The elbow is a complex joint that allows flexion-extension and pronation-supination movements. It has multiple bony structures that articulate including the distal humerus, ulna, and radius. The elbow is stabilized by ligaments like the medial and lateral collateral ligaments as well as surrounding muscles. During motion, the elbow experiences changing axes of rotation and joint forces that can reach up to 3 times body weight during activities. The biomechanics of the elbow are crucial for understanding normal function and injury mechanisms.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the shoulder complex. It describes the structure including the glenohumeral joint, sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and scapulothoracic articulation. It details the kinematics of the shoulder including motions like flexion, abduction, and rotation. The stability mechanisms are discussed as well as the muscles involved in shoulder motions. Injuries are addressed relating to impingement and ligament laxity.
Slideshow: Elbow Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The shoulder complex is composed of four joints that link the upper extremity to the thorax. It includes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, scapulothoracic joint, and glenohumeral joint. The shoulder complex provides a large range of motion but has more laxity than other joints, making it prone to instability and injury without the dynamic stabilization of muscles and ligaments. The glenohumeral joint in particular is a ball-and-socket synovial joint surrounded by a large capsule that relies on reinforcement from ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles.
summary of Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Elbow joint (or) complex. This slide prepare for medical student purposes. All the concepts are explained in practically. THIS PPT FULLY SHOW IN ONLY DESKTOP VIEW.
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis articulating with the femoral head. The primary function is to support the weight of the upper body. Key biomechanical aspects include the angles of inclination and torsion of the femur, congruence of the joint surfaces, and forces transmitted during weight bearing that are balanced by the joint capsule and trabecular bone structure. Motion occurs through tilting and rotation of the pelvis on a fixed femur. Surrounding muscles provide dynamic stability and control movement.
The elbow complex is designed to provide mobility and stability for the hand. It consists of three joints - the humeroulnar joint between the humerus and ulna, the humeroradial joint between the humerus and radius, and the superior and inferior radioulnar joints. These joints allow for flexion-extension, pronation, and supination movements. The elbow is stabilized by ligaments and muscles like the biceps brachi, triceps, and pronators. Common problems affecting the elbow include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, nursemaid's elbow, and cubital tunnel syndrome.
1. The document describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and shoulder joint.
2. The sternoclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the sternum and ribs. The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula.
3. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the humerus and scapula that allows a wide range of movement including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the articulating surfaces, menisci, ligaments, muscles, and movements. It describes problems that can occur in each joint like meniscus injuries, ACL tears, patella alta, and condromalacia patellae. Key concepts covered are the screw home mechanism of knee locking in extension, the Q-angle of the patella, and how joint reaction forces increase with flexion angle during stance and swing phases of gait.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. The AC joint is a synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula. It has articular surfaces lined with fibrocartilage and a partial articular disc. The joint is stabilized by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. The coracoclavicular ligament is particularly strong and suspends the weight of the upper limb. Dislocation of the AC joint can occur from direct blows and falls on the shoulder.
The patellofemoral joint is one of the most incongruent joints in the body. It depends on static structures like the lateral lip of the femoral condyle and the length of the patellar tendon for stability. Forces through the joint increase significantly during activities like squatting or ascending stairs. Pathologies of the patellofemoral joint can include osteoarthritis, ligament injuries, meniscal tears, and patellofemoral pain syndrome resulting from an imbalance of forces through the joint.
1) The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It supports the weight of the head, arms, and trunk.
2) The hip joint is made up of the femoral head articulating with the acetabulum. Several ligaments and the acetabular labrum provide stability to the joint. The angle of the femoral neck and torsion of the femur also affect biomechanics.
3) During standing and walking, forces from the body weight and ground reaction force act on the hip joint and femoral neck. A system of trabeculae in the femoral neck adapt to these forces. Muscles around the
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder joint. It discusses the following key points:
1. The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. It includes the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints.
2. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows a wide range of motion but is structurally weak. Its stability depends on static stabilizers like muscles, ligaments, labrum and dynamic stabilizers like the rotator cuff.
3.
The shoulder complex is composed of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus - joined by three joints. It provides a wide range of motion to the arm. The glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula has the greatest mobility of any joint. The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link the clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity to the axial skeleton. These joints contain articular surfaces, discs, capsules, and ligaments that allow motion while providing stability to the shoulder complex.
1) The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that connects the femur to the pelvis and allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and powered by surrounding muscles.
2) Biomechanics examines the forces acting on the hip joint during various activities like walking, running, and standing. The forces are counterbalanced to allow for stability and mobility.
3) Hip disorders are managed by reducing joint reaction forces through decreasing body weight moments, improving abductor function, and redistributing forces through aids like canes or limping.
1. The document discusses the biomechanics of the lumbar spine, including its osteology, articulations, ligaments, muscles, blood supply, and kinematics.
2. Key structures include the five lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disks, facet joints, and ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament.
3. The major muscles are the erector spinae and multifidus posteriorly and abdominal muscles like rectus abdominis anteriorly. Range of motion includes flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the shoulder joint, including its components and motions. It describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, and scapulothoracic joint. It details the ligaments and muscles that provide stability and allow movement at each joint. Key points are that shoulder function requires integrated and coordinated motion of all its parts, and the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers are essential for dynamic stabilization of the glenohumeral joint during arm movement.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics of the elbow, including its structure, function, kinematics, muscle actions, and stability mechanisms. It describes the three joints that make up the elbow complex - the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint. It details the motions of elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/supination, identifying the muscles, ligaments, and bony structures involved in each motion. Common injuries to the elbow from direct stresses and repeated stresses are also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and range of motion of the elbow. Specifically, it details the articulating surfaces of the humerus, radius and ulna that make up the elbow joint. It explains how the ligaments provide stability and the functions of the main flexor and extensor muscles like the biceps, brachialis and triceps. Finally, it discusses how biomechanical factors like carrying angle and two-joint muscles can impact the elbow's range of motion.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles that make up the elbow. The elbow complex includes the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal and distal radioulnar joints. It allows flexion/extension of the forearm and pronation/supination from the rotation of the radius. Key muscles like the biceps, brachialis, and triceps act across these joints to enable movement. Common injuries like tennis elbow and supracondylar fractures are also mentioned.
This document discusses the biomechanics of the elbow joint. It describes the bones and joints that make up the elbow complex, including the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints. It details the range of motion, ligaments, muscles, and biomechanics involved in flexion, extension, pronation and supination. Common injuries around the elbow joint like compression injuries, distraction injuries, and varus/valgus injuries are also summarized.
The shoulder complex consists of four bones (clavicle, scapula, and humerus) linked by three joints. The sternoclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the sternum with six degrees of freedom. The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the scapula with three rotational degrees of freedom. The scapulothoracic joint is where the scapula glides on the thorax, allowing upward rotation, elevation, protraction, and internal/external rotation of the scapula. The glenohumeral joint forms the ball-and-socket connection between the humeral head and glenoid fossa, with dynamic stabilization provided by
Extensor mechanism of finger, very easy notes. Referred from cynthia norkin. In this ppt in last two slides u can see the identify the parts. Its like a quiz for candidates who studying this ppt. They can able to know that how well they prepared this topic.
Thank you, From Liki pedia
(A student physiotherapist)
This document discusses the biomechanics of the knee joint, including its structure, stability mechanisms, and kinetics. It describes the knee as a complex hinge joint made up of the femur, tibia, and patella. Key stabilizing structures include the collateral and cruciate ligaments, menisci, and surrounding muscles. The document outlines the knee's degrees of freedom and range of motion, including screw-home rotation. It also analyzes the forces acting on the knee during activities like walking, cycling, and squatting using free body diagrams and dynamic analysis.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the shoulder complex. It describes the structure including the glenohumeral joint, sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and scapulothoracic articulation. It details the kinematics of the shoulder including motions like flexion, abduction, and rotation. The stability mechanisms are discussed as well as the muscles involved in shoulder motions. Injuries are addressed relating to impingement and ligament laxity.
Slideshow: Elbow Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The shoulder complex is composed of four joints that link the upper extremity to the thorax. It includes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, scapulothoracic joint, and glenohumeral joint. The shoulder complex provides a large range of motion but has more laxity than other joints, making it prone to instability and injury without the dynamic stabilization of muscles and ligaments. The glenohumeral joint in particular is a ball-and-socket synovial joint surrounded by a large capsule that relies on reinforcement from ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles.
summary of Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Elbow joint (or) complex. This slide prepare for medical student purposes. All the concepts are explained in practically. THIS PPT FULLY SHOW IN ONLY DESKTOP VIEW.
BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT BY Dr. VIKRAMVicky Vikram
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis articulating with the femoral head. The primary function is to support the weight of the upper body. Key biomechanical aspects include the angles of inclination and torsion of the femur, congruence of the joint surfaces, and forces transmitted during weight bearing that are balanced by the joint capsule and trabecular bone structure. Motion occurs through tilting and rotation of the pelvis on a fixed femur. Surrounding muscles provide dynamic stability and control movement.
The elbow complex is designed to provide mobility and stability for the hand. It consists of three joints - the humeroulnar joint between the humerus and ulna, the humeroradial joint between the humerus and radius, and the superior and inferior radioulnar joints. These joints allow for flexion-extension, pronation, and supination movements. The elbow is stabilized by ligaments and muscles like the biceps brachi, triceps, and pronators. Common problems affecting the elbow include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, nursemaid's elbow, and cubital tunnel syndrome.
Shoulder joint, sterno clavicular joint, acromio-clavicular joint (2)Dr. Mohammad Mahmoud
1. The document describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and shoulder joint.
2. The sternoclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the sternum and ribs. The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula.
3. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the humerus and scapula that allows a wide range of movement including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the articulating surfaces, menisci, ligaments, muscles, and movements. It describes problems that can occur in each joint like meniscus injuries, ACL tears, patella alta, and condromalacia patellae. Key concepts covered are the screw home mechanism of knee locking in extension, the Q-angle of the patella, and how joint reaction forces increase with flexion angle during stance and swing phases of gait.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. The AC joint is a synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula. It has articular surfaces lined with fibrocartilage and a partial articular disc. The joint is stabilized by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. The coracoclavicular ligament is particularly strong and suspends the weight of the upper limb. Dislocation of the AC joint can occur from direct blows and falls on the shoulder.
3. biomechanics of Patellofemoral jointSaurab Sharma
The patellofemoral joint is one of the most incongruent joints in the body. It depends on static structures like the lateral lip of the femoral condyle and the length of the patellar tendon for stability. Forces through the joint increase significantly during activities like squatting or ascending stairs. Pathologies of the patellofemoral joint can include osteoarthritis, ligament injuries, meniscal tears, and patellofemoral pain syndrome resulting from an imbalance of forces through the joint.
BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT BY Dr. VIKRAMVicky Vikram
1) The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It supports the weight of the head, arms, and trunk.
2) The hip joint is made up of the femoral head articulating with the acetabulum. Several ligaments and the acetabular labrum provide stability to the joint. The angle of the femoral neck and torsion of the femur also affect biomechanics.
3) During standing and walking, forces from the body weight and ground reaction force act on the hip joint and femoral neck. A system of trabeculae in the femoral neck adapt to these forces. Muscles around the
anatomy and biomechanics of Shoulder jointHarsha Nandini
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder joint. It discusses the following key points:
1. The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. It includes the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints.
2. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows a wide range of motion but is structurally weak. Its stability depends on static stabilizers like muscles, ligaments, labrum and dynamic stabilizers like the rotator cuff.
3.
The shoulder complex is composed of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus - joined by three joints. It provides a wide range of motion to the arm. The glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula has the greatest mobility of any joint. The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link the clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity to the axial skeleton. These joints contain articular surfaces, discs, capsules, and ligaments that allow motion while providing stability to the shoulder complex.
1) The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that connects the femur to the pelvis and allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and powered by surrounding muscles.
2) Biomechanics examines the forces acting on the hip joint during various activities like walking, running, and standing. The forces are counterbalanced to allow for stability and mobility.
3) Hip disorders are managed by reducing joint reaction forces through decreasing body weight moments, improving abductor function, and redistributing forces through aids like canes or limping.
1. The document discusses the biomechanics of the lumbar spine, including its osteology, articulations, ligaments, muscles, blood supply, and kinematics.
2. Key structures include the five lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disks, facet joints, and ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament.
