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BioMass - Generation and Utilization

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S.Vijaya Bhaskar
S.Vijaya Bhaskar

This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.

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Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SREENIDHI INST. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD SNIST (JNTUH) – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS GENERATION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS
Unit-II - Syllabus • Biomass: Generation and utilization, Properties of biomass, Agriculture Crop & Forestry residues used as fuels. Biochemical and Thermo-chemical Conversion, Combustion, Gasification, Biomass gasifiers and types etc. Applications of Gasifiers to thermal power and Engines, Biomass as a decentralized power generation source for villages • Concept of Bio-energy: Photosynthesis process, Bio- fuels, Biomass resources Bio based chemicals and materials Thermo-chemical Conversion: Pyrolysis, Combustion, Gasification, Liquification. Bio-Chemical Conversion: Aerobic and Anaerobic conversion, Fermentation etc.
Unit-II Bio-fuels: Importance, Production and applications. Bio-fuels: Types of Bio-fuels, Production processes and technologies, Bio fuel applications, Ethanol as a fuel for I.C. engines, Relevance with Indian Economy. 11 Bio-based Chemicals and Materials: Commercial and Industrial Products, Biomass, Feed stocks, Chemicals, Plastics, Fibres etc. Government Policy and Status of Bio fuel technologies in
Biomass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial, aquatic and their derivatives. Biomass can be considered a renewable energy source because plant life renews & adds to itself every year. Solar energy ->Photosynthesis –>Biomass- Energy conversion
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
BIOMASS SOURCES
1. Field and plantation biomass  Agricultural crop residues- Cobs, stalks, Straw, Cane thrashes and etc  Edible matters from crops-Environmentally spoiled grains, pulses, fruits, nuts, spices, seeds and lint etc  Dedicated energy crops- Bamboo  Plantation debris-Leaves, barks and trunks  Livestock wastes from fields 2. Urban waste biomass  Municipal solid wastes  Sewage sludges  Kitchen and canteen wastes
3. Industrial biomass  Agro-industrial processed biomass and their wastes – Husk  Oil cake  Sugar molasses  Hides and skin wastes  Fruit and pulp debris Saw dust  Wood pulp and paper shavings  Fermented microbial mass etc
4. Forest biomass  Log residues  Timber  Forest floor debris  Animal carcass 5. Aquatic biomass  Sea weeds (E.g. Kelp)  Fresh water weeds (E.g. Water Hyacinth)  Dead fishes  Microalgae blooms
Utilization of Biomass
Properties of Biomass Physical Properties Following are important for solid fuels for combustion / thermal processing:  Moisture Content  Particle Size and Size distribution  Bulk Density & Specific gravity  Higher Heating/Calorific Value
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Properties of Biomass Chemical Composition  Total Ash %,  Solvent soluble %,  Water Soluble %,  Lignin %,  Cellulose %,  Hemi-cellulose %
Elemental Composition  • Carbon  • Hydrogen  • Oxygen  • Nitrogen  • Sulphur Properties of Biomass
FYI: Composition of Biogas Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 % Methane in atmosphere, from petro-sources: 10%
BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION
How is Biomass Converted to Energy?  Biomass power is simply carbon neutral electricity produced from renewable organic waste products, which could have been openly burned, dumped in landfills or just left in the forest to cause fires. 1. Energy from the sun is transferred and stored in plants in the form of chemical energy. When the plants are cut or die, wood chips, straw and other plant matter is delivered to biogas plant.When biomass is burnt, it releases energy in the form of heat. 2. The biomass plants burn wood or other forms of waste to generate steam. The energy from the steam is directed via pipes to run turbines.
3. The steam rises up to run turbines that produce electricity or generate heat for homes and industries. 4. In most countries, biomass plants have been built in the countryside to provide electricity to the local population. There are waste-to-energy plants that burn trash to produce electricity and power millions of homes. Energy can also be used by burning the scrap wood or wood chips that are left over after trees have been trimmed.
