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Breeding methods in chick pea

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Rameesha Saleem
Rameesha Saleem

Chickpea breeding aims to develop higher yielding varieties with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeding methods include hybridization of selected parents followed by selection of progeny. Hybridization techniques can increase success rates. Segregating populations are handled using pedigree, bulk, or single seed descent selection. Mutation breeding induces genetic variation which is selected in subsequent generations. This helps develop stress resistant and high yielding varieties adapted to Pakistan.

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Breeding methods in chick pea Submitted to: Dr. Naeem Akhter Submitted by: Rameesha saleem
• Predominately self pollinated • Cross pollination up to 1% Chick pea
Breeding methods in chick pea
Breeding Objectives • Breeding for higher yield • Breeding for extended adaptation of chickpea • Breeding for resistance to biotic stress • Breeding for resistance to abiotic stress • Identification of stable form of male sterility
Breeding chick pea • Creation of genetic variation Introduction Hybridization Selection of parents Crossing techniques Handling of segregating populations Mutation • Selection within that variation • Evaluation of selected lines
Introduction Introduction is generally facilitated by the following ways: • Exchange of material with fellow plant breeders • Exploration of areas showing rich variation of the species • Obtaining generic resources from international institutes/organizations
Hybridization The objective of hybridization is to combine desirable traits from two or more parents into a single cultivar. Selection of parents When the aim is to replace the existing variety with a superior one, the existing variety with adaptation to the local environment is a logical choice as one parent. The second parent must be so chosen that it complements the first parent. If creation of variation for the desired traits is the objective, then diverse parents are selected.
Crossing Techniques • success of the artificial hybridization ranges from 10% to 50%
The success rate of artificial hybridization can be increased by: •Selection of large flower buds •Selection of lateral buds rather than the terminal ones •Avoiding mechanical injury to the floral parts at the time of emasculation and pollination •Attempting hybridization after the formation of the first pod.
• Under low temperature emasculation is done in the afternoon and pollination in the next morning. • I n case of high temperature followed by immediate pollination is recommended. • Hybridization involves:  SINGLE CROSS: used to transfer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. 26 for wilt resistance, 9 for large seed, 8 for blight resistance, 8 for wide adaptation over rain fed and sometimes irrigated conditions,6 for high yield mainly of Kabuli types and 5 for late sowing varieties have been developed by single crosses.
THREE WAY CROSSES: The progenies of three-way crosses are more variable with wide genetic base than single crosses. Varieties developed by three way crosses include BGD72([BG256 × E100Y] × BG256) and C214([G24 × IP58] × G24). MULTIPLE CROSSES: The cultivars developed from multiple crosses are expected to have wider adaptation for a range of environments. Varieties developed by multiple crosses include ICCV2([K850 × GW5/6 × P48] ×[L550 × Guamchil 2]) and SG2 ([E100Y × P436] × [L550 × F378]).
Handling of segregating populations Selection methods used involve: • Pedigree method: for selection for resistance to biotic stresses. • Bulk method: used for the development of high yielding and short duration varieties. • Single seed descent method: for selection of traits such as drought tolerance and winter hardiness.
• Marker assisted selection: marker assisted selection has been effectively used for selection of ascocyta blight and fussarium wilt resistance, using RAPD and SSR markers. • Modified bulk method: for selection of traits such as abiotic stresses, seed size, earliness and plant type.
Mutation breeding Following considerations should be taken into account for mutation-breeding programs: • Most mutation are recessive so selection is made in M2 and for polygenic traits selection is done in M3. • Beneficial mutations occur at very low frequencies. • Mutations are randomly induced. • Mutations are recurrent. • Mutations have mostly plieotropic effects.
Both radiation and chemical mutagens are used for the purpose. •Ionizing radiation Particulate radiation: alpha rays, beta rays, fast and thermal neutrons  Non-particulate radiation: x-rays,and gamma rays •Non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet (UV) radiation
•Alkylating agents: sulphur and nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS),methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) etc. • Acridine dyes: acriflavine, proflavine, Acridine orange, Acridine yellow, ethidium bromide •Base analogues: 5- bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil •Others: nitrous acid, hydroxyl amine, sodium azide
Following are a few varieties developed in Pakistan using mutation breeding: CM-72: a high yielding and blight resistant variety (derivative 6153 at 150Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1983 for general cultivation. CM-1918: an Ascochyta blight resistant and high yielding mutant line (derivative of 6153 at 150 Gy dose of gamma rays) developed at NIAB was approved for general cultivation in NWFP as NIFA-88 in 1991.
CM-88: tolerant to both blight and wilt diseases varieties (derivative of c727 at 100 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 1994. CM-98: a bold seeded, high yielding and disease resistant variety (derivative of k850 at 300 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1998. CM-2000: a Kabuli type (beige color seed) variety (derivative of ILC 195 at 150 Gy of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 2000.
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Breeding methods in chick pea

