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BIODIVERSITY-1.pdf

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Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity exists at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels and can be measured by species richness and evenness. Various modes of conservation aim to protect biodiversity both within natural habitats (in-situ) and outside of natural habitats (ex-situ) through means like national parks, botanical gardens, zoos, and endangered species lists. Loss of biodiversity threatens human survival, so cooperative conservation efforts across entire landscapes are needed.

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Lucknow university Internal assessment M.Sc. semester – 1 1 Submitted to : Department of zoology Isabella Thoburn college Lucknow. Submitted by : Name – sneha manjul Class – M.Sc. Semester 1 Roll no – Z/22/19 Session – 2022- 2023
BIODIVERSITY
INDEX ➢ Introduction ➢ Biodiversity ➢ Levels of biodiversity ➢ Measurements of biodiversity ➢ Modes of conservation ➢ Botanical garden and zoo ➢ Red data book ➢ Conclusion Presentation title 3
Introduction The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1986. Biodiversity is the variety of living species on Earth – plants, animals and microorganisms – and the ecosystems they form. An ecosystem is the name given to all living species that live together in a stable community, interacting with one another and their physical environment. Biodiversity includes the diversity within species and between different species within terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Ecosystems need a balanced and diverse number of species to thrive.
BIODIVERSITY • The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
GENETIC DIVERSITY Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. Each species is made up of individuals that have their own particular genetic composition. This means a species may have different populations, each having different genetic compositions. To conserve genetic diversity, different populations of a species must be conserved. Genes are the basic units of all life on Earth. They are responsible for both the similarities and the differences between organisms. Not all groups of animals have the same degree of genetic diversity. Kangaroos, for example, come from recent evolutionary lines and are genetically very similar. Carnivorous marsupials, called dasyurids, come from more ancient lines and are genetically far more diverse.
8 SPECIES DIVERSITY Species diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a region. Some habitats, such as rainforests and coral reefs, have many species. Others, such as salt flats or a polluted stream, have fewer. In Australia, more than 80% of plant and animal species are endemic, which means that they only occur naturally in Australia. Species are grouped together into families according to shared characteristics. In Australia, it is not just the individual species that are endemic - whole families of animals and plants are endemic. Seven families of mammals, four of birds and twelve of flowering plants are endemic to Australia. No other country has as many endemic flowering plant families as Australia.
9 ECOSYSTEM/COMMUNITY DIVERSITY Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a given place. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem can cover a large area, such as a whole forest, or a small area, such as a pond. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem may be as large as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as the back of a spider crab's shell, which provides a home for plants and other animals, such as sponges, algae and worms.
MEASUREMENT OF BIODIVERSITY 10 Biodiversity is measured by two major components: ➢Species richness: It is the measure of number of species found in a community. i. Alpha diversity- It refers to the diversity within a particular are or ecosystem, and is usually expressed by the number of species in that ecosystem. ii. Beta diversity - It is a comparison of diversity between ecosystems, usually measured as the change in amount of species between the ecosystem. iii. Gamma diversity- It is a measure of overall diversity for a different ecosystem within a region. ➢Species evenness: It measures the proportion of species at a given site.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY BIODIVERSITY A. Ecosystem services • Protection of water resources • Soil formation and protection • Nutrient storage and recycling • Pollution breakdown and absorption • Contribution to climate stability • Maintenance of ecosystem • Recovery from unpredictable events B. Biological services • Food • Medicinal resources and medicinal drugs • Wood products • Ornamental plants • Breeding stocks C. Social services • Research, education and monitoring • Recreation and tourism • Cultural values
Causes of biodiversity loss 12 Natural causes • Floods • Earthquakes • Landslides • Rivalry among species • Lack of pollination and diseases Man-made causes • Habitat destruction • Uncontrolled commercial exploitation • Hunting and poaching • Extension of agriculture • Pollution filling up of wetlands • Destruction of coastal areas NC
MODES OF CONSERVATION A. Ex-situ conservation: conserving biodiversity outside the area where they naturally occur is known as ex-situ conservation. B. In-situ conservation: conserving the plants and animals in their natural habitats is known as In-situ conservation. The established natural habitat are- • National parks • Sanctuaries • Biosphere reserves • Reserved forests • Protected forests
BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ZOO Botanical gardens • Botanical garden refers to the scientifically planned collection of living trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and other plants from various plants from other parts of the world. Zoo • Zoo is establishment, whether stationary or mobile where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public and includes a circus and rescue centers but does not include an establishment of a licensed dealer in captive animals – CZA.
RED DATA BOOK The International Union for Conservation of Nature maintains the Red Data Book. IUCN is the world’s most detailed inventory center of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was founded in 1948 with an aim to maintain a complete record of every species that ever lived.
conclusion Biodiversity is our life. If the biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So it is our moral duty to conserve biodiversity as well as our environment. Long term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.