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
A wide verity of conversion technologies is available for manufacturing premium fuels from biomass. Each biomass resources-wood, dung, vegetable waste can be treated in many different ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products. The choice of the process is determined by a number of facts- the location of the resources & its physical conditions, the economics of competing process &
Biomass Conversion Thermo chemical Conversion Biochemical conversion Gasification Anaerobic Digestion Fermentation Pyrolysis Direct Combustion
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Direct Combustion In a direct combustion system, biomass is burned in a combustor or furnace to generate hot gas, which is fed into a boiler to generate steam, which is expanded through a steam turbine or steam engine to produce mechanical or electrical energy.
• The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to produce heat and by products is called direct combustion. • The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration. • This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power generation process heating in industries or any other application. • However, if biomass energy by combustion is used as co generation with conventional fuels, the utilization of biomass energy makes it an attractive proposition. Direct Combustion
Direct Combustion A simple biomass electric generation system is made up of several key components. For a steam cycle, this includes some combination of the following items: • Fuel storage and handling equipment • Combustor / furnace • Boiler • Pumps • Fans • Steam turbine • Generator • Condenser • Cooling tower • Exhaust / emissions controls • System controls (automated).
Direct Combustion Direct combustion systems feed a biomass feedstock into a combustor or furnace, where the biomass is burned with excess air to heat water in a boiler to create steam. Steam from the boiler is then expanded through a steam turbine, which runs a generator and produces electricity. In general, all biomass systems require fuel storage space and some type of fuel handling equipment and controls. A system using wood chips, sawdust, or pellets typically use a bunker or silo for short-term storage and an outside fuel yard for larger storage. An automated control system conveys the fuel from the outside storage area using some combination of cranes, stackers, reclaimers, front-end loaders, belts, augers, and pneumatic transport.
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
Gasification- takes place by heating the biomass with limited oxygen /Air (deficient O2 and Air) to produce low heating value gas or by reacting it with steam & oxygen at high pressure & temperature to produce medium heating value gas like H2,CO,CH4,N2
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Pyrolysis It is the heating of biomass in a closed vessel at temperatures in the range 500oC- 900oC in absence of O2/air or with steam. It produces solid, liquid and gases. The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic materials including plastic and rubeers.
Pyrolysis is the decomposing of biomass (fresh or fossil) by the heat of anaerobic (reduced air) combustion which converts organic material into gases and/or fuel oils.
Biochemical Conversion In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas. Following organic treatments are given to the biomass: 1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion) 2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
Fermentation
Anaerobic Digestion The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria. The most useful biomass for production of biogas are animal and human waste, plant residue and other organic waste material with high moisture content.
Anaerobic Digestion
In other Words…… 1. Anaerobic digestion involves the microbial digestion of biomass. The process takes place at low temperature up to 60oC & requires a moisture content of at least 80%, and generates a gas consisting of CO2 & methane (CH4) 2. Fermentation is the breakdown of complex molecules in organic compound under influence of a ferment such as Yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc.

