Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Building Construction Report

•
•
Sheau Hui Tan
Sheau Hui Tan

The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.

1 of 57
Download to read offline
Building Construction Report
INTRODUCTIO SITE & SAFETY K ION CTURE DOWS ROOF INTRODUCTION SITE AND SAFETY EXTERNAL WORK FOUNDATION SUPERSTRUCTURE DOORS AND WINDOWS ROOF CONTENTS 1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION 2.1 SITE SAFETY 2.2 PLANTS MACHINERIES 3.1 SETTING OUT 3.2 EARTH WORK 3.3 SITE ACCOMODATION 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE) 5.1 BEAM AND COULMN 5.2 SLAB 5.3 WALL 5.4 STAIRCASE 6.1 DOORS 6.2 WINDOWS 7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE) 7.2 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (REFERENCE) 1 2-6 7-13 14-19 20-31 32-37 38-44
1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION 1 JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 DESA MAS, BANGI, SUNGAI MERAB ARCHITECT: ARKITEK HABITAS PROJECT : 41 UNITS DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSES AND 22 UNITS 3 STOREYS TERRACE HOUSES , LOT 3675, TANAH SIMPANAN MELAYU, KG, SG. MERAB, MUKIM DENGKIL, DAERAH SEPANG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN TYPE :2 & 3 STOREY LINKED TERRACE HOUSE BUILD UP AREA : 8886 sq.ft Ground floor 1st floor Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor Type A land area 1400sq. Ft. Type C land area 1500sq. Ft. Desa Mas Access: Easy access to Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Bandar Seri Putra Bukit Mahkota, Nilai, Salak Tinggi, Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Cheras, Puchong, Kuala Lumpur & Shah Alam.
2. SITE AND SAFETY BY: JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Safety helmets To prevent any major head injuries from fallen objects Reflective clothing It has high reflective properties and easily discernible in any background Protective gloves To provide protection for the hand during exposure to potential hazards such as sharp objects, abrasive surfaces and chemical contact Safety boots To provide protection from potential foot injuries such as sharp objects, electrical hazards and chemical spills 1. Safety Clothing 2. Safety Signboards Workers are required to wear appropriately in construction site to be protected from hazards during construction activities. Below are some of the mandatory guidelines. Signboards indicating site safety requirements are located at the entrance of construction site to ensure workers and visitors are aware of the risk and hazards. Ladder Usage instruction Crane Safety instruction Site safety guidelines 3
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Organisation board Required by the Majlis. States important information about the project and people in charge Open Storage Materials are placed around the site according to its type and function. Scaffolding Temporary structure to support people and material in construction. It is a modular system of metal pipes or tubes. Generators Electric generators are placed throughout the site 4
2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Compactor Used to flatten or reduce the size of soil through compaction. Levelling instrument Used to measure and set ground levels. The tool works by using a bench mark or with an arbitrary point with known height to measure ground level. Tilting drum mixer Consist of a rotating drum. It is used to produce concrete with out segregation of the mix. Excavator A heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform. It is used for digging pits, lifting. Grading work, excavating and loading onto dump trucks. Crane Generally used for lifting heavy objects and erect steel columns. 5
JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Concrete vibrator -used on concrete pouring sites -ensure that pour is even and free of air bubbles -essential on large load bearing projects Paver -lay asphalt on road, bridges, parking lots -provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller -a material transfer unit allows for constant material feed to the paver without contact, providing a better even surface Air compressor -needs to be robust, strong and reliable -used in dusty environments -oil injected -powered by diesel engines 2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES Drill hammers -excel at ploughing through concrete and other masonry -to install electrical boxes and other features to brick and block walls -contain a hammer-like mechanism, that rapidly pulses forward while the drill bit is rotating Dump truck -used for carrying bulky materials -4 wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver -payloads up to 10 tonnes -multi-cylinder diesel engines Tamping rammer -strong impact force -multipurpose use with flexibility -used for confined area, trench work, backfill and repairing work on asphalt -suitable for compacting the roadbed with lower water content 6
3. EXTERNAL WORK BY: TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235
TANSHEAUHUI0319235 Identify work zones and construction phases by analyzing proposed cut/fill work, location of proposed structures, site conditions, and site resources. Identify and flag off areas to be protected, such as buffer zones near creeks or sinkholes, drainage features, vegetated filter strips, mature trees, and so on. Install construction entrance/exit and designate vehicle parking areas Install up gradient diversion swales or berms. Size and install sediment barriers (e.g., silt fences), sediment traps, sediment basins, and outlet protection. Install inlet protection dams, dikes, filters, screens, and such. Construct drainage / runoff conveyance system; stabilize ditches and culvert outlets Begin clearing, grubbing, and grading Stabilize bare areas after final grade is reached. Construct roads, buildings, parking lots and install utilities. Maintenance Construction timetable Silt fence/ Hoarding Site office Entrance/exit and parking lots Exterior drainage system 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3.1.1 PHASE SCHEDULE 8
A clear deed to the land should be established. Each site has its own history and its own procedure for establishing absolute ownership before starting the construction project. A plot plan is drawn by the surveyors to locate the property on a lot. Sidewalks, utilities easements and other things are taken into consideration. Utilities easements include the right to use the space to furnish electric power, phone service and gas. All available evidence (monuments, fences, roadways) that pertain to the subject property are found and measurements made. Driveways, waterbodies and wells are located too. Existing roadway House lot locations are plotted Plan should be certified by registered professional land surveyor North point is indicated Road accesses in site with directions indicated. Some of them are reserved for construction work purpose. Buildings location and boundaries Site work is defined after boundaries are surveyed, set and certified. 1 2 3 4 5 6 TANSHEAUHUI0319235 3.1.2 BOUNDARYAND LOT SURVEYING 9
TANSHEAUHUI0319235 There are two basic ways to clear the woody vegetation from a site: 1. Vegetation Removal 1. Fell whole trees with roots. 2. Cut trees and then remove stumps. Preliminary Work 1. Remove shrubs and undergrowth. 2. Tree ready to be cut. 2. Surface Soil Removal 1. Surface soil has the highest concentration of roots and decaying organic materials. This soil is unstable as a construction material and cannot be used for the foundations of any dike or structure. 2. Stake out site as a guide for soil surface removal. 3. Excavate to the desired depth and transport the surface soil away from the construction site. 4. Loosen the soil using a tractor. 3.2 EARTH WORK Operations that remove vegetation—such as clearing and grubbing—and reshape the Surface of the land through excavation or placement of fill material. Remove the surface soil Shank Surface soil Shrubs Tree to be cut 10
TANSHEAUHUI0319235 3. Cut and Fill 1. The topography map describes the existing slopes of the land, and allows us to draw site elevations in our section cuts. 2. Section at 0ft is drawn out of the plan to estimate the area to be cut and filled in the site 5. On the other side, the land that must be removed from the site is marked to be cut and fill up the holes of the cut part. 3. Elevation drawing out of the section 4. In the elevation, the land that must be added to the site is marked to achieve the desired land topography. 6. The desired land topography would be achieved after the cut and fill process. Construction work could be started. Terrace houses built on ground with existing slopes are necessary to go though the process of cut and fill before the construction work starts. This is to ensure the land level and elevation are in desired condition. During site preparation, existing slopes are measured and levelled using the cut and fill technique. “Cut” is to remove the excess land while “fill” is to fill the holes of the land. Tractor, a machinery used for the cut and fill process. cut line of slope new retaining wall new flat surface new retaining wall fill 3.2 EARTH WORK 11
3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION TANSHEAUHUI0319235 Hoarding A temporary structure of solid construction, erected around the perimeter of construction sites to shield them from view and prevent unauthorized access. Information Site Board A signboard with information regarding site construction details including project title, construction type, construction company etc. 1. Temporary Facilities Access and Exit A steel plate structure acts as the doorway at the entrance of site. Colour differs from hoarding to be easily noticed. Material Storage An open storage area for heavy materials that are resistant to outdoor condition and weather. Waste Deposit A huge waste bin to collect garbage produced on site before carried to be disposed. Scaffolding A temporary structure on the outside of a building, made of wooden planks and metal poles, used by workers while building. 12
