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Blood transfusn & reti.endo. system.ppt

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This document provides information about blood transfusions and the reticuloendothelial system. It begins with an introduction to blood transfusions, explaining that they involve transferring whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream to treat conditions like anemia. It then discusses the different blood types, components that can be transfused like red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and granulocytes. Finally, it describes the reticuloendothelial system as a network of phagocytic cells throughout the body that help clear particles and substances from the blood and tissues, including the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

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Human Anatomy & Physiology-I Blood Transfusion & Reticuloendothelial System Presented By: Lovekesh Singh Assistant Professor ISF College of Pharmacy
Introduction A transfusion is the transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow. A transfusion is most often given to treat anemia, to increase blood volume (for example, after a severe hemorrhage), or to improve immunity.
A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient). This is usually done as a lifesaving maneuver to replace blood cells or blood products lost through severe bleeding, during surgery when blood loss occurs or to increase the blood count in an anemic patient. Blood types There are four blood types: 1. A 2. B 3. AB, or 4. O Every person has one of the above four blood types. In addition, each person's blood is either: 1. Rh-positive 2. Rh-negative.
Type O blood - universal donors •Type O negative blood is safe for just about everyone. People with type O negative blood are referred to as universal donors; and type O negative blood is used for emergencies in which there is no time to test a person's blood type. Type AB blood - universal recipients •Individuals who have type AB positive blood are referred to as universal recipients. This means that they can receive any type of blood. Rh-positive and Rh-negative •People who have Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. •If a person has Rh-negative blood, they should only receive Rh-negative blood. •Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there is not time to test a person's Rh type.
Types of blood transfusion Red Blood Cell Transfusions • Red blood cells are the most commonly transfused components of the blood. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to body's organs and tissues. They also help the body get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products. • You may need a transfusion of red blood cells if you've lost blood due to an injury or surgery. You also may need this type of transfusion if you have severe anemia due to disease or blood loss. • Anemia is a condition in which the blood has a lower number than normal number of red blood cells. Anemia also can occur if red blood cells don't have enough hemoglobin. • Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color. This protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Platelets and Clotting Factor Transfusions • Platelets and clotting factors help stop bleeding, including internal bleeding that you can't see. Some illnesses may cause your body to not make enough platelets or clotting factors. You may need regular transfusions of these blood products to stay healthy. • For example, if you have hemophilia, you may need a special clotting factor to replace the clotting factor you're lacking. Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally. • If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others may after an injury or accident. You also may bleed internally, especially in the joints (knees, ankles, and elbows).
Plasma Transfusions • Plasma is the liquid part of your blood. It's mainly water, but also contains proteins, clotting factors, hormones, vitamins, cholesterol, sugar, sodium, potassium, calcium, and more.If you have been badly burned or have liver failure or a severe infection, you may need a plasma transfusion.
Granulocyte Transfusion • Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell a body needs to fight bacterial and fungal infections. • Some patients may have serious, life-threatening infections that do not respond to appropriate antibiotics and they may have low levels of granulocytes. • This may be due to their disease or treatment for their disease. These patients may require transfusions of granulocytes for a short time period to help fight their infections. • Granulocytes are collected from donors using apheresis. As with platelets, it is best if a patient receives granulocytes from a donor of the same blood type.
Reticuloendothelial System • The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is a heterogeneous population of phagocytic cells in systemically fixed tissues that play an important role in the clearance of particles and soluble substances in the circulation and tissues. • Substances that are cleared include immune complexes, bacteria, toxins, and exogenous antigens. • Reticuloendothelial system is a network of cells and tissues found throughout the body, especially in the blood, general connective tissue, spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. • Some of the reticuloendothelial cells found in the blood and in the general connective tissue are unusually large in size.
Blood transfusn & reti.endo. system.ppt
Conti…. • The composition of the reticuloendothelial system includes Kupffer cells of the liver, microglia of the brain, alveolar macrophages and bone marrow lymph nodes, and macrophages in the intestine and other tissues. • Some of the cells are motile—that is, capable of spontaneous motion— and phagocytic—they can ingest and destroy unwanted foreign material. • The reticuloendothelial cells of the SPLEEN possess the ability to dispose o f disintegrated erythrocyts. They do not, however, destroy hemoglobin, w hich is liberated in the process. • The reticuloendothelial cells located in the blood cavities of the LIVER are called Kupffer cells. These cells, together with the cells of the general con nective tissue and bone marrow, are capable of transforming into bile pig ment the hemoglobin released by disintegrated erythrocytes.
References • Gerard J. Tortora (2003). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-10th. • Anne Waugh and Alison Grant (2007) Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-12th
THANKS

