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Biomaterials and its Applications

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Saransh Khandelwal
Saransh Khandelwal

The document discusses biomaterials, which are materials used in medical applications that interact with biological systems. It defines biomaterials and outlines their history, characteristics, examples of applications like implants and grafts, challenges, and future potential. Key biomaterial properties include biocompatibility, mechanical compatibility with tissues, and ability to perform specific functions. Common biomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites used in devices like heart valves, dental implants, and orthopedic implants.

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Biomaterials and its Applications Presented by: Saransh Khandelwal, Trainee Scientist, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh 160030 May20,2013 1
Outline • Introduction • Definition • Characteristics of Biomaterials • History • Biomaterials Science • Generations of Biomaterials • Examples of Biomaterials • Biocompatibility • Challenges • Future Scope • References May20,2013 2
Introduction • How AMNS (Advanced Material and Nano Science) is been applied to the Medical World ? May20,2013 3 AMNS Biomaterials Nano Medicines
Healthcare Market (U.S. Data) [*1] May20,2013 4
Continued.. May20,2013 5
Definition • Biomaterial is used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic and physiologically acceptable manner [Hench and Erthridge, 1982,*2]. • Materials of synthetic as well as of natural origin in contact with tissue, blood, and biological fluids, and intended for use for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications without adversely affecting the living organism and its components” [Bruck, 1980]. May20,2013 6
History • More than 2000 years ago, Romans and Chinese used gold in dentistry. • 1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in dentistry. • 1958, Rob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic. • 1960 Charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless steal for total hip replacement. • Late 1960 – early 1970’s biomaterial field solidified. • 1975 Society for Biomaterials formed. May20,2013 7
Uses of Biomaterials Replacement of diseased or damaged part: Artificial hip joint, kidney dialysis machine Assist in healing: Sutures, bone plates, and screws Improve function: Cardiac pacemaker, intraocular lens Correct functional abnormality: Cardiac pacemaker Correct cosmetic problem: Augmentation mammoplasty, chin augmentation Aid to diagnosis: Probes and catheters Aid to treatment: Catheters, drains May20,2013 8
Characteristics of Biomaterials Physical Requirements • Hard Materials. • Flexible Material. Chemical Requirements • Must not react with any tissue in the body. • Must be non-toxic to the body. • Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable. May20,2013 9
Main featuresfor medical applications • Biofunctionality • Playing a specific function in physical and mechanical terms • Biocompatibility • Concept that refers to a set of properties that a material must have to be used • safely in a biological organism May20,2013 10
Biocompatible material features • Absence of carcinogenicity (the ability or tendency to produce cancer) • Absence of immunogenicity (absence of a recognition of an external factor which could create rejection) • Absence of teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects) • Absence of toxicity May20,2013 11
Metals Composite Materials Ceramics Polymers BIOMATERIALS Orthopedic screws/fixation Dental Implants Dental Implants Heart valves Bone replacements Biosensors Implantable Microelectrodes Skin/cartilage Drug Delivery Devices Ocular implants May20,2013 12
Materials for Use in the Body May20,2013 13
Biomaterials involved in Human Body May20,2013 14
Examples of Biomaterial Applications • Heart Valve • Dental Implants • Intraocular Lenses • Vascular Grafts • Hip Replacements May20,2013 15
Intraocular Lenses • By age 75 more than 50% of population suffers from cataracts • Made of PMM, silicone elastomer, and other materials. • 1.4 million implantations in the United States yearly. • Good vision is generally restored almost immediately after lens is inserted. May20,2013 16
Heart Valve • Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics, and natural valves. • Must not React With Chemicals in Body. • Attached By Polyester Mesh. • Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing Groups. May20,2013 17
Heart Valve • Almost as soon as valve implanted cardiac function is restored to near normal. • Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely. • More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every year in the United States. May20,2013 18
• Small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth. • Implant is placed in the bone of the upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond with the bone. • Most dental implants are: pure titanium screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for crowns and bridges, or as supports for dentures. Dental Implants May20,2013 19 A titanium dental implant. (Photograph courtesy of Dr. A. Norman Cranin, Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.)
Dental Implants • Capable of bonding to bone, a phenomenon known as "osseointegration”. • Bio-inert, there is no reaction in tissue and no rejection or allergic reactions. May20,2013 20
Vascular Grafts • Must Be Flexible. • Designed With Open Porous Structure. • Often Recognized By Body As Foreign. • Achieve and maintain homeostasis. • Good structure retention. • Adequate burst strength. • High fatigue resistance. • Poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET or Dacron • Good handling properties. • Biostable. May20,2013 21
Hip-Replacements May20,2013 22 • Most Common Medical Practice Using Biomaterials. • Corrosion Resistant high-strength Metal Alloys. • Very High Molecular Weight Polymers. • Thermoset Plastics.
Host Reactions to Biomaterials • Thrombosis • Hemolysis • Inflammation • Infection and Sterilization • Carcinogenesis • Hypersensitivity • Systemic Effects May20,2013 23
What are some of the Challenges? • To more closely replicate complex tissue architecture and arrangement in vitro. • To better understand extracellular and intracellular modulators of cell function. • To develop novel materials and processing techniques that are compatible with biological interfaces. • To find better strategies for immune acceptance. May20,2013 24
Biomaterials - An Emerging Industry • Next generation of medical implants and therapeutic modalities. • Interface of biotechnology and traditional engineering. • Significant industrial growth in the next 15 years -- potential of a multi-billion dollar industry. May20,2013 25
Future Scope ( Surgical Robotics ) • Instead of manipulating surgical instruments, surgeons use their thumbs and fingers to move joystick handles on a control console to maneuver two robot arms containing miniature instruments that are inserted into ports in the patient. The surgeon’s movements transform large motions on the remote controls into micro-movements on the robot arms to greatly improve mechanical precision and safety. • A third robot arm holds a miniature camera, which is inserted through a small opening into the patient. The camera projects highly magnified 3-D images on a console to give a broad view of the interior surgical site. May20,2013 26
Surgical Robotics May20,2013 27 • UCI Medical Center’s da Vinci Surgical System is currently approved for gall bladder, prostate, colorectal, gynecological, esophageal and gastric bypass procedures.
References 1. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine By Buddy D. Ratner, Allan S. Hoffman, Frederick J. Schoen, Jack E. Lemons 2. Biomaterials, Joyce Y. Wong, Boston University 3. Black, J. (1992) Biological Performance of Materials, 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker, Inc. 4. Bruck, S.D. (1980) Properties of Biomaterials in the Physiological Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 5. Greco, R.S. (1994) Implantation Biology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 6. Hench, L.L. and Erthridge, E.C. (1982) Biomaterials —An Interfacial Approach, Vol. 4, A. Noordergraaf, Ed. New York: Academic Press. 7. von Recum, A.F. (1994) Biomaterials: educational goals. In: Annual Biomaterials Society Meeting. Boston, 8. Williams, D.F. and Roaf, R. (1973) Implants in Surgery. London:W.B. Saunders. May20,2013 28
May20,2013 29