Temporary Dormitory A temporary structure with basic house facilities for workers to be fully rested. Temporary Office A temporary structure for office usage and also serves as supervisor’s shelter and to locate construction drawings. Security House A small structure for security and safety guards for patrolling purpose and to prevent unauthorized visitors. Portable Power Generator A steady power supply that allows contractors to continue working without disruption and meet deadlines. 3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION 2. Temporary Services Water Supply System A temporary water system for builders and workers to clean equipment during construction period. Transportation Trucks are provided for transportation including materials, machinery and occasionally workers. to and from the site in daily usage. 13 TANSHEAUHUI0319235
4. FOUNDATION BY: CHAN JIA XIN 0319565 PABLO IDRIS BIN BADRUL ILAHAN 0321895
Column Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Rocks End bearing Load Foundation from the site Deep Foundation Used to transfer the structural loads to a deeper soil strata and when the soils are subjected to scour. Pile Foundation Precast Concrete Pile • Used in area of soft and undisturbed soil • Formed, cast to specified length and shape and cured before they are driven into the ground Column Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Column Column Pile Cap Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Precast Concrete Pile Ground level Soft soil provides a little or no support Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located underneath the ground, it is used to support a building or structure and transmits loads directly to the underlying soil or rock. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which loads are transmitted. 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 15 CHANJIAXIN0319565
Pile foundation is a type of a deep foundation, where the spread foundation is also used but where the hard strata is laying deep beneath pile foundation is used. Lower Density Medium Density High Density Weight and number of structure determines the number of piles, the heavier structure need more piles to support. Leader pole used to guide the hammer and pile into position Crane Soft compressible soil Precast pile Winch Hammer Suitable for • High rise construction, commercial and industrial applications. • Steeper grounds • Corrosive soil Advantages • High load capacities • High corrosion resistance Disadvantages • Salt water may also adversely react with the concrete • Difficult to handle unless prestressed • High initial cost Pile head 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 16 CHANJIAXIN0319565
Precast Concrete Pile Reinforced concrete pile cap Ground beam Cluster of piles Cage reinforcement ties the piles to the pile cap and ground beam Concrete Pile Cap Arrangement Reinforced concrete pile cap arrangement with four piles Starter bars protrude from the pile reinforcement cage into the pile cap Triple pile cap arrangement Chilled cast iron shoe Double pile cap arrangement Mild steel straps cast into cast iron shoe Cover of concrete Reinforcement Pressed steel forks Lifting hole Links Helical binding in head Straps cast into shoe Cast iron shoe Section of precast reinforced concrete pile 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 17 CHANJIAXIN0319565
1. Drive This is the beginning part of the pile, located until the maximum driven pile point. 2. Weld This is where there is a conjunction between each pile of extension 3. Apply Bitumen is applied in between the joint as a water proof coat to prevent from rust 4. Drive The extension pile is inserted until the maximum bump 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 5. Cut Step where the excessive extension pile is removed using a pile cutter machine. 6. Excavate The surrounding soil of the pile cluster is excavated by approximately 350mm depth. 7. Pour Pour adhesive and repellent material to the cement pots for endurance and stabilization. 8. Cast The pile cap is brought in situ for endurance. 9. Load Test The load test is carried out by loading the structure for a period. The pile has to stand still. PABLOIDRISBINBADRULILAHAN0321895 18
19 Foundation On Site 4.1 FOUNDATION (ON SITE)
5. SUPERSTRUCTURE BY: LAI YIK XIN 0323388 SAW HWEI YING 0318093
Ground beam is constructed after column stump. A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists and so on which located at or near ground level. It is either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers. 1. After the process of the construction of column base, the concrete beams are built. 2. After constructing the foundation, column stumps and the ground beam fill up the excavated area with earth. 3. Reinforcing steel bars are tied by ties. Formwork is erected to the sides and ready for concrete pouring. 4. Vibrator is used to vibrate the concrete so that it is well bonded with steel. 5. The form are removed after seven days when the concrete is harden . 6. The ground beams are done. SAWHWEIYING0318093 Ground Beam Construction Process 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 21
Column is the vertical support which transfers the load to the building foundation. Columns support beams which in turn support walls and slabs. Reinforced concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column Construction Process 1. The column steel bars are tied to the foundation rebar. 2. The vertical steel bars are tied by ties according to the design. 4. Wooden formwork is set up around the vertical bars and ready for concrete pouring. 6. After seven to ten days, the formwork is removed. Accelerator is added to quicken the curing process. 3. Before erecting formwork, the concrete kicker is accurately cast onto the concrete floor. 5. The concrete is vibrated using vibrator so that it is well bonded with steels. Column formwork at the site. Column done at the site. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 22 SAWHWEIYING0318093
Beam is the horizontal member of a structure which carries transverse load. It carries the floor slab or the roof slab. Beam transfers the load from slab to the columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam Construction 1. Scaffoldings are erected for beams and slab shutter support. 2. The columns are braced and provided shutter for the remaining column height up to beam level 3. Formwork is set up. Cover blocks are provided for slabs and beams. 4. Beam reinforcements are fixed and anchored into the column. *Corner intersection of beams and columns should not be congested to ensure aggregates may pass through during concrete pouring. 5. Concrete is poured throughout the slab and beam using mobile crane. 6. After curing process of 28 days, the formwork will be removed. Scaffoldings are used to support beams and slab shutter. First floor beam formwork. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 23 SAWHWEIYING0318093
2. The length of the column reinforcement is extended by adding vertical bars. 1. Extra column reinforcement is for first floor column construction. First Floor Column Construction Process 3. Formwork is erected around the vertical steel bars. 4. Concrete is poured into the wooden framework. 5. The concrete is vibrated to increase its strength. Over vibration should be avoided as it will weaken the mix. 6. Accelerators are added to shorten curing process of seven to ten days. When the concrete is harden, formwork can be removed. *The thickness of the column steel bars may be thinner as it grows higher. Extra steel bars used to construct first floor column. First floor column done. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 24 SAWHWEIYING0318093
Ground Floor Slab 1. Prepare the site • Solid, well drained soil-concrete slab will last longer with less cracking • Sandy soil: scrape off the sod & topsoil and gravel fill if needed. • Clay or loam soil: remove the soil to allow a 6-8inch layer of compacted gravel under the new concrete 2. Assemble and erect formwork 3. Place damp proof membrane and reinforcement Damp proof membrane: prevents any moisture being able to rise up through the concrete slab BRC wire mesh: Increase tensile strength of slab to prevent cracks occur. 4. Pour and vibrate concrete 5. Strike and remove formwork after 10-14 days 6. Ground floor slab is finished BRC wire mesh Damp proof membrane Compacted gravel Concrete slab Ground beam Column RC bar LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.2 SLAB (GROUND FLOOR) Slab Installation 25
Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contact with the earth. They are commonly used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-constructed walls to form a ground floor. Plywood floor joist Second floor slab First floor slab Ground floor slab • The diameter of the BRC wire mesh increases when the floor level going up. • The increase of diameter of wire mesh is to increase the tensile strength (prevent cracks occur) of the slab as the first and second suspended floor slabs do not have the support of ground. Square BRC mesh 200mm x 200mm Plywood subflooring Suspended plywood formwork LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.2 SLAB (FIRST & SECOND FLOOR) 26
Type of Brick Bonding LAIYIKXIN0323388 Cement sand brick 1. Flemish Bond • Double layer brick wall • For partition wall and fire resistance • Made of piled up modular blocks, usually made of clay, stone or concrete. • They are various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they create different patterns. • Usually they are hold together with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and water. Brick Walls 2. Running Bond • Single layer brick wall • For room 75mm Exmet is placed at every 4th course of brickwork. Provide damp proof membrane on all ground floor brickwork RC bar is fixed on every 4th course of brickwork. column Fibre mesh for brickwork and column joint area Cement mortar 5.3 WALL Masonry Walls 27