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BIODIVERSITY-1.pdf

  • 1. Lucknow university Internal assessment M.Sc. semester – 1 1 Submitted to : Department of zoology Isabella Thoburn college Lucknow. Submitted by : Name – sneha manjul Class – M.Sc. Semester 1 Roll no – Z/22/19 Session – 2022- 2023
  • 3. INDEX ➢ Introduction ➢ Biodiversity ➢ Levels of biodiversity ➢ Measurements of biodiversity ➢ Modes of conservation ➢ Botanical garden and zoo ➢ Red data book ➢ Conclusion Presentation title 3
  • 4. Introduction The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1986. Biodiversity is the variety of living species on Earth – plants, animals and microorganisms – and the ecosystems they form. An ecosystem is the name given to all living species that live together in a stable community, interacting with one another and their physical environment. Biodiversity includes the diversity within species and between different species within terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Ecosystems need a balanced and diverse number of species to thrive.
  • 5. BIODIVERSITY • The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • 7. GENETIC DIVERSITY Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. Each species is made up of individuals that have their own particular genetic composition. This means a species may have different populations, each having different genetic compositions. To conserve genetic diversity, different populations of a species must be conserved. Genes are the basic units of all life on Earth. They are responsible for both the similarities and the differences between organisms. Not all groups of animals have the same degree of genetic diversity. Kangaroos, for example, come from recent evolutionary lines and are genetically very similar. Carnivorous marsupials, called dasyurids, come from more ancient lines and are genetically far more diverse.
  • 8. 8 SPECIES DIVERSITY Species diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a region. Some habitats, such as rainforests and coral reefs, have many species. Others, such as salt flats or a polluted stream, have fewer. In Australia, more than 80% of plant and animal species are endemic, which means that they only occur naturally in Australia. Species are grouped together into families according to shared characteristics. In Australia, it is not just the individual species that are endemic - whole families of animals and plants are endemic. Seven families of mammals, four of birds and twelve of flowering plants are endemic to Australia. No other country has as many endemic flowering plant families as Australia.
  • 9. 9 ECOSYSTEM/COMMUNITY DIVERSITY Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a given place. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem can cover a large area, such as a whole forest, or a small area, such as a pond. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem may be as large as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as the back of a spider crab's shell, which provides a home for plants and other animals, such as sponges, algae and worms.
  • 10. MEASUREMENT OF BIODIVERSITY 10 Biodiversity is measured by two major components: ➢Species richness: It is the measure of number of species found in a community. i. Alpha diversity- It refers to the diversity within a particular are or ecosystem, and is usually expressed by the number of species in that ecosystem. ii. Beta diversity - It is a comparison of diversity between ecosystems, usually measured as the change in amount of species between the ecosystem. iii. Gamma diversity- It is a measure of overall diversity for a different ecosystem within a region. ➢Species evenness: It measures the proportion of species at a given site.
  • 11. SERVICES PROVIDED BY BIODIVERSITY A. Ecosystem services • Protection of water resources • Soil formation and protection • Nutrient storage and recycling • Pollution breakdown and absorption • Contribution to climate stability • Maintenance of ecosystem • Recovery from unpredictable events B. Biological services • Food • Medicinal resources and medicinal drugs • Wood products • Ornamental plants • Breeding stocks C. Social services • Research, education and monitoring • Recreation and tourism • Cultural values
  • 12. Causes of biodiversity loss 12 Natural causes • Floods • Earthquakes • Landslides • Rivalry among species • Lack of pollination and diseases Man-made causes • Habitat destruction • Uncontrolled commercial exploitation • Hunting and poaching • Extension of agriculture • Pollution filling up of wetlands • Destruction of coastal areas NC
  • 13. MODES OF CONSERVATION A. Ex-situ conservation: conserving biodiversity outside the area where they naturally occur is known as ex-situ conservation. B. In-situ conservation: conserving the plants and animals in their natural habitats is known as In-situ conservation. The established natural habitat are- • National parks • Sanctuaries • Biosphere reserves • Reserved forests • Protected forests
  • 14. BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ZOO Botanical gardens • Botanical garden refers to the scientifically planned collection of living trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and other plants from various plants from other parts of the world. Zoo • Zoo is establishment, whether stationary or mobile where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public and includes a circus and rescue centers but does not include an establishment of a licensed dealer in captive animals – CZA.
  • 15. RED DATA BOOK The International Union for Conservation of Nature maintains the Red Data Book. IUCN is the world’s most detailed inventory center of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was founded in 1948 with an aim to maintain a complete record of every species that ever lived.
  • 16. conclusion Biodiversity is our life. If the biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So it is our moral duty to conserve biodiversity as well as our environment. Long term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.