3. The major muscles are the erector spinae and multifidus posteriorly and abdominal muscles like rectus abdominis anteriorly. Range of motion includes flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the shoulder joint, including its components and motions. It describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, and scapulothoracic joint. It details the ligaments and muscles that provide stability and allow movement at each joint. Key points are that shoulder function requires integrated and coordinated motion of all its parts, and the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers are essential for dynamic stabilization of the glenohumeral joint during arm movement.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics of the elbow, including its structure, function, kinematics, muscle actions, and stability mechanisms. It describes the three joints that make up the elbow complex - the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint. It details the motions of elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/supination, identifying the muscles, ligaments, and bony structures involved in each motion. Common injuries to the elbow from direct stresses and repeated stresses are also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and range of motion of the elbow. Specifically, it details the articulating surfaces of the humerus, radius and ulna that make up the elbow joint. It explains how the ligaments provide stability and the functions of the main flexor and extensor muscles like the biceps, brachialis and triceps. Finally, it discusses how biomechanical factors like carrying angle and two-joint muscles can impact the elbow's range of motion.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles that make up the elbow. The elbow complex includes the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal and distal radioulnar joints. It allows flexion/extension of the forearm and pronation/supination from the rotation of the radius. Key muscles like the biceps, brachialis, and triceps act across these joints to enable movement. Common injuries like tennis elbow and supracondylar fractures are also mentioned.
This document discusses the biomechanics of the elbow joint. It describes the bones and joints that make up the elbow complex, including the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints. It details the range of motion, ligaments, muscles, and biomechanics involved in flexion, extension, pronation and supination. Common injuries around the elbow joint like compression injuries, distraction injuries, and varus/valgus injuries are also summarized.
The document discusses the biomechanics of the elbow complex, which includes the elbow joint and proximal and distal radioulnar joints. It describes the bones that make up the elbow joint, including the humerus, ulna, and radius. The elbow functions as a modified hinge joint, allowing flexion and extension in the sagittal plane. The proximal and distal radioulnar joints allow forearm rotation. Ligaments like the ulnar collateral and radial collateral provide joint stability. Common injuries include elbow dislocations and lateral/medial epicondylitis.
1. The elbow joint includes the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and superior radioulnar joints.
2. Flexion and extension at the elbow occurs around a fixed axis through the trochlea and capitulum.
3. Several ligaments and muscles work together to provide stability and control motion at the elbow and radioulnar joints during activities of daily living.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the elbow joint. It discusses the following key points:
- The elbow is a hinge joint formed between the humerus, radius, and ulna bones. It allows for flexion, extension, pronation, and supination movements.
- Ligaments like the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments provide stability to the joint. Muscles like the biceps, triceps, and pronators/supinators are involved in elbow movement.
- The carrying angle between the humerus and ulna allows the forearm to angle away from the body when carrying objects. Common injuries include tennis elbow and golfer's elbow.
This document provides information about elbow injuries and disorders. It discusses the functional anatomy of the elbow joint, including the bones, ligaments, muscles, blood supply, and nerves. It then covers the most common elbow disorders like olecranon bursitis, as well as diagnostic imaging options for the elbow like radiography, MRI, CT, and ultrasound. Radiographic positioning and protocols for imaging the elbow are also outlined.
The document describes the anatomy and radiographic projections of the elbow joint. It contains details on the bones that make up the elbow (humerus, radius, ulna), ligaments (radial collateral, ulnar collateral, annular), and motions (flexion, extension, pronation, supination). It also outlines the standard radiographic views of the elbow - anteroposterior, lateral, medial oblique, and tangential. Exposure factors and positioning for each view are provided, as well as normal radiographic findings.
The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed between the humerus, radius, and ulna bones. It allows flexion and extension movements. The elbow joint is stabilized by ligaments including the medial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament complex. Muscles such as the biceps brachii and triceps brachii are responsible for flexion and extension, respectively. The radioulnar joints allow pronation and supination movements of the forearm and are stabilized by ligaments like the annular ligament. Mobility of both the elbow and radioulnar joints is important for performing daily activities.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, and muscles. It describes the bones of the upper limb, shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, and hand bones. It also discusses the pectoral girdle and its movements. Key muscles of the upper limb and shoulder are identified, such as the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, and muscles of the rotator cuff. The document is intended as a teaching guide on the upper limb anatomy.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the radius, ulna, elbow joint, and radioulnar joint. It discusses:
1) The radius and ulna bones and their proximal and distal articulations which form the elbow joint and radioulnar joints.
2) The muscles that flex, extend, pronate, and supinate the forearm and their origins and insertions.
3) Common injuries around the elbow joint like tennis elbow.
The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane. The ulna and radius also allow pronation and supination movements of the forearm. Key ligaments like the capsular ligament and collateral ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint. Muscles like the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii are responsible for elbow flexion and extension movements, while muscles like the pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator control forearm pronation and supination. Common elbow injuries include sprains, strains, dislocations, and fractures.
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the elbow joint. It discusses the static and dynamic stabilizers of the elbow, including the primary static constraints of the ulnohumeral articulation, anterior bundle of the MCL, and lateral collateral ligament complex. It also describes the osteology and articular surfaces of the elbow joint and how flexion and extension enhance osseous stability. Key soft tissues like the medial and lateral collateral ligament complexes are explained. The roles of the coronoid process, radial head, and muscles in dynamic stabilization are highlighted. Joint forces at the elbow are distributed between the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the elbow joint, radioulnar joints, wrist joint, and joints of the hand and fingers. It describes the articulations, types of joints, ligaments, movements, and important relations of these joints. Clinical notes are also provided on common injuries to these joints such as elbow dislocations and fractures of the distal radius.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the elbow joint and related structures. It describes the articulations, ligaments, movements, innervation and clinical notes of the elbow joint, proximal and distal radioulnar joints, wrist joint, intercarpal joints, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints and carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Diagrams are included to illustrate key anatomical structures and relationships.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the upper limb joint.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the upper limb joints, including the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It provides detailed descriptions of the bones, joints, ligaments, and other structural aspects of the anatomy of these regions based on plain radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and other imaging modalities. The shoulder is described as having 3 bones (humerus, scapula, clavicle), 3 joints (glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular) and discussions of related structures. Details are also provided on the elbow and wrist joints, articulations, ligaments, compartments and osseous anatomy.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the types of hypoxia.
Learning objectives:
1. Define hypoxia
2. Describe the causes and features of different types of hypoxia
3. Define cyanosis
4. Enumerate the causes of cyanosis
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 35, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Central and Peripheral Cyanosis - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
Veterinary Medicines Manufacturers in IndiaHeilsaa Care
Veterinary Medicines Manufacturers in India: We are living in the modern world, and with all modern advancements, we still rely on animals for eggs, milk, food, etc. Like humans, there is a huge need for veterinary healthcare products and medicines. And a large proportion of the Indian population is involved in animal husbandry and they would like to ensure quality medical treatment for their livestock.
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates.
Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance.
Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Influencing Reaction Rates:
Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates.
Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.
Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdfMedicoseAcademics
In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers.
We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right.
Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands.
Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture.
We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced.
Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options.
Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.
Why Does Seminal Vesiculitis Causes Jelly-like Sperm.pptxAmandaChou9
Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to NSCLC for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
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Sfaturi practice pentru o alimentație sănătoasă:
Rețete delicioase și ușor de preparat: Bucură-te de preparate gustoase și nutritive, perfecte pentru zilele călduroase de vară.
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Chair, Benjamin M. Greenberg, MD, MHS, discusses neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in this CME activity titled “Mastering Diagnosis and Navigating the Sea of Targeted Treatments in NMOSD: Practical Guidance on Optimizing Patient Care.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4av12w4. CME credit will be available until June 27, 2025.
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
2. a complex joint that functions as a fulcrum for the forearm lever system that is
responsible for positioning the hand in space.
Anatomy:
Movements:
I. Humeroulnar and humeroradial: flexion and extension
II. Radioulnar articulation: supination and pronation
3. The trochlea and capitellum of the distal
humerus are internally rotated 3° to 8° and
94° to 98° of valgus with respect to the
longitudinal axis of the humerus
4. The distal humerus is anteriorly
angulated 30° along the long axis of the
humerus.
5. The articular surface of ulna is oriented approximately 4 to 7
degree of valgus angulation with respect to longitudinal axis of
the shaft.
6. The distal humerus is divided into medial and lateral columns that terminate distally with
the trochlea connecting the two columns.
The medial column diverges from the humeral shaft at a 45° angle and ends approximately
1 cm proximal to the distal end of the trochlea.
The distal one-third of the medial column is composed of cancellous bone, is ovoid in shape,
and represents the medial epicondyle.
The lateral column of the distal humerus diverges at a 20° angle from the humerus and
ends with the capitellum.
7. The articular surface of the ulna is rotated 30° posteriorly with respect to its long axis.
This matches the 30° anterior angulation of the distal humerus, which helps provide
stability to the elbow joint in full extension
8. The radial neck is angulated 15° from the long axis in the anterior-posterior plane
away from the bicipital tuberosity
Four-fifths of the radial head is covered by hyaline cartilage.
The anterolateral one-fifth lacks articular cartilage and strong subchondral bone,
explaining the increased propensity for fractures to occur in this region.
9. The normal range of flexion-extension is from 0° to 146° with a functional range of 30° to
130°.
The normal range of forearm pronation-supination averages from 71° of pronation to 81°
of supination
As the elbow is flexed, the maximum angle of supination increases, while the maximum
angle of pronation decreases.
Most activities are accomplished within the functional range of 50° pronation to 50°
supination.
10. patients can tolerate flexion contractures of up to 30°, which is consistent with the
functional range .
Previously, the axis of rotation for flexion-extension has been shown by several
investigators to be at the center of the trochlea.
Later, discovered a changing axis of rotation with elbow flexion .
the axis of rotation passes through the center of concentric arcs outlined by the bottom of
the trochlear sulcus and the periphery of the capitellum.
the surface joint motion during flexion-extension was primarily of the gliding type and
that with the extremes of flexion-extension (the final 5°–10° of both flexion and
extension), the axis of rotation changed and the gliding/sliding joint motion changed to a
rolling type motion
11. The rolling occurs at the extremes of flexion and extension as the coronoid process comes
into contact with the floor of the humeral coronoid fossa and the olecranon contacts the
floor of the olecranon fossa.
In addition, internal axial rotation of the ulna has been shown to occur during early
flexion and external axial rotation during terminal flexion.
Thus, the elbow cannot be truly represented as a simple hinge joint.
12. Pronation and supination take place primarily at the humeroradial and proximal
radioulnar joints with the forearm rotating about a longitudinal axis passing through
the center of the capitellum and radial head .
During pronation-supination, the radial head rotates within the annular ligament and
the distal radius rotates around the distal ulna in an arc outlining the shape of a cone.
internal axial rotation of the ulna occurs with pronation while external axial rotation
occurs with supination.
13. Carrying angle:
The valgus position of the elbow in full extension is commonly referred to as the carrying
angle.
defined as the angle between the anatomic axis of the ulna and the humerus measured in
the anteroposterior (AP) plane in extension or simply the orientation of the ulna with
respect to the humerus, or vice versa, in full extension.
The angle is less in children as compared to adults and greater in females as compared to
males, averaging 10° and l3° of valgus.
15. Valgus forces at the elbow are resisted primarily by the anterior band of the medial collateral
ligament (MCL).
The MCL complex consists of an anterior bundle, posterior bundle, and the transverse ligament.
The anterior bundle of the MCL tightens in extension whereas the posterior bundle tightens in
flexion.
The throwing motion illustrates the role of the MCL in a common functional activity. Baseball
pitchers are frequently at risk for MCL injury due to the repetitive valgus stress placed on their
elbows by the nature of the throwing motion.
16. The LCL complex consists of the
radial collateral ligament that originates from the lateral
epicondyle and inserts on the annular ligament;
the lateral ulnar collateral ligament, which originates from the
lateral epicondyle and passes superficial to the annular ligament, inserting on the supinator crest of
the ulna;
and the accessory lateral collateral ligament
The origin of the LCL complex lies at the center of the axis of elbow rotation, explaining its
consistent length throughout the flexion-extension arc
17. O’Driscoll et al. described the entity of posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow in
which the ulna supinates on the humerus and the radial head dislocates in a
posterolateral direction
It has been shown that the elbow can dislocate posterolaterally or posteriorly with an
intact MCL.
This can occur with combined valgus and external rotation loads across the elbow joint
The lateral ulnar collateral is the primary restraint to posterolateral rotatory instability
of the elbow followed by the radial collateral ligament and capsule
18. Structures limiting passive flexion include the capsule, triceps, coronoid process, and the
radial head.
Structures limiting elbow extension include the olecranon process and the anterior band of
the MCL.
Passive resistance to pronation-supination is provided in large part by the antagonist
muscle group on stretch rather than ligamentous structures.
Longitudinal stability of the forearm is provided by both the interosseous membrane and
the triangular fibrocartilage.
Lee et al. (1992) demonstrated marked proximal migration of the radius only after 85% of
the interosseous membrane was sectioned.
19. DeFrate et al. (2001) showed that interosseous membrane transfers more force from the
radius to the ulna in supination than in pronation.
The coronoid process also plays a role in longitudinal stability and has been shown to
prevent posterior displacement of the ulna.
20. Kinetics:
The primary flexor of the elbow is the brachialis, which arises from the anterior aspect of the
humerus and inserts on the anterior aspect of the proximal ulna.
the biceps arises via a long head tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle and a short head tendon
from the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts in the bicipital tuberosity of the radius. It is
active in flexion when the forearm is supinated or in the neutral position.
The brachioradialis, which originates from the lateral two thirds of the distal humerus and inserts
on the distal aspect of the radius near the radial styloid, is active during rapid flexion movements
of the elbow and when weight is lifted during a slow flexion movement
21. The primary extensor of the elbow, the triceps, is composed of three separate heads. The long
head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle, and the medial and lateral heads originate from
the posterior aspect of the humerus.
The three heads coalesce to form one tendon that inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna.
The medial head is the primary extensor, and the lateral and long heads act in reserve
(Basmajian, 1969).
The anconeus muscle, which arises from the posterolateral aspect of the distal humerus and
inserts onto the posterolateral aspect of the proximal ulna, is also active in extension.
This muscle is active in initiating and maintaining extension
22. Muscles involved in supination of the forearm include the supinator, biceps, and the
lateral epicondylar extensors of the wrist and fingers.
The primary muscle involved in supination is the biceps brachii.
The biceps generates four times more torque with the forearm in the pronated position
than in the supinated position (Haugstvedt et al., 2001).
The supinator arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the proximal lateral
aspect of the ulna and inserts into the anterior aspect of the supinated proximal radius
23. Muscles involved in pronation include the pronator quadratus (PQ) and pronator teres (PT).
PQ and PT are active throughout the whole rotation, being most efficient around the neutral
position of the forearm (Haugstvedt et al., 2001).
The pronator quadratus originates from the volar aspect of the distal ulna and inserts onto the
distal and lateral aspect of the supinated radius.
The pronator teres is more proximally located, arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
and inserting onto the lateral aspect of the midshaft of the supinated radius.
The pronator quadratus is the primary pronator of the forearm regardless of its position
. The pronator teres is a secondary pronator when rapid pronation is required or during resisted
pronation
24. Elbow joint forces:
43% of longitudinal forces are transmitted through the ulnotrochlear joint and 57% are
transmitted through the radiocapitellar joint.
Ewald et al. (1977) determined that the elbow joint compressive force was eight times the
weight held by an outstretched hand.
An and Morrey (1991) determined that during strenuous weightlifting, the resultant force at
the ulnohumeral joint ranges from one to three times body weight.
The coronoid process bears 60% of the total compressive stress when the elbow joint is
extended.
Force transmission through the radial head is greatest between 0 and 30° of flexion and is
greater in pronation than supination.
25. In extension, the force on the radial head decreases from 23% (of total load) in neutral rotation to
6% in full supination (Chantelot et al., 2008).
This is secondary to the “screw-home” mechanism of the radius with respect to the ulna, with
proximal migration occurring during pronation and distal translation occurring during
supination.
Disruption of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and the interosseous membrane in
the presence of an intact radial head does not result in proximal radioulnar migration.
Absence of the radial head due to fracture or resection and a concomitant disruption of the TFCC
and interosseous membrane will result in proximal migration of the radius
26. The 'screw-home' mechanism is the rotation between the tibia
and femur and is considered to be a key element to knee stability
for standing upright. This mechanism serves as a critical function
of the knee and it only occurs at the end of knee extension,
between full extension (0°) and 20° degrees of knee flexion.
27. During elbow flexion, the ulna is posteriorly translated as contact occurs at the coronoid.
During the forced extension that occurs during the follow-through phase of the throwing motion,
impaction of the olecranon against the olecranon fossa has been demonstrated in the overhead
athlete.
This impaction may result in the formation of osteophytes at the olecranon tip
28. The force generated in the elbow has been shown to be up to three times body weight
with certain activities (An et al., 1981). Nicol et al. (1977), using three-dimensional
biomechanical analysis, found that during dressing and eating activities, the joint
reaction forces were 300 N.
Rising from a chair resulted in a joint reaction force of 1,700 N and pulling a table 1,900
N, which is almost three times body weight
29. Articular surface forces:
Contact areas of the elbow occur at four locations: Two are located at the olecranon and
two on the coronoid
The humeroulnar contact area increases from elbow extension to flexion.
In addition, the radial head also increases its contact area with the capitellum from
extension to flexion.
During valgus/varus loads to the elbow, Morrey et al. (1988) demonstrated the
varus/valgus pivot point to be located at the midpoint of the lateral aspect of the trochlea.