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BioMass - Generation and Utilization

  • 1. Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SREENIDHI INST. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD SNIST (JNTUH) – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS GENERATION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS
  • 2. Unit-II - Syllabus • Biomass: Generation and utilization, Properties of biomass, Agriculture Crop & Forestry residues used as fuels. Biochemical and Thermo-chemical Conversion, Combustion, Gasification, Biomass gasifiers and types etc. Applications of Gasifiers to thermal power and Engines, Biomass as a decentralized power generation source for villages • Concept of Bio-energy: Photosynthesis process, Bio- fuels, Biomass resources Bio based chemicals and materials Thermo-chemical Conversion: Pyrolysis, Combustion, Gasification, Liquification. Bio-Chemical Conversion: Aerobic and Anaerobic conversion, Fermentation etc.
  • 3. Unit-II Bio-fuels: Importance, Production and applications. Bio-fuels: Types of Bio-fuels, Production processes and technologies, Bio fuel applications, Ethanol as a fuel for I.C. engines, Relevance with Indian Economy. 11 Bio-based Chemicals and Materials: Commercial and Industrial Products, Biomass, Feed stocks, Chemicals, Plastics, Fibres etc. Government Policy and Status of Bio fuel technologies in
  • 4. Biomass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial, aquatic and their derivatives. Biomass can be considered a renewable energy source because plant life renews & adds to itself every year. Solar energy ->Photosynthesis –>Biomass- Energy conversion
  • 7. 1. Field and plantation biomass  Agricultural crop residues- Cobs, stalks, Straw, Cane thrashes and etc  Edible matters from crops-Environmentally spoiled grains, pulses, fruits, nuts, spices, seeds and lint etc  Dedicated energy crops- Bamboo  Plantation debris-Leaves, barks and trunks  Livestock wastes from fields 2. Urban waste biomass  Municipal solid wastes  Sewage sludges  Kitchen and canteen wastes
  • 8. 3. Industrial biomass  Agro-industrial processed biomass and their wastes – Husk  Oil cake  Sugar molasses  Hides and skin wastes  Fruit and pulp debris Saw dust  Wood pulp and paper shavings  Fermented microbial mass etc
  • 9. 4. Forest biomass  Log residues  Timber  Forest floor debris  Animal carcass 5. Aquatic biomass  Sea weeds (E.g. Kelp)  Fresh water weeds (E.g. Water Hyacinth)  Dead fishes  Microalgae blooms
  • 11. Properties of Biomass Physical Properties Following are important for solid fuels for combustion / thermal processing:  Moisture Content  Particle Size and Size distribution  Bulk Density & Specific gravity  Higher Heating/Calorific Value
  • 13. Properties of Biomass Chemical Composition  Total Ash %,  Solvent soluble %,  Water Soluble %,  Lignin %,  Cellulose %,  Hemi-cellulose %
  • 14. Elemental Composition  • Carbon  • Hydrogen  • Oxygen  • Nitrogen  • Sulphur Properties of Biomass
  • 15. FYI: Composition of Biogas Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 % Methane in atmosphere, from petro-sources: 10%
  • 17. How is Biomass Converted to Energy?  Biomass power is simply carbon neutral electricity produced from renewable organic waste products, which could have been openly burned, dumped in landfills or just left in the forest to cause fires. 1. Energy from the sun is transferred and stored in plants in the form of chemical energy. When the plants are cut or die, wood chips, straw and other plant matter is delivered to biogas plant.When biomass is burnt, it releases energy in the form of heat. 2. The biomass plants burn wood or other forms of waste to generate steam. The energy from the steam is directed via pipes to run turbines.
  • 18. 3. The steam rises up to run turbines that produce electricity or generate heat for homes and industries. 4. In most countries, biomass plants have been built in the countryside to provide electricity to the local population. There are waste-to-energy plants that burn trash to produce electricity and power millions of homes. Energy can also be used by burning the scrap wood or wood chips that are left over after trees have been trimmed.
  • 21. A wide verity of conversion technologies is available for manufacturing premium fuels from biomass. Each biomass resources-wood, dung, vegetable waste can be treated in many different ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products. The choice of the process is determined by a number of facts- the location of the resources & its physical conditions, the economics of competing process &
  • 24. Direct Combustion In a direct combustion system, biomass is burned in a combustor or furnace to generate hot gas, which is fed into a boiler to generate steam, which is expanded through a steam turbine or steam engine to produce mechanical or electrical energy.
  • 25. • The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to produce heat and by products is called direct combustion. • The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration. • This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power generation process heating in industries or any other application. • However, if biomass energy by combustion is used as co generation with conventional fuels, the utilization of biomass energy makes it an attractive proposition. Direct Combustion
  • 26. Direct Combustion A simple biomass electric generation system is made up of several key components. For a steam cycle, this includes some combination of the following items: • Fuel storage and handling equipment • Combustor / furnace • Boiler • Pumps • Fans • Steam turbine • Generator • Condenser • Cooling tower • Exhaust / emissions controls • System controls (automated).
  • 27. Direct Combustion Direct combustion systems feed a biomass feedstock into a combustor or furnace, where the biomass is burned with excess air to heat water in a boiler to create steam. Steam from the boiler is then expanded through a steam turbine, which runs a generator and produces electricity. In general, all biomass systems require fuel storage space and some type of fuel handling equipment and controls. A system using wood chips, sawdust, or pellets typically use a bunker or silo for short-term storage and an outside fuel yard for larger storage. An automated control system conveys the fuel from the outside storage area using some combination of cranes, stackers, reclaimers, front-end loaders, belts, augers, and pneumatic transport.
  • 29. Gasification- takes place by heating the biomass with limited oxygen /Air (deficient O2 and Air) to produce low heating value gas or by reacting it with steam & oxygen at high pressure & temperature to produce medium heating value gas like H2,CO,CH4,N2
  • 31. Pyrolysis It is the heating of biomass in a closed vessel at temperatures in the range 500oC- 900oC in absence of O2/air or with steam. It produces solid, liquid and gases. The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic materials including plastic and rubeers.
  • 32. Pyrolysis is the decomposing of biomass (fresh or fossil) by the heat of anaerobic (reduced air) combustion which converts organic material into gases and/or fuel oils.
  • 33. Biochemical Conversion In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas. Following organic treatments are given to the biomass: 1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion) 2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
  • 34. Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
  • 35. Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
  • 37. Anaerobic Digestion The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria. The most useful biomass for production of biogas are animal and human waste, plant residue and other organic waste material with high moisture content.
  • 39. In other Words…… 1. Anaerobic digestion involves the microbial digestion of biomass. The process takes place at low temperature up to 60oC & requires a moisture content of at least 80%, and generates a gas consisting of CO2 & methane (CH4) 2. Fermentation is the breakdown of complex molecules in organic compound under influence of a ferment such as Yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc.