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Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are biological macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve several roles in living organisms including energy storage, structure, and development. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. They function as long-term energy stores, structural elements of cells and tissues, and are involved in processes like fertilization and immune response. Common tests to detect carbohydrates include the Molish test which produces a purple color, and Fehling's test where a red precipitate forms.

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CARBOHYDRATES ABU SUFIYAN CHHIPA B.R. NAHATA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SIRO, MANDSAUR

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A carbohydrate is  a  large biological  molecule,  or macromolecule,  consisting  of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),  and oxygen (O)  atoms,  usually  with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water).  They  are  called  carbohydrates  because  the  carbon,  oxygen  and  hydrogen they contain are generally in proportion to form water with the  general formula Cn (H2O)n. 

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Carbohydrate functions • Carbohydrates  have  several  roles  in  living  organisms,  including  energy  transportation,  as  well  as  being  structural components of plants and arthropods. • Carbohydrate  derivates  are  actively  involved  in  fertilization,  immune  systems,  the  development  of  disease, blood clotting and development. • carbohydrates  can  function  as  long  term  food  storage  molecules, as protective membranes for organisms and  cells, and as the main structural support for plants and  constituents of many cells and their contents. 

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Energy sources (glucose/glycogen) Structural elements • cell wall (plants, bacteria) • connective tissues • adhesion between cells

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Classification of carbohydrated

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Carbohydrates

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Extraction of Monosaccharide Fresh Plant Material Homogenized with 4 vol. of distilled water for 15 min Filtration – Filtrate is allow to concentrate in volume to 1/10th of its vol. Allow to crystallize in the refrigerator

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Extraction of high mol. Weight Carbohydrates Plant Material is extracted with ethanol (which remove low mol wt constituents), Filter, collect the residue & extract with acetone followed by ether: benzene(1:1) to remove lipids Filtrate contain lipids, residue is extracted with 1 % NaCl Filter (Filtrate contain natural water soluble polysaccharides) Residue is extracted with 0.5 % ammonium oxalate sol. Filtrate on acidification Residue extract with NaCl than with ppt Pectin NaoH at room temp. for 24hr Filtrate on acidification Residue is wash & dry, gives Hemicellulose Pure Cellulose

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Detection of Carbohydrates • a) Molish test- 2-3 ml of aqueous extract solution was treated with few drops of α-naphthol and conc. H2SO4 from sides of the test tube. Violet color ring was obtained at the junction of two liquids shows positive test. • b) Fehling’s test- Equal volume of Fehling’s solution A & Fehling’s solution B was boiled for 1min. then equal volume of extract solution was added & heated for 5-10 min. first yellow then brick red colored precipitate shows the positive test.

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Carbohydrates

  • 1. CARBOHYDRATES ABU SUFIYAN CHHIPA B.R. NAHATA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SIRO, MANDSAUR
  • 2. A carbohydrate is  a  large biological  molecule,  or macromolecule,  consisting  of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),  and oxygen (O)  atoms,  usually  with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water).  They  are  called  carbohydrates  because  the  carbon,  oxygen  and  hydrogen they contain are generally in proportion to form water with the  general formula Cn (H2O)n. 
  • 3. Carbohydrate functions • Carbohydrates  have  several  roles  in  living  organisms,  including  energy  transportation,  as  well  as  being  structural components of plants and arthropods. • Carbohydrate  derivates  are  actively  involved  in  fertilization,  immune  systems,  the  development  of  disease, blood clotting and development. • carbohydrates  can  function  as  long  term  food  storage  molecules, as protective membranes for organisms and  cells, and as the main structural support for plants and  constituents of many cells and their contents. 
  • 15. Extraction of Monosaccharide Fresh Plant Material Homogenized with 4 vol. of distilled water for 15 min Filtration – Filtrate is allow to concentrate in volume to 1/10th of its vol. Allow to crystallize in the refrigerator
  • 16. Extraction of high mol. Weight Carbohydrates Plant Material is extracted with ethanol (which remove low mol wt constituents), Filter, collect the residue & extract with acetone followed by ether: benzene(1:1) to remove lipids Filtrate contain lipids, residue is extracted with 1 % NaCl Filter (Filtrate contain natural water soluble polysaccharides) Residue is extracted with 0.5 % ammonium oxalate sol. Filtrate on acidification Residue extract with NaCl than with ppt Pectin NaoH at room temp. for 24hr Filtrate on acidification Residue is wash & dry, gives Hemicellulose Pure Cellulose
  • 17. Detection of Carbohydrates • a) Molish test- 2-3 ml of aqueous extract solution was treated with few drops of α-naphthol and conc. H2SO4 from sides of the test tube. Violet color ring was obtained at the junction of two liquids shows positive test. • b) Fehling’s test- Equal volume of Fehling’s solution A & Fehling’s solution B was boiled for 1min. then equal volume of extract solution was added & heated for 5-10 min. first yellow then brick red colored precipitate shows the positive test.