  • 1. Breeding methods in chick pea Submitted to: Dr. Naeem Akhter Submitted by: Rameesha saleem
  • 2. • Predominately self pollinated • Cross pollination up to 1% Chick pea
  • 4. Breeding Objectives • Breeding for higher yield • Breeding for extended adaptation of chickpea • Breeding for resistance to biotic stress • Breeding for resistance to abiotic stress • Identification of stable form of male sterility
  • 5. Breeding chick pea • Creation of genetic variation Introduction Hybridization Selection of parents Crossing techniques Handling of segregating populations Mutation • Selection within that variation • Evaluation of selected lines
  • 6. Introduction Introduction is generally facilitated by the following ways: • Exchange of material with fellow plant breeders • Exploration of areas showing rich variation of the species • Obtaining generic resources from international institutes/organizations
  • 7. Hybridization The objective of hybridization is to combine desirable traits from two or more parents into a single cultivar. Selection of parents When the aim is to replace the existing variety with a superior one, the existing variety with adaptation to the local environment is a logical choice as one parent. The second parent must be so chosen that it complements the first parent. If creation of variation for the desired traits is the objective, then diverse parents are selected.
  • 8. Crossing Techniques • success of the artificial hybridization ranges from 10% to 50%
  • 9. The success rate of artificial hybridization can be increased by: •Selection of large flower buds •Selection of lateral buds rather than the terminal ones •Avoiding mechanical injury to the floral parts at the time of emasculation and pollination •Attempting hybridization after the formation of the first pod.
  • 10. • Under low temperature emasculation is done in the afternoon and pollination in the next morning. • I n case of high temperature followed by immediate pollination is recommended. • Hybridization involves:  SINGLE CROSS: used to transfer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. 26 for wilt resistance, 9 for large seed, 8 for blight resistance, 8 for wide adaptation over rain fed and sometimes irrigated conditions,6 for high yield mainly of Kabuli types and 5 for late sowing varieties have been developed by single crosses.
  • 11. THREE WAY CROSSES: The progenies of three-way crosses are more variable with wide genetic base than single crosses. Varieties developed by three way crosses include BGD72([BG256 × E100Y] × BG256) and C214([G24 × IP58] × G24). MULTIPLE CROSSES: The cultivars developed from multiple crosses are expected to have wider adaptation for a range of environments. Varieties developed by multiple crosses include ICCV2([K850 × GW5/6 × P48] ×[L550 × Guamchil 2]) and SG2 ([E100Y × P436] × [L550 × F378]).
  • 12. Handling of segregating populations Selection methods used involve: • Pedigree method: for selection for resistance to biotic stresses. • Bulk method: used for the development of high yielding and short duration varieties. • Single seed descent method: for selection of traits such as drought tolerance and winter hardiness.
  • 13. • Marker assisted selection: marker assisted selection has been effectively used for selection of ascocyta blight and fussarium wilt resistance, using RAPD and SSR markers. • Modified bulk method: for selection of traits such as abiotic stresses, seed size, earliness and plant type.
  • 14. Mutation breeding Following considerations should be taken into account for mutation-breeding programs: • Most mutation are recessive so selection is made in M2 and for polygenic traits selection is done in M3. • Beneficial mutations occur at very low frequencies. • Mutations are randomly induced. • Mutations are recurrent. • Mutations have mostly plieotropic effects.
  • 15. Both radiation and chemical mutagens are used for the purpose. •Ionizing radiation Particulate radiation: alpha rays, beta rays, fast and thermal neutrons  Non-particulate radiation: x-rays,and gamma rays •Non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet (UV) radiation
  • 16. •Alkylating agents: sulphur and nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS),methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) etc. • Acridine dyes: acriflavine, proflavine, Acridine orange, Acridine yellow, ethidium bromide •Base analogues: 5- bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil •Others: nitrous acid, hydroxyl amine, sodium azide
  • 17. Following are a few varieties developed in Pakistan using mutation breeding: CM-72: a high yielding and blight resistant variety (derivative 6153 at 150Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1983 for general cultivation. CM-1918: an Ascochyta blight resistant and high yielding mutant line (derivative of 6153 at 150 Gy dose of gamma rays) developed at NIAB was approved for general cultivation in NWFP as NIFA-88 in 1991.
  • 18. CM-88: tolerant to both blight and wilt diseases varieties (derivative of c727 at 100 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 1994. CM-98: a bold seeded, high yielding and disease resistant variety (derivative of k850 at 300 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1998. CM-2000: a Kabuli type (beige color seed) variety (derivative of ILC 195 at 150 Gy of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 2000.