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Bronchial tree

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Medical Students
Medical Students

The document describes the structure of the bronchial tree. It begins with the trachea, which divides into the two primary bronchi that enter each lung. The primary bronchi further divide within the lungs to form lobar, lobular and terminal bronchioles. Each terminal bronchiole branches 5-7 times to form pulmonary lobules. The document also describes the histological structure of bronchi and bronchioles, noting the presence or absence of cartilage, glands, goblet cells and other features.

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By Mustafa Jamal
• Trachea • Primary Bronchi • Lobar bronchi • Lobular bronchi • Bronchioles • Terminal bronchioles(5-7 per one bronchiole)
The trachea divides into two primary bronchi that enter the lungs at the hilum. At each hilum, arteries enter and veins and lymphatic vessels leave. These structures are surrounded by dense connective tissue and form a unit called the pulmonary root.
Bronchial tree
After entering the lungs, the primary bronchi course downward and outward, giving rise to three bronchi in the right lung and two in the left lung each of which supplies a pulmonary lobe. These lobar bronchi divide repeatedly, giving rise to smaller bronchi, whose terminal branches are called bronchioles. Each bronchiole enters a pulmonary lobule, where it branches to form five to seven terminal bronchioles.
Bronchial tree
The pulmonary lobules are pyramid shaped, with the apex directed toward the pulmonary hilum. Each lobule is delineated by a thin connective tissue septum, best seen in the fetus. In adults, these septa are frequently incomplete, resulting in a poor delineation of the lobules.
Structure of a bronchus. Smooth muscle is present in the entire bronchiolar tree, including the respiratory bronchiole. Contraction of this muscle induces folding of the mucosa. The elastic fibers in the bronchus continue into the bronchiole. The lower portion of the drawing represents a region with its connective tissue removed to show the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
Section of a bronchus wall showing the respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. The connective tissue of the lamina propria contains serous glands and smooth muscle (SM) In the lower half of the photomicrograph is a large piece of hyaline cartilage.
Bronchial tree
Bronchioles Bronchioles, intralobular airways with diameters of 5 mm or less, have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucosa; there are only scattered goblet cells within the epithelium of the initial segments. In the larger bronchioles, the epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified columnar, which decreases in height and complexity to become ciliated simple columnar in the smaller terminal bronchioles. The epithelium of terminal bronchioles also contains Clara cells
Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree

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Bronchial tree

  • 2. • Trachea • Primary Bronchi • Lobar bronchi • Lobular bronchi • Bronchioles • Terminal bronchioles(5-7 per one bronchiole)
  • 3. The trachea divides into two primary bronchi that enter the lungs at the hilum. At each hilum, arteries enter and veins and lymphatic vessels leave. These structures are surrounded by dense connective tissue and form a unit called the pulmonary root.
  • 5. After entering the lungs, the primary bronchi course downward and outward, giving rise to three bronchi in the right lung and two in the left lung each of which supplies a pulmonary lobe. These lobar bronchi divide repeatedly, giving rise to smaller bronchi, whose terminal branches are called bronchioles. Each bronchiole enters a pulmonary lobule, where it branches to form five to seven terminal bronchioles.
  • 7. The pulmonary lobules are pyramid shaped, with the apex directed toward the pulmonary hilum. Each lobule is delineated by a thin connective tissue septum, best seen in the fetus. In adults, these septa are frequently incomplete, resulting in a poor delineation of the lobules.
  • 8. Structure of a bronchus. Smooth muscle is present in the entire bronchiolar tree, including the respiratory bronchiole. Contraction of this muscle induces folding of the mucosa. The elastic fibers in the bronchus continue into the bronchiole. The lower portion of the drawing represents a region with its connective tissue removed to show the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
  • 9. Section of a bronchus wall showing the respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. The connective tissue of the lamina propria contains serous glands and smooth muscle (SM) In the lower half of the photomicrograph is a large piece of hyaline cartilage.
  • 11. Bronchioles Bronchioles, intralobular airways with diameters of 5 mm or less, have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucosa; there are only scattered goblet cells within the epithelium of the initial segments. In the larger bronchioles, the epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified columnar, which decreases in height and complexity to become ciliated simple columnar in the smaller terminal bronchioles. The epithelium of terminal bronchioles also contains Clara cells