More Related Content

Biomaterials and its Applications

  • 1. Biomaterials and its Applications Presented by: Saransh Khandelwal, Trainee Scientist, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh 160030 May20,2013 1
  • 2. Outline • Introduction • Definition • Characteristics of Biomaterials • History • Biomaterials Science • Generations of Biomaterials • Examples of Biomaterials • Biocompatibility • Challenges • Future Scope • References May20,2013 2
  • 3. Introduction • How AMNS (Advanced Material and Nano Science) is been applied to the Medical World ? May20,2013 3 AMNS Biomaterials Nano Medicines
  • 4. Healthcare Market (U.S. Data) [*1] May20,2013 4
  • 6. Definition • Biomaterial is used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic and physiologically acceptable manner [Hench and Erthridge, 1982,*2]. • Materials of synthetic as well as of natural origin in contact with tissue, blood, and biological fluids, and intended for use for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications without adversely affecting the living organism and its components” [Bruck, 1980]. May20,2013 6
  • 7. History • More than 2000 years ago, Romans and Chinese used gold in dentistry. • 1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in dentistry. • 1958, Rob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic. • 1960 Charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless steal for total hip replacement. • Late 1960 – early 1970’s biomaterial field solidified. • 1975 Society for Biomaterials formed. May20,2013 7
  • 8. Uses of Biomaterials Replacement of diseased or damaged part: Artificial hip joint, kidney dialysis machine Assist in healing: Sutures, bone plates, and screws Improve function: Cardiac pacemaker, intraocular lens Correct functional abnormality: Cardiac pacemaker Correct cosmetic problem: Augmentation mammoplasty, chin augmentation Aid to diagnosis: Probes and catheters Aid to treatment: Catheters, drains May20,2013 8
  • 9. Characteristics of Biomaterials Physical Requirements • Hard Materials. • Flexible Material. Chemical Requirements • Must not react with any tissue in the body. • Must be non-toxic to the body. • Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable. May20,2013 9
  • 10. Main featuresfor medical applications • Biofunctionality • Playing a specific function in physical and mechanical terms • Biocompatibility • Concept that refers to a set of properties that a material must have to be used • safely in a biological organism May20,2013 10
  • 11. Biocompatible material features • Absence of carcinogenicity (the ability or tendency to produce cancer) • Absence of immunogenicity (absence of a recognition of an external factor which could create rejection) • Absence of teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects) • Absence of toxicity May20,2013 11
  • 12. Metals Composite Materials Ceramics Polymers BIOMATERIALS Orthopedic screws/fixation Dental Implants Dental Implants Heart valves Bone replacements Biosensors Implantable Microelectrodes Skin/cartilage Drug Delivery Devices Ocular implants May20,2013 12
  • 13. Materials for Use in the Body May20,2013 13
  • 14. Biomaterials involved in Human Body May20,2013 14
  • 15. Examples of Biomaterial Applications • Heart Valve • Dental Implants • Intraocular Lenses • Vascular Grafts • Hip Replacements May20,2013 15
  • 16. Intraocular Lenses • By age 75 more than 50% of population suffers from cataracts • Made of PMM, silicone elastomer, and other materials. • 1.4 million implantations in the United States yearly. • Good vision is generally restored almost immediately after lens is inserted. May20,2013 16
  • 17. Heart Valve • Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics, and natural valves. • Must not React With Chemicals in Body. • Attached By Polyester Mesh. • Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing Groups. May20,2013 17
  • 18. Heart Valve • Almost as soon as valve implanted cardiac function is restored to near normal. • Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely. • More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every year in the United States. May20,2013 18