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Blood transfusn & reti.endo. system.ppt

  • 1. Human Anatomy & Physiology-I Blood Transfusion & Reticuloendothelial System Presented By: Lovekesh Singh Assistant Professor ISF College of Pharmacy
  • 2. Introduction A transfusion is the transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow. A transfusion is most often given to treat anemia, to increase blood volume (for example, after a severe hemorrhage), or to improve immunity.
  • 3. A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient). This is usually done as a lifesaving maneuver to replace blood cells or blood products lost through severe bleeding, during surgery when blood loss occurs or to increase the blood count in an anemic patient. Blood types There are four blood types: 1. A 2. B 3. AB, or 4. O Every person has one of the above four blood types. In addition, each person's blood is either: 1. Rh-positive 2. Rh-negative.
  • 4. Type O blood - universal donors •Type O negative blood is safe for just about everyone. People with type O negative blood are referred to as universal donors; and type O negative blood is used for emergencies in which there is no time to test a person's blood type. Type AB blood - universal recipients •Individuals who have type AB positive blood are referred to as universal recipients. This means that they can receive any type of blood. Rh-positive and Rh-negative •People who have Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. •If a person has Rh-negative blood, they should only receive Rh-negative blood. •Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there is not time to test a person's Rh type.
  • 5. Types of blood transfusion Red Blood Cell Transfusions • Red blood cells are the most commonly transfused components of the blood. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to body's organs and tissues. They also help the body get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products. • You may need a transfusion of red blood cells if you've lost blood due to an injury or surgery. You also may need this type of transfusion if you have severe anemia due to disease or blood loss. • Anemia is a condition in which the blood has a lower number than normal number of red blood cells. Anemia also can occur if red blood cells don't have enough hemoglobin. • Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color. This protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
  • 6. Platelets and Clotting Factor Transfusions • Platelets and clotting factors help stop bleeding, including internal bleeding that you can't see. Some illnesses may cause your body to not make enough platelets or clotting factors. You may need regular transfusions of these blood products to stay healthy. • For example, if you have hemophilia, you may need a special clotting factor to replace the clotting factor you're lacking. Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally. • If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others may after an injury or accident. You also may bleed internally, especially in the joints (knees, ankles, and elbows).
  • 7. Plasma Transfusions • Plasma is the liquid part of your blood. It's mainly water, but also contains proteins, clotting factors, hormones, vitamins, cholesterol, sugar, sodium, potassium, calcium, and more.If you have been badly burned or have liver failure or a severe infection, you may need a plasma transfusion.
  • 8. Granulocyte Transfusion • Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell a body needs to fight bacterial and fungal infections. • Some patients may have serious, life-threatening infections that do not respond to appropriate antibiotics and they may have low levels of granulocytes. • This may be due to their disease or treatment for their disease. These patients may require transfusions of granulocytes for a short time period to help fight their infections. • Granulocytes are collected from donors using apheresis. As with platelets, it is best if a patient receives granulocytes from a donor of the same blood type.
  • 9. Reticuloendothelial System • The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is a heterogeneous population of phagocytic cells in systemically fixed tissues that play an important role in the clearance of particles and soluble substances in the circulation and tissues. • Substances that are cleared include immune complexes, bacteria, toxins, and exogenous antigens. • Reticuloendothelial system is a network of cells and tissues found throughout the body, especially in the blood, general connective tissue, spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. • Some of the reticuloendothelial cells found in the blood and in the general connective tissue are unusually large in size.
  • 11. Conti…. • The composition of the reticuloendothelial system includes Kupffer cells of the liver, microglia of the brain, alveolar macrophages and bone marrow lymph nodes, and macrophages in the intestine and other tissues. • Some of the cells are motile—that is, capable of spontaneous motion— and phagocytic—they can ingest and destroy unwanted foreign material. • The reticuloendothelial cells of the SPLEEN possess the ability to dispose o f disintegrated erythrocyts. They do not, however, destroy hemoglobin, w hich is liberated in the process. • The reticuloendothelial cells located in the blood cavities of the LIVER are called Kupffer cells. These cells, together with the cells of the general con nective tissue and bone marrow, are capable of transforming into bile pig ment the hemoglobin released by disintegrated erythrocytes.
  • 12. References • Gerard J. Tortora (2003). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-10th. • Anne Waugh and Alison Grant (2007) Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-12th