This document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of species, genes, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes on Earth. It notes that biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Species diversity refers to the number and abundance of species, comprising species richness and evenness. Genetic diversity is the variety of genetic material within and between species. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of different ecosystem types in a region. The document emphasizes that biodiversity is essential due to its consumptive, non-consumptive, and ecological values. It highlights that India has significant biodiversity at the species and ecosystem levels despite its small geographic area. Major threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species
4. BIODIVERSITY or BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY is the variety of the
earth’s species , the genes they
contain , the ecosystem in which
they live and the ecosystem
processes such as energy flow
and nutrient cycling that sustain
all life .
5. Biodiversity exists on several levels:
Genetic
diversity
Species
diversity
Ecosystem
diversity
Figure 15.2
6. A SPECIES is a group of
organisms capable of
interbreeding and produce
fertile offspring.
SPECIES DIVERSITY is the
number and abundance of
species present in different
communities. It mainly consists
of two components:
Species richness and Species
eveness
7. GENETIC DIVERSITY is the variety of
genetic material within a species or a
population.
The Genetic Makeup of a population through
successive generations is due to :
Genetic Variability
Mutations - random changes in DNA
Natural selection
Adaptations
Differential reproduction
Genetic resistance
8. ECOSYSTEM DIVESITY is the variety of different
types of ecosystems such as terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.
It can be describes for a specific geographical region
or a political entity such as country or state.
A region may have several ecosytems or it can have
only one ecosystem. For example: DESERTS AND
OCEANS having low ecological diversity while
MOUNTAIN AREA that has lakes, forests, grasslands
would have high ecological diversity.
16. Have you all ever thought WHY THIS MUCH OF
BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL?
WHY cant we all human beings live alone on
this planet earth?
Why should we care about any other species?
How our fate is connected to “DIVERSITY” ?
The most important question “who cares for
biodiversity” ?
17. Consumptive value:
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Better crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value
Ecological services:
Balance of nature
Biological productivity
Regulation of climate
Degradation of waste
Cleaning of air and water
Cycling of nutrients
Control of potential pest and disease causing
species
Detoxification of soil and sediments
Stabilization of land against erosion
Carbon sequestration and global climate change
Maintenance of Soil fertility
19. •With only 2.4 % of
the world’s area, India
accounts for 7–8 % of
the world’s recorded
plant and animal
species.
• India’s ten
biogeographic zones
possess an exemplary
diversity of ecological
habitats like alpine
forests, grasslands,
wetlands, coastal and
marine ecosystems,
and desert
ecosystems.
•HENCE , we can
conclude that INDIA
HAS LARGE SPECIES
AS WELL AS
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY.
21. HOTSPOT-A region with high biodiversity with most of spices being Endemic.
India have three Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region, Western Ghats and
India-Burma Region.
22. Natural causes:
Narrow geographical area
Low population
Low breeding rate
Natural disasters
Anthropogenic causes:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected species
Innovation by exotic species.
Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and climate change
Agriculture
23. Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-
In situ conservation – WILDLIFE
SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS
Ex situ conservation – ZOO, BOTANICAL
GARDENS
Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA
Bank