ
retroflex
nasal (Ctrl+NNNN)
ɓ
voiced bilabial
implosive (Ctrl+BB)
O
ɔ
open-mid
back rounded
vowel (Ctrl+O)
ʙ bilabial trill (Ctrl+BBB) œ
open-mid
front rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OO)
4. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
9
C
ɕ
voiceless
alveo-palatal
fricative (Ctrl+C) ø
close-mid
front rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOO)
ç
voiceless
palatal
fricative (Ctrl+CC) ɒ
open back
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOOO)
D
ð
voiced dental
fricative (Ctrl+D) ɔ̃
nasalized
open-mid
back rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOOOO)
d͡ ʒ
voiced
postalveolar
affricate (Ctrl+DD) ɶ
open front
rounded
vowel
(Ctrl+OOOOOO
)
ɖ
voiced
retroflex
plosive (Ctrl+DDD) P ɸ
voiceless
bilabial
fricative (Ctrl+P)
ɗ
voiced
alveolar
implosive (Ctrl+DDDD)
R
ɾ alveolar tap (Ctrl+R)
E
ə
mid-central
vowel (Ctrl+E) ʁ
voiced uvular
fricative (Ctrl+RR)
ə
rhotacized
mid-central
vowel (Ctrl+EE) ɹ
alveolar
approximant (Ctrl+RRR)
ɵ
close-mid
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+EEE) ɻ
retroflex
approximant (Ctrl+RRRR)
ɘ
close-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+EEEE) ʀ uvular trill (Ctrl+RRRRR)
F
ɚ
open-mid
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+3) ɽ retroflex flap (Ctrl+RRRRRR)
ɛ
open-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+33) ɺ
alveolar
lateral flap
(Ctrl+RRRRRR
R)
ɜ
rhotacized
open-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+333)
S
ʃ
voiceless
postalveolar
fricative (Ctrl+S)
ɚ̃
nasalized
open-mid
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+3333) ʂ
voiceless
retroflex
fricative (Ctrl+SS)
ɝ
open-mid
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+33333)
T
Θ
voiceless
dental
fricative (Ctrl+T)
G
ɟ
voiced velar
implosive (Ctrl+G) t͡ ʃ
voiceless
postalveolar
affricate (Ctrl+TT)
ɢ
voiced uvular
plosive (Ctrl+GG) t͡ s
voiceless
alveolar
affricate (Ctrl+TTT)
ʛ
voiced uvular
implosive (Ctrl+GGG) ʈ
voiceless
retroflex
plosive (Ctrl+TTTT)
5. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
10
H
ɥ
labial-palatal
approximant (Ctrl+H)
U
ʊ
near-close
near-back
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+U)
ɦ
voiced glottal
fricative (Ctrl+HH) ʊ̈
near-close
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+UU)
ħ
voiceless
pharyngeal
fricative (Ctrl+HHH) ʉ
close central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+UUU)
ɧ Sje-sound (Ctrl+HHHH)
V
ʌ
open-mid
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+V)
ʜ
voiceless
epiglottal
fricative
(Ctrl+HHHH
H) ʋ
labiodental
approximant (Ctrl+VV)
I
ɪ
near-close
near-front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+I) ⱱ
labiodental
flap (Ctrl+VVV)
ɪ̈
near-close
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+II)
W
ʍ
voiceless
labio-velar
approximant (Ctrl+W)
ɨ
close central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+III) ɯ
close back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+WW)
J
ʝ
voiced palatal
fricative (Ctrl+J) ɰ
velar
approximant (Ctrl+WWW)
ɞ
voiced palatal
plosive (Ctrl+JJ) X χ
voiceless
uvular
fricative (Ctrl+X)
ʄ
voiced palatal
implosive (Ctrl+JJJ)
Y
ʎ
palatal lateral
approximant (Ctrl+Y)
L
ɫ
velarized
alveolar
lateral
approximant (Ctrl+L) ɣ
voiced velar
fricative (Ctrl+YY)
ɬ
voiceless
alveolar
lateral
fricative (Ctrl+LL) ʏ
near-close
near-front
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+YYY)
ʟ
velar lateral
approximant (Ctrl+LLL) ɤ
close-mid
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+YYYY)
ɭ
retroflex
lateral
approximant (Ctrl+LLLL)
Z
ʒ
voiced
postalveolar
fricative (Ctrl+Z)
ɮ
voiced
alveolar
lateral
fricative (Ctrl+LLLLL) ʐ
voiced
retroflex
fricative (Ctrl+ZZ)
ʑ
voiced
alveolo-
palatal
fricative (Ctrl+ZZZ)
Table III Phonemes
6. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
11
V. CONCLUSION
Pronunciation is very important in today’s communication and currently there has been a shift from
linguistic competencies to a broader level of communicative compliances. Effective communication is always
based on the good pronunciation. Pronunciation is reckoned as not just production of the right phonemes. It
forms the foundation for the next level of speech analysis. With adequate pronunciation skill one can fly to a
new horizon by achieving professional responsibility. But with the increasing ambiguities in the natural
language it is difficult to judge the right pronunciation. The goal of this paper was to provide a phonetic
dictionary. This forms the root for the later part of the research work which is to build the interface for
recognizing phonetic structure of sounds generated by the natural language mostly in English. The dictionary
shown in the paper is for Latin-American English alphabets only. It is intentionally kept for these languages in
order to limit the resources. The same rules will form the ground work to recognize the sound of other native
languages such as Kannada, Telugu and others. Various researchers can get benefit from the paper by looking
into the rules and the dictionary for building the sound recognition system. Future scope of the work will be on
developing a tool for phonetic dictionary by applying the rules specified in the paper.
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