1. Line are drawn as shown in the architectural drawings using ink to ensure the position and straight alignment of the brickwork. LAIYIKXIN0323388 Construction of Cement Brick Walls 2. Damp proof membrane is placed on the ground before constructing brick wall. 3.Place the bricks and keep the height of all bricks same by using spirit level. 4.Hook a line at both end to ensure the straight alignment of every bricks level. 5.Lay mortar down to connect the bricks. Push down slightly, then use your level to check that the brick even with the ground. Scrape any excess mortar down the line for the next bricks 5.3 WALL 28
8. Plaster & skim coating • Apply the plaster in a smooth layer over the brick wall. The plaster will need to dry before you can apply a second coating. Make the second coating thinner than the first coating. Once the second layer of plaster has dried, you should add a finish and water trowel. • Smooth over rough or damaged walls with a skim coat of mud, applied with a special squeegee knife. Plump line is on a weight to ensure the verticality of brickwork. 6.Continue with the next level when the first row is done. 7. Repeat the same action until the brick wall is done. LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.3 WALL Construction of Cement Brick Walls 29
A stair is a means of providing access from one floor level to another. A concrete stair requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions. Concrete Staircase Construction Process 1. Protruding steel bars (starter bar) from the slab and column are to construct the staircase. 2. The starter bars are bent at the proper angle before the staircase formwork (planking) is set up. 3. The lower rebars are wired to their proper position with the distribution bar. 4. The stringers and risers are placed. 5. Concrete can be poured into the formwork. Float is used to smooth out the concrete. 6. After the concrete is harden, the formwork can be removed. Staircase is done. Protruded steel bars 5.4 STAIRCASE 30 SAWHWEIYING0318093
Winder Stair Winder stair is used in the visited site. It is a variation of an L shaped stair but instead of having a flat landing, it has pie shaped or triangular steps at the corner transition. It requires less space than many other types of stairs. Handrail The handrail is mounted at the side of the staircase to provide more space to the people when they are using the staircase. 5.4 STAIRCASE 31 SAWHWEIYING0318093
6. DOORS AND WINDOWS BY: LEONG YU SHI 0322586
LEONGYUSHI0322586 Different types of doors are found on our site. The most common doors found are hinged door and sliding door. Hinged Door (Wood) • suitable for entry, rare entry, interior and wardrobe doors • easy to install as comes in different sizes as it can be fitted in corners • doors are affixed to a door jamb with 2 hinges • more hinges are needed to support taller and heavier doors Sliding Door (Aluminum) • suitable for exterior and interior • doorway is created within a small space • only 50% of the doorway is accessible • Door slide using the track on the floor Exterior Door Interior Door Door Terminology Hinge is a type of bearing that connects 2 solid objects. Door Knob Door Frame Casing Panel Threshold Jamb Hinge Hinge Stile PinKnuckle Flap Lock Box 6.1 DOORS 33
LEONGYUSHI0322586 1. Door frame is delivered to the construction site. The location of the door is identified by using the drawings and a plump is used to check the alignment of the door frame. Plywood is used as the support of the door frame. 2. After the position of the door is confirmed, brickwork is proceeded. Plywood is still connected to the door frame as a support. 3. 2 or 3 notches per jamb will be found at the door frame as the brick can cast into the door frame. This is to stabilize the door frame and make sure the position and alignment of the door frame is accurate. 4. A lintel is cast on top of the door frame at 150mm as it helps to support the weight of the bricks. 5. When brickworks have finished, screeding is being carried out to smoothen the surface and fill in the gap between threshold and slab. This process is done by pouring cement with water and aggregate and wait until it’s dry and hard. 6. The door frame is ready for door installation. Hardware is installed onto the door frame such as hinges, locksets, door panel and closers. The finishing is spray paint . Door Installation 6.1 DOORS 34
6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 Window’s Basic Structure Window’s height on Site Window’s Lock Casement Window Safety Structure Swing outward Side hinged Sashes are arranged side by side Allows maximum light penetration Allows maximum ventilation Different types of windows are found on our site. The most common window found is casement window. Casement Window (Aluminum) • operating sashes are side hinged • swing outwards • close on vertical mullion • allows ventilation • window hood breaks the rain and prevents rain from sipping into the house. Head Friction Break Sash Espagnolette Glass Sash Rebate Rebate Edge Side Bolts Frame Rebate Sill Jamb Closing Side Hinged Side Hinge Casement Frame Cylinder Lock Zinc Alloy Casement Fastener Plastic keep Screw to Frame Open to Limit of Stay Safety Stay Open Fully 35
6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 Window Installation 2. Sub-frame is positioned using aluminum shin plate 3. A plump is used to ensure the verticality of sub-frame. 1. The exact dimension and position of windows is determined. Brickwork is used to shape out the window. 4. Sub-frame is fixed and installed after the position of window is confirmed to ensure the window is square, keep away from stretching of brick and fasten the fixing process of window. 5. Bolt head and joints are sealed using sealant for effective water lightness. Sealant is applied if the gap is between 7mm - 10mm Main Frame Joint Bolt Head 36
6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 1. Protection tape is applied and remained after sealing process. It is removed during the installation of main frame. 2. Sub-frame is cleaned when major construction has finished. It is prepared for installation of main frame. The measurement of the main frame is double confirmed. 3. After cleaning works, main frame is installed. This also involves sealing, grouting and waterproofing process. 4. Window glazing is installed after main frame is installed in sub- frame. 5. After fixing the accessories of window, including handles, locking devices, etc., the window installation is completed. The finishing is spray paint. Protective Tape Cleaning Equipment Sub-Frame Measuring Tape Dust and Debris Window Installation 37
7. ROOF BY: TAN WEI ZHEN 0318560
7.0 ROOF TANWEIZHEN0318560 Flat roof Shed roof Gable roof Hip roof Examples of roof Roofs can be constructed as warm roofs or cold roofs depending on the requirement of the owner and architect as they relate to the building regulations regarding heat loss and insulation. Put simply a warm flat roof has insulation of some kind packed into every available void and a cold flat roof allows air to circulate between the joists. This air is vented at either end of the roof to allow a continuous air flow. The design of the roof, either warm or cold, must be precise. If a warm roof is not fully packed with insulation, yet a constant air flow is not a achieved, condensation will form in any unvented void. Condensation forms as warm air (in insulated voids) hits cooler surfaces (underside of roof decking) and can rot the roof from the inside out. 39
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) TANWEIZHEN0318560 Characteristics A roof that may be constructed as flat. Mainly used timber, metal or concrete material as platform which usually horizontally or inclined at up to 5°to the horizontal. Pros The initial cost of installing a flat roof is low because the surface area of a flat roof is less than the surface area of a sloped roof. Flat roofs are frequently used in arid climates. Flat roofs are easier to climb onto and inspect than sloped roofs because they offer more stability and have a horizontal surface. Cons Flat roofs typically don’t last as long as sloped roofs since they are more vulnerable to harsh weather. Flat roofs need to be recoated and resealed every few years to maintain their integrity and prevent leaks. Roof Covering Types of Flat Roof Structure Insulation Vapour Control Layer Timber Sub Deck Joists Ceiling 7’ 2’ 4’’ slope in roof Warm Roof Waterproof Root Covering Insulation Profiled Steel Roof Deck The basic construction of a flat roof is made up of roofing timbers, or joists as they are more commonly known or steels that are laid across two uprights. The joists are then either laid on top of the steels or cut into them. These joists are spaced at a specified distance apart, usually 400mm depending on the width or span they are covering and the surface that is to be applied. Flat Roof 40
TANWEIZHEN0318560 Exterior of Roof Interior Structure of Roof Roof Structure Details Layering of Roof Metal Cap Coping Wedge Sometimes town planners will not allow the height required for a pitched roof. This is because it may obscure a neighbours view or light. Sometimes a pitched roof is not appropriate for an extension because it would mean obscuring light to the home owners own windows. Usually however, a flat roof is used when an extension butts up to an existing building. Rigid Insulation Air Barried Membrane Metal Lath Gypsum Board with semi- permeable paint Sealant CarpetCarpet PadMass-loaded Vinyl Dimple Subfloor Existing Floor-ceiling Structure Joists Bottom Resilient Metal Channels Cut Wool Fibers Closed Cell Foam Gypsum Ceiling Board 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 41
TANWEIZHEN0318560 Construction Details Interior Structure of Flat Roof Soundproof Layering Wall Attachment Detail Truss Connection Bearing Point Truss Support Bottom Chord Panel Point Top Chord Web Truss Plate 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 42
TANWEIZHEN0318560 Construction Process Wall Installation External Metal Sheet Mineral Wool Insulation Rail Bracket Thermal Break Pad Purlin Metal Shoe Anchor Concrete Footing Cleat Copper Counterflashing Lap Seam Upper Copper Copper Flashing Strip Copper Edge Strip Inner Liner Panel 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 43
TANWEIZHEN0318560 Exterior view Interior view Structure The roof slopes around a triangular extension of the end wall. This piece of wall is the gable. Commonly used to form extensions in Victorian times and is still used in a similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a wall and the rafter feet are nailed to a wall plate, which distributes the load evenly across the supporting wall. Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with gable end trusses at both ends and common trusses sits at the end walls and carry roof load directly into the wall below it. 7.0 ROOF (FROM REFERENCE) Gable Roof Wall Plate Ridge Post Wall Post Corner Post Spandrel Rafter Diagonal Brace Upper Ridge Pole Vidge Roof Sheeting Under Purlin Collar Tie Hanging Beam Internal Wall Construction Detail 44
SUMMARY 45 Throughout this project, we learnt about the basic principles and procedures of construction process through experiential learning during construction site visits other than book references and online references. We were exposed to different types of construction technology including the old and advanced methods used. Besides, we are able to demonstrate our understanding and analysis of the construction processes and details through manual sketches, diagrams and photos taken from site visit. Construction detailing of buildings is one of the crucial part during the design process in architecture. Through all of the experiences and knowledge gained from this project, we believe it is a good starting for all of us to be the future contributors to the construction industry.
REFERENCES 46 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES C.R. Asfahl,industrial Safety and Health Management, 5th ed. Upper Saddie River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004 EXTERNAL WORK Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley. Miller, R., & Miller, M. (2005). Preparing the Site. In Miller's Guide to Foundations & Sitework (p. 212). New York: McGraw-Hill. Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. (2006). Introduction. In Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings (p. 625). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Preparation Of The Construction Site. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/cdrom/fao_training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/x6708e05.htm Parsons, M. (2005). Site Planning - Phase I. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Parsons/MVP6690/Essay3/cutfill.html
47 FOUNDATION Emmitt, S., & A. Gorse, C. (2010). Foundation types. In Barry's advanced construction of buildings (2nd ed., pp. 101-128). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION? (2015, January 25). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://civilblog.org/2015/01/26/what-are-the-functions-of-foundation/ Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_solutions/foundations.aspx Pile Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://engineeringlectures.com/pile-foundation Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html Types of Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-classification-of-piles.html PRECAST CONCRETE PILES. (2013, January 6). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-precast-concrete-piles/7092/DRIVEN Jia Hui, L. (2005, October 1). A Study of Building Foundations in Malaysia. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from https://eprints.usq.edu.au/635/1/Leow_Jia_Hui-2005.pdf Excavation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/excavation.html Precast Concrete Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/ CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm REFERENCES
48 SUPERSTRUCTURE Slab Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all Functions of Slab and Design of Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.aboutcivil.org/slab-definition-functions-design.html Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://civilengineersforum.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-two-way-slab/ (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.goldenbay.co.nz/media/1821/ccanz_residential_concrete_slab-on-ground_floors.pdf Wall Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis Walls. (2012, May 4). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from https://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/walls/ Suspended slab subfloor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.build.com.au/suspended-slab-subfloor Plastering over Brick. (2006, August 30). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.onlinetips.org/plastering-over-brick/ REFERENCES
49 SUPERSTRUCTURE Beam Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Francis, C. D. K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. Blackwell. Chundley, R. (1999). Construction Technology. London. Longman. WordPress. (2011). Foundation Ground Beam. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://6dprojects.wordpress.com/2011/08/21/foundations-ground-beam/ Liza. (2015). Step to Construct the Bulding. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803107/STEP-TO-CONSTRUCT-THE-BUILDING#scribd Karundu, A. (2009). How to do ground beams. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://www.articlesbase.com/construction-articles/how-to-do-ground-beams-1131191.html Burke, J. (2012). 3D Animation of the construction of a Multi Story Building [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4_5M1rhFg Megadethigorot. (2012). Suspended slab and beam [Video file]. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLa-EiPBxDU&list=PLz5Dp09BKN4nw8hRb6RrobF3FsRFJAdCW&index=2%00 REFERENCES
50 Stairs Starter bars in staircases. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70%00 Brennan, E. (2012). How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmiMzlrwtQ Formwork for Concrete stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/uk/d/Jgtz006e/5.3.html Keuka Studio. (2015). Types of Stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs/ Doors And Windows Doors Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis. Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley Hinged doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.build.com.au/hinged-doors Center Hinged Doors - Neuma Doors - Manufacturer of fiberglass patio doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.neumadoors.com/products_hinged_center.html How To: Build a Door. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmwKtajnDuA (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.houzz.com/door-frame REFERENCES
Windows Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis. Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley Full Frame Window Replacement Installation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://www.andersenwindows.com/planning/diy-library/full-frame-window-replacement-installation (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/window-installation.html How House Construction Works. (2000, March 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/repair/house4.htm REFERENCES 51
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley. Domestic Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Domestic_roofs Flat Roof Construction. (2014). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/proj.../building_a_flat_roof.htm Homes, R. (2015). Pros and Cons of Flat Roof. Retrieved October 13, 2015, from http://www.rockfordhomes.net/pros-cons-flat-roof/ How to Build a Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/building_a_flat_roof.htm Introduction to Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof... Sedlbauer, K, Schunck, E, Barthel, R, lartwig M. Kunzel. (2013). Flat Roof Construction. Retrieved October 18, 2015, from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4RLVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=construction+process+of+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=r0ZpXn gKNR&sig=xLmxeLWcewegUYQT1L51l8r_8aY&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ROOFING REFERENCES 52
PHOTO GALLERY 53
PHOTO GALLERY 54
PHOTO GALLERY 55

More Related Content

Building Construction Report

  • 2. INTRODUCTIO SITE & SAFETY K ION CTURE DOWS ROOF INTRODUCTION SITE AND SAFETY EXTERNAL WORK FOUNDATION SUPERSTRUCTURE DOORS AND WINDOWS ROOF CONTENTS 1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION 2.1 SITE SAFETY 2.2 PLANTS MACHINERIES 3.1 SETTING OUT 3.2 EARTH WORK 3.3 SITE ACCOMODATION 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE) 5.1 BEAM AND COULMN 5.2 SLAB 5.3 WALL 5.4 STAIRCASE 6.1 DOORS 6.2 WINDOWS 7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE) 7.2 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (REFERENCE) 1 2-6 7-13 14-19 20-31 32-37 38-44
  • 3. 1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION 1 JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 DESA MAS, BANGI, SUNGAI MERAB ARCHITECT: ARKITEK HABITAS PROJECT : 41 UNITS DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSES AND 22 UNITS 3 STOREYS TERRACE HOUSES , LOT 3675, TANAH SIMPANAN MELAYU, KG, SG. MERAB, MUKIM DENGKIL, DAERAH SEPANG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN TYPE :2 & 3 STOREY LINKED TERRACE HOUSE BUILD UP AREA : 8886 sq.ft Ground floor 1st floor Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor Type A land area 1400sq. Ft. Type C land area 1500sq. Ft. Desa Mas Access: Easy access to Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Bandar Seri Putra Bukit Mahkota, Nilai, Salak Tinggi, Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Cheras, Puchong, Kuala Lumpur & Shah Alam.
  • 4. 2. SITE AND SAFETY BY: JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951
  • 5. 2.1 SITE AND SAFETY JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Safety helmets To prevent any major head injuries from fallen objects Reflective clothing It has high reflective properties and easily discernible in any background Protective gloves To provide protection for the hand during exposure to potential hazards such as sharp objects, abrasive surfaces and chemical contact Safety boots To provide protection from potential foot injuries such as sharp objects, electrical hazards and chemical spills 1. Safety Clothing 2. Safety Signboards Workers are required to wear appropriately in construction site to be protected from hazards during construction activities. Below are some of the mandatory guidelines. Signboards indicating site safety requirements are located at the entrance of construction site to ensure workers and visitors are aware of the risk and hazards. Ladder Usage instruction Crane Safety instruction Site safety guidelines 3
  • 6. 2.1 SITE AND SAFETY JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Organisation board Required by the Majlis. States important information about the project and people in charge Open Storage Materials are placed around the site according to its type and function. Scaffolding Temporary structure to support people and material in construction. It is a modular system of metal pipes or tubes. Generators Electric generators are placed throughout the site 4
  • 7. 2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Compactor Used to flatten or reduce the size of soil through compaction. Levelling instrument Used to measure and set ground levels. The tool works by using a bench mark or with an arbitrary point with known height to measure ground level. Tilting drum mixer Consist of a rotating drum. It is used to produce concrete with out segregation of the mix. Excavator A heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform. It is used for digging pits, lifting. Grading work, excavating and loading onto dump trucks. Crane Generally used for lifting heavy objects and erect steel columns. 5
  • 8. JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951 Concrete vibrator -used on concrete pouring sites -ensure that pour is even and free of air bubbles -essential on large load bearing projects Paver -lay asphalt on road, bridges, parking lots -provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller -a material transfer unit allows for constant material feed to the paver without contact, providing a better even surface Air compressor -needs to be robust, strong and reliable -used in dusty environments -oil injected -powered by diesel engines 2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES Drill hammers -excel at ploughing through concrete and other masonry -to install electrical boxes and other features to brick and block walls -contain a hammer-like mechanism, that rapidly pulses forward while the drill bit is rotating Dump truck -used for carrying bulky materials -4 wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver -payloads up to 10 tonnes -multi-cylinder diesel engines Tamping rammer -strong impact force -multipurpose use with flexibility -used for confined area, trench work, backfill and repairing work on asphalt -suitable for compacting the roadbed with lower water content 6
  • 9. 3. EXTERNAL WORK BY: TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235
  • 10. TANSHEAUHUI0319235 Identify work zones and construction phases by analyzing proposed cut/fill work, location of proposed structures, site conditions, and site resources. Identify and flag off areas to be protected, such as buffer zones near creeks or sinkholes, drainage features, vegetated filter strips, mature trees, and so on. Install construction entrance/exit and designate vehicle parking areas Install up gradient diversion swales or berms. Size and install sediment barriers (e.g., silt fences), sediment traps, sediment basins, and outlet protection. Install inlet protection dams, dikes, filters, screens, and such. Construct drainage / runoff conveyance system; stabilize ditches and culvert outlets Begin clearing, grubbing, and grading Stabilize bare areas after final grade is reached. Construct roads, buildings, parking lots and install utilities. Maintenance Construction timetable Silt fence/ Hoarding Site office Entrance/exit and parking lots Exterior drainage system 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3.1.1 PHASE SCHEDULE 8
  • 11. A clear deed to the land should be established. Each site has its own history and its own procedure for establishing absolute ownership before starting the construction project. A plot plan is drawn by the surveyors to locate the property on a lot. Sidewalks, utilities easements and other things are taken into consideration. Utilities easements include the right to use the space to furnish electric power, phone service and gas. All available evidence (monuments, fences, roadways) that pertain to the subject property are found and measurements made. Driveways, waterbodies and wells are located too. Existing roadway House lot locations are plotted Plan should be certified by registered professional land surveyor North point is indicated Road accesses in site with directions indicated. Some of them are reserved for construction work purpose. Buildings location and boundaries Site work is defined after boundaries are surveyed, set and certified. 1 2 3 4 5 6 TANSHEAUHUI0319235 3.1.2 BOUNDARYAND LOT SURVEYING 9
  • 12. TANSHEAUHUI0319235 There are two basic ways to clear the woody vegetation from a site: 1. Vegetation Removal 1. Fell whole trees with roots. 2. Cut trees and then remove stumps. Preliminary Work 1. Remove shrubs and undergrowth. 2. Tree ready to be cut. 2. Surface Soil Removal 1. Surface soil has the highest concentration of roots and decaying organic materials. This soil is unstable as a construction material and cannot be used for the foundations of any dike or structure. 2. Stake out site as a guide for soil surface removal. 3. Excavate to the desired depth and transport the surface soil away from the construction site. 4. Loosen the soil using a tractor. 3.2 EARTH WORK Operations that remove vegetation—such as clearing and grubbing—and reshape the Surface of the land through excavation or placement of fill material. Remove the surface soil Shank Surface soil Shrubs Tree to be cut 10
  • 13. TANSHEAUHUI0319235 3. Cut and Fill 1. The topography map describes the existing slopes of the land, and allows us to draw site elevations in our section cuts. 2. Section at 0ft is drawn out of the plan to estimate the area to be cut and filled in the site 5. On the other side, the land that must be removed from the site is marked to be cut and fill up the holes of the cut part. 3. Elevation drawing out of the section 4. In the elevation, the land that must be added to the site is marked to achieve the desired land topography. 6. The desired land topography would be achieved after the cut and fill process. Construction work could be started. Terrace houses built on ground with existing slopes are necessary to go though the process of cut and fill before the construction work starts. This is to ensure the land level and elevation are in desired condition. During site preparation, existing slopes are measured and levelled using the cut and fill technique. “Cut” is to remove the excess land while “fill” is to fill the holes of the land. Tractor, a machinery used for the cut and fill process. cut line of slope new retaining wall new flat surface new retaining wall fill 3.2 EARTH WORK 11
  • 14. 3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION TANSHEAUHUI0319235 Hoarding A temporary structure of solid construction, erected around the perimeter of construction sites to shield them from view and prevent unauthorized access. Information Site Board A signboard with information regarding site construction details including project title, construction type, construction company etc. 1. Temporary Facilities Access and Exit A steel plate structure acts as the doorway at the entrance of site. Colour differs from hoarding to be easily noticed. Material Storage An open storage area for heavy materials that are resistant to outdoor condition and weather. Waste Deposit A huge waste bin to collect garbage produced on site before carried to be disposed. Scaffolding A temporary structure on the outside of a building, made of wooden planks and metal poles, used by workers while building. 12
  • 15. Temporary Dormitory A temporary structure with basic house facilities for workers to be fully rested. Temporary Office A temporary structure for office usage and also serves as supervisor’s shelter and to locate construction drawings. Security House A small structure for security and safety guards for patrolling purpose and to prevent unauthorized visitors. Portable Power Generator A steady power supply that allows contractors to continue working without disruption and meet deadlines. 3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION 2. Temporary Services Water Supply System A temporary water system for builders and workers to clean equipment during construction period. Transportation Trucks are provided for transportation including materials, machinery and occasionally workers. to and from the site in daily usage. 13 TANSHEAUHUI0319235
  • 16. 4. FOUNDATION BY: CHAN JIA XIN 0319565 PABLO IDRIS BIN BADRUL ILAHAN 0321895
  • 17. Column Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Rocks End bearing Load Foundation from the site Deep Foundation Used to transfer the structural loads to a deeper soil strata and when the soils are subjected to scour. Pile Foundation Precast Concrete Pile • Used in area of soft and undisturbed soil • Formed, cast to specified length and shape and cured before they are driven into the ground Column Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Column Column Pile Cap Pile Cap Precast Concrete Pile Precast Concrete Pile Ground level Soft soil provides a little or no support Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located underneath the ground, it is used to support a building or structure and transmits loads directly to the underlying soil or rock. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which loads are transmitted. 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 15 CHANJIAXIN0319565
  • 18. Pile foundation is a type of a deep foundation, where the spread foundation is also used but where the hard strata is laying deep beneath pile foundation is used. Lower Density Medium Density High Density Weight and number of structure determines the number of piles, the heavier structure need more piles to support. Leader pole used to guide the hammer and pile into position Crane Soft compressible soil Precast pile Winch Hammer Suitable for • High rise construction, commercial and industrial applications. • Steeper grounds • Corrosive soil Advantages • High load capacities • High corrosion resistance Disadvantages • Salt water may also adversely react with the concrete • Difficult to handle unless prestressed • High initial cost Pile head 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 16 CHANJIAXIN0319565
  • 19. Precast Concrete Pile Reinforced concrete pile cap Ground beam Cluster of piles Cage reinforcement ties the piles to the pile cap and ground beam Concrete Pile Cap Arrangement Reinforced concrete pile cap arrangement with four piles Starter bars protrude from the pile reinforcement cage into the pile cap Triple pile cap arrangement Chilled cast iron shoe Double pile cap arrangement Mild steel straps cast into cast iron shoe Cover of concrete Reinforcement Pressed steel forks Lifting hole Links Helical binding in head Straps cast into shoe Cast iron shoe Section of precast reinforced concrete pile 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 17 CHANJIAXIN0319565
  • 20. 1. Drive This is the beginning part of the pile, located until the maximum driven pile point. 2. Weld This is where there is a conjunction between each pile of extension 3. Apply Bitumen is applied in between the joint as a water proof coat to prevent from rust 4. Drive The extension pile is inserted until the maximum bump 4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION 5. Cut Step where the excessive extension pile is removed using a pile cutter machine. 6. Excavate The surrounding soil of the pile cluster is excavated by approximately 350mm depth. 7. Pour Pour adhesive and repellent material to the cement pots for endurance and stabilization. 8. Cast The pile cap is brought in situ for endurance. 9. Load Test The load test is carried out by loading the structure for a period. The pile has to stand still. PABLOIDRISBINBADRULILAHAN0321895 18
  • 21. 19 Foundation On Site 4.1 FOUNDATION (ON SITE)
  • 22. 5. SUPERSTRUCTURE BY: LAI YIK XIN 0323388 SAW HWEI YING 0318093
  • 23. Ground beam is constructed after column stump. A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists and so on which located at or near ground level. It is either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers. 1. After the process of the construction of column base, the concrete beams are built. 2. After constructing the foundation, column stumps and the ground beam fill up the excavated area with earth. 3. Reinforcing steel bars are tied by ties. Formwork is erected to the sides and ready for concrete pouring. 4. Vibrator is used to vibrate the concrete so that it is well bonded with steel. 5. The form are removed after seven days when the concrete is harden . 6. The ground beams are done. SAWHWEIYING0318093 Ground Beam Construction Process 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 21
  • 24. Column is the vertical support which transfers the load to the building foundation. Columns support beams which in turn support walls and slabs. Reinforced concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column Construction Process 1. The column steel bars are tied to the foundation rebar. 2. The vertical steel bars are tied by ties according to the design. 4. Wooden formwork is set up around the vertical bars and ready for concrete pouring. 6. After seven to ten days, the formwork is removed. Accelerator is added to quicken the curing process. 3. Before erecting formwork, the concrete kicker is accurately cast onto the concrete floor. 5. The concrete is vibrated using vibrator so that it is well bonded with steels. Column formwork at the site. Column done at the site. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 22 SAWHWEIYING0318093
  • 25. Beam is the horizontal member of a structure which carries transverse load. It carries the floor slab or the roof slab. Beam transfers the load from slab to the columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam Construction 1. Scaffoldings are erected for beams and slab shutter support. 2. The columns are braced and provided shutter for the remaining column height up to beam level 3. Formwork is set up. Cover blocks are provided for slabs and beams. 4. Beam reinforcements are fixed and anchored into the column. *Corner intersection of beams and columns should not be congested to ensure aggregates may pass through during concrete pouring. 5. Concrete is poured throughout the slab and beam using mobile crane. 6. After curing process of 28 days, the formwork will be removed. Scaffoldings are used to support beams and slab shutter. First floor beam formwork. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 23 SAWHWEIYING0318093
  • 26. 2. The length of the column reinforcement is extended by adding vertical bars. 1. Extra column reinforcement is for first floor column construction. First Floor Column Construction Process 3. Formwork is erected around the vertical steel bars. 4. Concrete is poured into the wooden framework. 5. The concrete is vibrated to increase its strength. Over vibration should be avoided as it will weaken the mix. 6. Accelerators are added to shorten curing process of seven to ten days. When the concrete is harden, formwork can be removed. *The thickness of the column steel bars may be thinner as it grows higher. Extra steel bars used to construct first floor column. First floor column done. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN 24 SAWHWEIYING0318093
  • 27. Ground Floor Slab 1. Prepare the site • Solid, well drained soil-concrete slab will last longer with less cracking • Sandy soil: scrape off the sod & topsoil and gravel fill if needed. • Clay or loam soil: remove the soil to allow a 6-8inch layer of compacted gravel under the new concrete 2. Assemble and erect formwork 3. Place damp proof membrane and reinforcement Damp proof membrane: prevents any moisture being able to rise up through the concrete slab BRC wire mesh: Increase tensile strength of slab to prevent cracks occur. 4. Pour and vibrate concrete 5. Strike and remove formwork after 10-14 days 6. Ground floor slab is finished BRC wire mesh Damp proof membrane Compacted gravel Concrete slab Ground beam Column RC bar LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.2 SLAB (GROUND FLOOR) Slab Installation 25
  • 28. Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contact with the earth. They are commonly used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-constructed walls to form a ground floor. Plywood floor joist Second floor slab First floor slab Ground floor slab • The diameter of the BRC wire mesh increases when the floor level going up. • The increase of diameter of wire mesh is to increase the tensile strength (prevent cracks occur) of the slab as the first and second suspended floor slabs do not have the support of ground. Square BRC mesh 200mm x 200mm Plywood subflooring Suspended plywood formwork LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.2 SLAB (FIRST & SECOND FLOOR) 26
  • 29. Type of Brick Bonding LAIYIKXIN0323388 Cement sand brick 1. Flemish Bond • Double layer brick wall • For partition wall and fire resistance • Made of piled up modular blocks, usually made of clay, stone or concrete. • They are various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they create different patterns. • Usually they are hold together with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and water. Brick Walls 2. Running Bond • Single layer brick wall • For room 75mm Exmet is placed at every 4th course of brickwork. Provide damp proof membrane on all ground floor brickwork RC bar is fixed on every 4th course of brickwork. column Fibre mesh for brickwork and column joint area Cement mortar 5.3 WALL Masonry Walls 27
  • 30. 1. Line are drawn as shown in the architectural drawings using ink to ensure the position and straight alignment of the brickwork. LAIYIKXIN0323388 Construction of Cement Brick Walls 2. Damp proof membrane is placed on the ground before constructing brick wall. 3.Place the bricks and keep the height of all bricks same by using spirit level. 4.Hook a line at both end to ensure the straight alignment of every bricks level. 5.Lay mortar down to connect the bricks. Push down slightly, then use your level to check that the brick even with the ground. Scrape any excess mortar down the line for the next bricks 5.3 WALL 28
  • 31. 8. Plaster & skim coating • Apply the plaster in a smooth layer over the brick wall. The plaster will need to dry before you can apply a second coating. Make the second coating thinner than the first coating. Once the second layer of plaster has dried, you should add a finish and water trowel. • Smooth over rough or damaged walls with a skim coat of mud, applied with a special squeegee knife. Plump line is on a weight to ensure the verticality of brickwork. 6.Continue with the next level when the first row is done. 7. Repeat the same action until the brick wall is done. LAIYIKXIN0323388 5.3 WALL Construction of Cement Brick Walls 29
  • 32. A stair is a means of providing access from one floor level to another. A concrete stair requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions. Concrete Staircase Construction Process 1. Protruding steel bars (starter bar) from the slab and column are to construct the staircase. 2. The starter bars are bent at the proper angle before the staircase formwork (planking) is set up. 3. The lower rebars are wired to their proper position with the distribution bar. 4. The stringers and risers are placed. 5. Concrete can be poured into the formwork. Float is used to smooth out the concrete. 6. After the concrete is harden, the formwork can be removed. Staircase is done. Protruded steel bars 5.4 STAIRCASE 30 SAWHWEIYING0318093
  • 33. Winder Stair Winder stair is used in the visited site. It is a variation of an L shaped stair but instead of having a flat landing, it has pie shaped or triangular steps at the corner transition. It requires less space than many other types of stairs. Handrail The handrail is mounted at the side of the staircase to provide more space to the people when they are using the staircase. 5.4 STAIRCASE 31 SAWHWEIYING0318093
  • 34. 6. DOORS AND WINDOWS BY: LEONG YU SHI 0322586
  • 35. LEONGYUSHI0322586 Different types of doors are found on our site. The most common doors found are hinged door and sliding door. Hinged Door (Wood) • suitable for entry, rare entry, interior and wardrobe doors • easy to install as comes in different sizes as it can be fitted in corners • doors are affixed to a door jamb with 2 hinges • more hinges are needed to support taller and heavier doors Sliding Door (Aluminum) • suitable for exterior and interior • doorway is created within a small space • only 50% of the doorway is accessible • Door slide using the track on the floor Exterior Door Interior Door Door Terminology Hinge is a type of bearing that connects 2 solid objects. Door Knob Door Frame Casing Panel Threshold Jamb Hinge Hinge Stile PinKnuckle Flap Lock Box 6.1 DOORS 33
  • 36. LEONGYUSHI0322586 1. Door frame is delivered to the construction site. The location of the door is identified by using the drawings and a plump is used to check the alignment of the door frame. Plywood is used as the support of the door frame. 2. After the position of the door is confirmed, brickwork is proceeded. Plywood is still connected to the door frame as a support. 3. 2 or 3 notches per jamb will be found at the door frame as the brick can cast into the door frame. This is to stabilize the door frame and make sure the position and alignment of the door frame is accurate. 4. A lintel is cast on top of the door frame at 150mm as it helps to support the weight of the bricks. 5. When brickworks have finished, screeding is being carried out to smoothen the surface and fill in the gap between threshold and slab. This process is done by pouring cement with water and aggregate and wait until it’s dry and hard. 6. The door frame is ready for door installation. Hardware is installed onto the door frame such as hinges, locksets, door panel and closers. The finishing is spray paint . Door Installation 6.1 DOORS 34
  • 37. 6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 Window’s Basic Structure Window’s height on Site Window’s Lock Casement Window Safety Structure Swing outward Side hinged Sashes are arranged side by side Allows maximum light penetration Allows maximum ventilation Different types of windows are found on our site. The most common window found is casement window. Casement Window (Aluminum) • operating sashes are side hinged • swing outwards • close on vertical mullion • allows ventilation • window hood breaks the rain and prevents rain from sipping into the house. Head Friction Break Sash Espagnolette Glass Sash Rebate Rebate Edge Side Bolts Frame Rebate Sill Jamb Closing Side Hinged Side Hinge Casement Frame Cylinder Lock Zinc Alloy Casement Fastener Plastic keep Screw to Frame Open to Limit of Stay Safety Stay Open Fully 35
  • 38. 6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 Window Installation 2. Sub-frame is positioned using aluminum shin plate 3. A plump is used to ensure the verticality of sub-frame. 1. The exact dimension and position of windows is determined. Brickwork is used to shape out the window. 4. Sub-frame is fixed and installed after the position of window is confirmed to ensure the window is square, keep away from stretching of brick and fasten the fixing process of window. 5. Bolt head and joints are sealed using sealant for effective water lightness. Sealant is applied if the gap is between 7mm - 10mm Main Frame Joint Bolt Head 36
  • 39. 6.2 WINDOWS LEONGYUSHI0322586 1. Protection tape is applied and remained after sealing process. It is removed during the installation of main frame. 2. Sub-frame is cleaned when major construction has finished. It is prepared for installation of main frame. The measurement of the main frame is double confirmed. 3. After cleaning works, main frame is installed. This also involves sealing, grouting and waterproofing process. 4. Window glazing is installed after main frame is installed in sub- frame. 5. After fixing the accessories of window, including handles, locking devices, etc., the window installation is completed. The finishing is spray paint. Protective Tape Cleaning Equipment Sub-Frame Measuring Tape Dust and Debris Window Installation 37
  • 40. 7. ROOF BY: TAN WEI ZHEN 0318560
  • 41. 7.0 ROOF TANWEIZHEN0318560 Flat roof Shed roof Gable roof Hip roof Examples of roof Roofs can be constructed as warm roofs or cold roofs depending on the requirement of the owner and architect as they relate to the building regulations regarding heat loss and insulation. Put simply a warm flat roof has insulation of some kind packed into every available void and a cold flat roof allows air to circulate between the joists. This air is vented at either end of the roof to allow a continuous air flow. The design of the roof, either warm or cold, must be precise. If a warm roof is not fully packed with insulation, yet a constant air flow is not a achieved, condensation will form in any unvented void. Condensation forms as warm air (in insulated voids) hits cooler surfaces (underside of roof decking) and can rot the roof from the inside out. 39
  • 42. 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) TANWEIZHEN0318560 Characteristics A roof that may be constructed as flat. Mainly used timber, metal or concrete material as platform which usually horizontally or inclined at up to 5°to the horizontal. Pros The initial cost of installing a flat roof is low because the surface area of a flat roof is less than the surface area of a sloped roof. Flat roofs are frequently used in arid climates. Flat roofs are easier to climb onto and inspect than sloped roofs because they offer more stability and have a horizontal surface. Cons Flat roofs typically don’t last as long as sloped roofs since they are more vulnerable to harsh weather. Flat roofs need to be recoated and resealed every few years to maintain their integrity and prevent leaks. Roof Covering Types of Flat Roof Structure Insulation Vapour Control Layer Timber Sub Deck Joists Ceiling 7’ 2’ 4’’ slope in roof Warm Roof Waterproof Root Covering Insulation Profiled Steel Roof Deck The basic construction of a flat roof is made up of roofing timbers, or joists as they are more commonly known or steels that are laid across two uprights. The joists are then either laid on top of the steels or cut into them. These joists are spaced at a specified distance apart, usually 400mm depending on the width or span they are covering and the surface that is to be applied. Flat Roof 40
