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biofuels

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This document summarizes different types of biofuels including their production processes and pros and cons. It discusses bioethanol produced through fermentation of biomass and its use of corn and other crops which competes with food supply. Biogas and biohydrogen are produced through anaerobic digestion or gasification of organic biomass. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable or waste oils and mimics diesel. Bio butanol holds promise as it can be used directly in gasoline engines without modification. The document provides examples of major companies involved in different biofuels.

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Bio Fuels
A presentation made by : Ashi Gupta Krishna Singh F.E. S.S.G.B.C.O.E.T (Bhusawal)
What are Bio Fuels? A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant- derived materials). Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. How Biofuels are obtained? As the name suggests it is a organic fuel and is obtained organically it is totally ecofriendly & economical they are made by trapping the solar energy in the plants by process of photosynthesis by the use of feed stocks for biofuel production.
Reasons to use biofuels instead of regular Fuels: 1.Availability - It is renewable. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels can be easily produced from raw agricultural materials. These facts ensure that the reservoir of fuel will never end, and that we can keep producing it, like we produce our food. 2.Price - since the reservoir is virtually unlimited, we can assure that as time goes by, the oil prices will increase duo to the increase in demand/production ratio, while the biofuels prices will decrease duo to the progress in agriculture science and techniques. In a few years from now, it is almost certain that biofuels prices will be much lower than fossil fuels, so the sooner you start using it, the better. 3.Independence -Biofuelsare easy to produce, and propose a new prospect to fuel consumers - unlike today's when huge company controls the fuel industry and supply, making the small consumer a slave to their will, biofuels will allow individuals and small manufacturer to get into this business and increase the competition. This is good both to the manufacturers and to the clients.
4.Healthier - biodiesel and ethanol are much safer than biofuels - they are much better to the environment, and have a great implication regarding global warming and air quality. If you care about the air that you and your children are breathing, you must take it under consideration. 5.Better to the engine. Biofuels are not only healthier to the environment, but also much better to the engines. Much research done by the automobile industry shows that biodiesel and ethanol increase the efficiency of the engine and it life span. 6.Have good political implications. At present, oil producing countries enclose a huge power in their hands, allowing them to take advantage of their power to harm other countries, and paradise world peace. Crossing to a different fuel source will dramatically reduce the pressure of oil deficiency, allowing many suppressed countries to flourish.
biofuels
Main bio Fuel feed stocks •Wood — Forest management residues ― Fuel timber •Crops — Annual (cereals, oilseed rape, sugar beet) —Perennial (miscanthus, reed canary grass, short rotation coppice) •Wastes —Straw —Animal manure
Types of Bio Fuels: Bioethanol: Wheat Harvest Bioethanol is a biologically produced biofuel that although being produced throughout the world is mainly produced in Brazil and the U.S.A. The production of Bioethanol takes a number of stages. First the biomass is anaerobically fermented for a period of time allowing the break down of the sugar or starch contained in the plant material. However, a number of companies are now producing Bioethanol by converting plant cellulose into sugars, allowing a wider range of biomass to be used. After fermenting the fuel must be distilled to allow the removal of water. However, this stage is gradually being replaced by dehydration as it produces better results using less energy, increasing the net energy gain of the fuel.
Pros It’s renewable! Ethanol can be regenerated given sufficient crop yield. Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and boosts rural farming economies. Ethanol is cleaner burning than gasoline, releasing roughly 15 percent less greenhouse gas emissions Advances in cellulosic ethanol can make ethanol fuel from waste cellulose like scrap wood, food byproducts, and non-food plants such as switch grass. Cons Ethanol derived from corn, beets, and sugarcane competes directly with food supply, and drive up the cost of other foods and grain-fed meats Farmed ethanol crops tend to erode soil and use toxic industrial agrochemicals that can contaminate water supplies.
Ethanol has less stored energy than gasoline, reducing fuel mileage from between 15 to 30 percent It currently requires more energy to create large quantities of ethanol than it produces; however, cellulosic ethanol may be the “magic bullet” to solve this and the food competition dilemma. High blends or pure ethanol can be corrosive to engines not designed to run on it, and cannot be transported via existing oil pipelines due to corrosion restraints. Converting a standard gasoline engine to run on high blends or pure ethanol can be costly, ranging from several hundreds to thousands of dollars. Top Ethanol Companies Archer Daniels Midland Growth Energy Aventine Cosan
Biogas: Biogas is produced during the anaerobic digestion of biomass or during the gasification of wood using processes such as pyrolysis. Any type of organic biomass can be used to produce biogas as the material is simply biodegraded, during which the gas produced is siphoned off. Materials such as manure and sewage sludge can also be used in this process but their low biogas yield means they are an un-economical feedstock.However, the production efficiency can be increased with the addition of energy crops and organic waste, which produce much higher yields and improves the net energy gain of the biogas.