  • 19. • Small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth. • Implant is placed in the bone of the upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond with the bone. • Most dental implants are: pure titanium screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for crowns and bridges, or as supports for dentures. Dental Implants May20,2013 19 A titanium dental implant. (Photograph courtesy of Dr. A. Norman Cranin, Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.)
  • 20. Dental Implants • Capable of bonding to bone, a phenomenon known as "osseointegration”. • Bio-inert, there is no reaction in tissue and no rejection or allergic reactions. May20,2013 20
  • 21. Vascular Grafts • Must Be Flexible. • Designed With Open Porous Structure. • Often Recognized By Body As Foreign. • Achieve and maintain homeostasis. • Good structure retention. • Adequate burst strength. • High fatigue resistance. • Poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET or Dacron • Good handling properties. • Biostable. May20,2013 21
  • 22. Hip-Replacements May20,2013 22 • Most Common Medical Practice Using Biomaterials. • Corrosion Resistant high-strength Metal Alloys. • Very High Molecular Weight Polymers. • Thermoset Plastics.
  • 23. Host Reactions to Biomaterials • Thrombosis • Hemolysis • Inflammation • Infection and Sterilization • Carcinogenesis • Hypersensitivity • Systemic Effects May20,2013 23
  • 24. What are some of the Challenges? • To more closely replicate complex tissue architecture and arrangement in vitro. • To better understand extracellular and intracellular modulators of cell function. • To develop novel materials and processing techniques that are compatible with biological interfaces. • To find better strategies for immune acceptance. May20,2013 24
  • 25. Biomaterials - An Emerging Industry • Next generation of medical implants and therapeutic modalities. • Interface of biotechnology and traditional engineering. • Significant industrial growth in the next 15 years -- potential of a multi-billion dollar industry. May20,2013 25
  • 26. Future Scope ( Surgical Robotics ) • Instead of manipulating surgical instruments, surgeons use their thumbs and fingers to move joystick handles on a control console to maneuver two robot arms containing miniature instruments that are inserted into ports in the patient. The surgeon’s movements transform large motions on the remote controls into micro-movements on the robot arms to greatly improve mechanical precision and safety. • A third robot arm holds a miniature camera, which is inserted through a small opening into the patient. The camera projects highly magnified 3-D images on a console to give a broad view of the interior surgical site. May20,2013 26
  • 27. Surgical Robotics May20,2013 27 • UCI Medical Center’s da Vinci Surgical System is currently approved for gall bladder, prostate, colorectal, gynecological, esophageal and gastric bypass procedures.
  • 28. References 1. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine By Buddy D. Ratner, Allan S. Hoffman, Frederick J. Schoen, Jack E. Lemons 2. Biomaterials, Joyce Y. Wong, Boston University 3. Black, J. (1992) Biological Performance of Materials, 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker, Inc. 4. Bruck, S.D. (1980) Properties of Biomaterials in the Physiological Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 5. Greco, R.S. (1994) Implantation Biology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 6. Hench, L.L. and Erthridge, E.C. (1982) Biomaterials —An Interfacial Approach, Vol. 4, A. Noordergraaf, Ed. New York: Academic Press. 7. von Recum, A.F. (1994) Biomaterials: educational goals. In: Annual Biomaterials Society Meeting. Boston, 8. Williams, D.F. and Roaf, R. (1973) Implants in Surgery. London:W.B. Saunders. May20,2013 28

Editor's Notes

  1. Problems:Degeneration of Tissue.Mechanical Failure.Postoperative infection.Induction of blood clots