  • 43. TANWEIZHEN0318560 Exterior of Roof Interior Structure of Roof Roof Structure Details Layering of Roof Metal Cap Coping Wedge Sometimes town planners will not allow the height required for a pitched roof. This is because it may obscure a neighbours view or light. Sometimes a pitched roof is not appropriate for an extension because it would mean obscuring light to the home owners own windows. Usually however, a flat roof is used when an extension butts up to an existing building. Rigid Insulation Air Barried Membrane Metal Lath Gypsum Board with semi- permeable paint Sealant CarpetCarpet PadMass-loaded Vinyl Dimple Subfloor Existing Floor-ceiling Structure Joists Bottom Resilient Metal Channels Cut Wool Fibers Closed Cell Foam Gypsum Ceiling Board 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 41
  • 44. TANWEIZHEN0318560 Construction Details Interior Structure of Flat Roof Soundproof Layering Wall Attachment Detail Truss Connection Bearing Point Truss Support Bottom Chord Panel Point Top Chord Web Truss Plate 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 42
  • 45. TANWEIZHEN0318560 Construction Process Wall Installation External Metal Sheet Mineral Wool Insulation Rail Bracket Thermal Break Pad Purlin Metal Shoe Anchor Concrete Footing Cleat Copper Counterflashing Lap Seam Upper Copper Copper Flashing Strip Copper Edge Strip Inner Liner Panel 7.0 ROOF (ON SITE) Flat Roof 43
  • 46. TANWEIZHEN0318560 Exterior view Interior view Structure The roof slopes around a triangular extension of the end wall. This piece of wall is the gable. Commonly used to form extensions in Victorian times and is still used in a similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a wall and the rafter feet are nailed to a wall plate, which distributes the load evenly across the supporting wall. Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with gable end trusses at both ends and common trusses sits at the end walls and carry roof load directly into the wall below it. 7.0 ROOF (FROM REFERENCE) Gable Roof Wall Plate Ridge Post Wall Post Corner Post Spandrel Rafter Diagonal Brace Upper Ridge Pole Vidge Roof Sheeting Under Purlin Collar Tie Hanging Beam Internal Wall Construction Detail 44
  • 47. SUMMARY 45 Throughout this project, we learnt about the basic principles and procedures of construction process through experiential learning during construction site visits other than book references and online references. We were exposed to different types of construction technology including the old and advanced methods used. Besides, we are able to demonstrate our understanding and analysis of the construction processes and details through manual sketches, diagrams and photos taken from site visit. Construction detailing of buildings is one of the crucial part during the design process in architecture. Through all of the experiences and knowledge gained from this project, we believe it is a good starting for all of us to be the future contributors to the construction industry.
  • 48. REFERENCES 46 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES C.R. Asfahl,industrial Safety and Health Management, 5th ed. Upper Saddie River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004 EXTERNAL WORK Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley. Miller, R., & Miller, M. (2005). Preparing the Site. In Miller's Guide to Foundations & Sitework (p. 212). New York: McGraw-Hill. Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. (2006). Introduction. In Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings (p. 625). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Preparation Of The Construction Site. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/cdrom/fao_training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/x6708e05.htm Parsons, M. (2005). Site Planning - Phase I. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Parsons/MVP6690/Essay3/cutfill.html
  • 49. 47 FOUNDATION Emmitt, S., & A. Gorse, C. (2010). Foundation types. In Barry's advanced construction of buildings (2nd ed., pp. 101-128). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION? (2015, January 25). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://civilblog.org/2015/01/26/what-are-the-functions-of-foundation/ Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_solutions/foundations.aspx Pile Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://engineeringlectures.com/pile-foundation Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html Types of Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-classification-of-piles.html PRECAST CONCRETE PILES. (2013, January 6). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-precast-concrete-piles/7092/DRIVEN Jia Hui, L. (2005, October 1). A Study of Building Foundations in Malaysia. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from https://eprints.usq.edu.au/635/1/Leow_Jia_Hui-2005.pdf Excavation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/excavation.html Precast Concrete Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/ CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm REFERENCES
  • 50. 48 SUPERSTRUCTURE Slab Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all Functions of Slab and Design of Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.aboutcivil.org/slab-definition-functions-design.html Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://civilengineersforum.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-two-way-slab/ (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.goldenbay.co.nz/media/1821/ccanz_residential_concrete_slab-on-ground_floors.pdf Wall Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis Walls. (2012, May 4). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from https://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/walls/ Suspended slab subfloor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.build.com.au/suspended-slab-subfloor Plastering over Brick. (2006, August 30). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.onlinetips.org/plastering-over-brick/ REFERENCES
  • 51. 49 SUPERSTRUCTURE Beam Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Francis, C. D. K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. Blackwell. Chundley, R. (1999). Construction Technology. London. Longman. WordPress. (2011). Foundation Ground Beam. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://6dprojects.wordpress.com/2011/08/21/foundations-ground-beam/ Liza. (2015). Step to Construct the Bulding. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803107/STEP-TO-CONSTRUCT-THE-BUILDING#scribd Karundu, A. (2009). How to do ground beams. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://www.articlesbase.com/construction-articles/how-to-do-ground-beams-1131191.html Burke, J. (2012). 3D Animation of the construction of a Multi Story Building [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4_5M1rhFg Megadethigorot. (2012). Suspended slab and beam [Video file]. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLa-EiPBxDU&list=PLz5Dp09BKN4nw8hRb6RrobF3FsRFJAdCW&index=2%00 REFERENCES
  • 52. 50 Stairs Starter bars in staircases. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70%00 Brennan, E. (2012). How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmiMzlrwtQ Formwork for Concrete stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/uk/d/Jgtz006e/5.3.html Keuka Studio. (2015). Types of Stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs/ Doors And Windows Doors Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis. Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley Hinged doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.build.com.au/hinged-doors Center Hinged Doors - Neuma Doors - Manufacturer of fiberglass patio doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.neumadoors.com/products_hinged_center.html How To: Build a Door. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmwKtajnDuA (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from http://www.houzz.com/door-frame REFERENCES
  • 53. Windows Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell. Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis. Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley Full Frame Window Replacement Installation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://www.andersenwindows.com/planning/diy-library/full-frame-window-replacement-installation (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/window-installation.html How House Construction Works. (2000, March 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/repair/house4.htm REFERENCES 51
  • 54. Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley. Domestic Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Domestic_roofs Flat Roof Construction. (2014). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/proj.../building_a_flat_roof.htm Homes, R. (2015). Pros and Cons of Flat Roof. Retrieved October 13, 2015, from http://www.rockfordhomes.net/pros-cons-flat-roof/ How to Build a Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/building_a_flat_roof.htm Introduction to Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof... Sedlbauer, K, Schunck, E, Barthel, R, lartwig M. Kunzel. (2013). Flat Roof Construction. Retrieved October 18, 2015, from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4RLVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=construction+process+of+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=r0ZpXn gKNR&sig=xLmxeLWcewegUYQT1L51l8r_8aY&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ROOFING REFERENCES 52