Biohydrogen: Biohydrogen like biogas, can be produced using a number of processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or biological fermentation.[6] Pyrolysis and gasification both heat biomass to produce the hydrogen while fermentation uses either dark fermentation or photofermentaion to produce hydrogen. Dark fermentation is an anaerobic process which through a series of biochemical reactions breaks down biomass using bacteria. Photofermentaion is similar to dark fermentation but it must have the presence of light for the reactions to take place. However, both processes have low efficiencies and therefore Biohydrogen production has not yet been attempted on a large scale.[7]
Bio Diesel : Gaining popularity, biodiesel mimics petroleum-based diesel fuel and is derived from vegetable or animal oils. In fact, several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. What’s more exciting is the more recent promise of biodiesel- generating algae and bacteria strains. Scientists are even genetically engineering these microorganisms to create biodiesel lipids with minimal or no feedstock necessary, just sunlight and CO2, much like plant photosynthesis! Pros It’s also renewable! Sufficient plant, algae or bacteria crops can yield abundant biodiesel fuel. It’s recycled! Much of the biodiesel on the market is derived from used cooking vegetable oils. Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and boosts rural farming economies.
Cons Biodiesel is currently more expensive to commercially produce than petroleum diesel as production infrastructure is not yet on a mass-scale Biodiesel is susceptible to cold weather, and can gel when the temperature drops, causing fuel injection problems (although this can be fixed with costly engine modifications). While several diesel vehicle engines can run on biodiesel with minimal or no modifications, biodiesel does not work in standard gasoline engines. Biodiesel production increases food costs, both in food crops used to generate biodiesel, as well as feed stocks for biodiesel generating algae and bacteria. Top Biodiesel Companies Renewable Energy Group Inc. DuPont Australian Renewable Fuels Limited Imperium Renewables Inc. Cargill, Inc.
Bio Butanol: While it’s the less well known of the three biofuels featured, biobutanol holds the most promise. Biobutanol is simply isobutanol derived from bacteria or algae, much like biodiesel. However, the beauty of biobutanol is that it can potentially be directly used in standard gasoline engines with no modification. Pros It’s also renewable! Biobutanol is produced from algae or bacteria. It can be used directly in gasoline engines with no modification. It can use existing pipeline and supply chain infrastructure for distribution. It has a high octane level, so there’s little if any loss in fuel mileage. Non-corrosive to engines and pipelines Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels
Cons Feed stocks are required for production, although non-food feedstocks and genetically modified bacteria and algae strains may resolve this issue. Production costs are relatively high, but the industry is in its infancy, and as it grows costs will come down. Top BioButanol Companies Butamax: a DuPont and BP joint venture Cobalt Technologies Bioenergy International

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biofuels

  • 2. A presentation made by : Ashi Gupta Krishna Singh F.E. S.S.G.B.C.O.E.T (Bhusawal)
  • 3. What are Bio Fuels? A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant- derived materials). Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. How Biofuels are obtained? As the name suggests it is a organic fuel and is obtained organically it is totally ecofriendly & economical they are made by trapping the solar energy in the plants by process of photosynthesis by the use of feed stocks for biofuel production.
  • 4. Reasons to use biofuels instead of regular Fuels: 1.Availability - It is renewable. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels can be easily produced from raw agricultural materials. These facts ensure that the reservoir of fuel will never end, and that we can keep producing it, like we produce our food. 2.Price - since the reservoir is virtually unlimited, we can assure that as time goes by, the oil prices will increase duo to the increase in demand/production ratio, while the biofuels prices will decrease duo to the progress in agriculture science and techniques. In a few years from now, it is almost certain that biofuels prices will be much lower than fossil fuels, so the sooner you start using it, the better. 3.Independence -Biofuelsare easy to produce, and propose a new prospect to fuel consumers - unlike today's when huge company controls the fuel industry and supply, making the small consumer a slave to their will, biofuels will allow individuals and small manufacturer to get into this business and increase the competition. This is good both to the manufacturers and to the clients.
  • 5. 4.Healthier - biodiesel and ethanol are much safer than biofuels - they are much better to the environment, and have a great implication regarding global warming and air quality. If you care about the air that you and your children are breathing, you must take it under consideration. 5.Better to the engine. Biofuels are not only healthier to the environment, but also much better to the engines. Much research done by the automobile industry shows that biodiesel and ethanol increase the efficiency of the engine and it life span. 6.Have good political implications. At present, oil producing countries enclose a huge power in their hands, allowing them to take advantage of their power to harm other countries, and paradise world peace. Crossing to a different fuel source will dramatically reduce the pressure of oil deficiency, allowing many suppressed countries to flourish.
  • 7. Main bio Fuel feed stocks •Wood — Forest management residues ― Fuel timber •Crops — Annual (cereals, oilseed rape, sugar beet) —Perennial (miscanthus, reed canary grass, short rotation coppice) •Wastes —Straw —Animal manure
  • 8. Types of Bio Fuels: Bioethanol: Wheat Harvest Bioethanol is a biologically produced biofuel that although being produced throughout the world is mainly produced in Brazil and the U.S.A. The production of Bioethanol takes a number of stages. First the biomass is anaerobically fermented for a period of time allowing the break down of the sugar or starch contained in the plant material. However, a number of companies are now producing Bioethanol by converting plant cellulose into sugars, allowing a wider range of biomass to be used. After fermenting the fuel must be distilled to allow the removal of water. However, this stage is gradually being replaced by dehydration as it produces better results using less energy, increasing the net energy gain of the fuel.
  • 9. Pros It’s renewable! Ethanol can be regenerated given sufficient crop yield. Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and boosts rural farming economies. Ethanol is cleaner burning than gasoline, releasing roughly 15 percent less greenhouse gas emissions Advances in cellulosic ethanol can make ethanol fuel from waste cellulose like scrap wood, food byproducts, and non-food plants such as switch grass. Cons Ethanol derived from corn, beets, and sugarcane competes directly with food supply, and drive up the cost of other foods and grain-fed meats Farmed ethanol crops tend to erode soil and use toxic industrial agrochemicals that can contaminate water supplies.
  • 10. Ethanol has less stored energy than gasoline, reducing fuel mileage from between 15 to 30 percent It currently requires more energy to create large quantities of ethanol than it produces; however, cellulosic ethanol may be the “magic bullet” to solve this and the food competition dilemma. High blends or pure ethanol can be corrosive to engines not designed to run on it, and cannot be transported via existing oil pipelines due to corrosion restraints. Converting a standard gasoline engine to run on high blends or pure ethanol can be costly, ranging from several hundreds to thousands of dollars. Top Ethanol Companies Archer Daniels Midland Growth Energy Aventine Cosan
  • 11. Biogas: Biogas is produced during the anaerobic digestion of biomass or during the gasification of wood using processes such as pyrolysis. Any type of organic biomass can be used to produce biogas as the material is simply biodegraded, during which the gas produced is siphoned off. Materials such as manure and sewage sludge can also be used in this process but their low biogas yield means they are an un-economical feedstock.However, the production efficiency can be increased with the addition of energy crops and organic waste, which produce much higher yields and improves the net energy gain of the biogas.
  • 12. Biohydrogen: Biohydrogen like biogas, can be produced using a number of processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or biological fermentation.[6] Pyrolysis and gasification both heat biomass to produce the hydrogen while fermentation uses either dark fermentation or photofermentaion to produce hydrogen. Dark fermentation is an anaerobic process which through a series of biochemical reactions breaks down biomass using bacteria. Photofermentaion is similar to dark fermentation but it must have the presence of light for the reactions to take place. However, both processes have low efficiencies and therefore Biohydrogen production has not yet been attempted on a large scale.[7]
  • 13. Bio Diesel : Gaining popularity, biodiesel mimics petroleum-based diesel fuel and is derived from vegetable or animal oils. In fact, several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. What’s more exciting is the more recent promise of biodiesel- generating algae and bacteria strains. Scientists are even genetically engineering these microorganisms to create biodiesel lipids with minimal or no feedstock necessary, just sunlight and CO2, much like plant photosynthesis! Pros It’s also renewable! Sufficient plant, algae or bacteria crops can yield abundant biodiesel fuel. It’s recycled! Much of the biodiesel on the market is derived from used cooking vegetable oils. Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and boosts rural farming economies.
  • 14. Cons Biodiesel is currently more expensive to commercially produce than petroleum diesel as production infrastructure is not yet on a mass-scale Biodiesel is susceptible to cold weather, and can gel when the temperature drops, causing fuel injection problems (although this can be fixed with costly engine modifications). While several diesel vehicle engines can run on biodiesel with minimal or no modifications, biodiesel does not work in standard gasoline engines. Biodiesel production increases food costs, both in food crops used to generate biodiesel, as well as feed stocks for biodiesel generating algae and bacteria. Top Biodiesel Companies Renewable Energy Group Inc. DuPont Australian Renewable Fuels Limited Imperium Renewables Inc. Cargill, Inc.
  • 15. Bio Butanol: While it’s the less well known of the three biofuels featured, biobutanol holds the most promise. Biobutanol is simply isobutanol derived from bacteria or algae, much like biodiesel. However, the beauty of biobutanol is that it can potentially be directly used in standard gasoline engines with no modification. Pros It’s also renewable! Biobutanol is produced from algae or bacteria. It can be used directly in gasoline engines with no modification. It can use existing pipeline and supply chain infrastructure for distribution. It has a high octane level, so there’s little if any loss in fuel mileage. Non-corrosive to engines and pipelines Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels
  • 16. Cons Feed stocks are required for production, although non-food feedstocks and genetically modified bacteria and algae strains may resolve this issue. Production costs are relatively high, but the industry is in its infancy, and as it grows costs will come down. Top BioButanol Companies Butamax: a DuPont and BP joint venture Cobalt Technologies Bioenergy International