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carboxylic acids.ppt

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NIDHI GUPTA

This document provides information on qualitative tests and structures and uses of various carboxylic acids. It describes litmus, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and ester tests to identify carboxylic acids. It also provides the structures and common uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. The uses described include industrial, medical, food/beverage, and other applications.

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Qualitative tests, structure and uses of different carboxylic acids By Dr. Nidhi Gupta M.M. College of Pharmacy Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
The following tests can be used to identify carboxylic acids: 1. Litmus Test Carboxylic acid turns blue litmus red. The hydroxyl group in carboxylic is far more acidic than that in alcohol. The dissociation of carboxylic acid is represented as:
2. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test Carboxylic acids reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas which can be seen in the form of a brisk effervescence. 3. Ester Test Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric acid to form ester that is identified by the presence of a fruity smell.
Tests of amides: •Reaction of NaOH: Amides are decomposed by NaOH to evolve ammonia. The gas can be tested by a moist red litmus paper which is then turned blue. •Alkaline hydrolysis of aromatic amides to aromatic acid: The soluble sodium salt of aromatic acid formed from aromatic amides upon hydrolysis is regenerated as white precipitate in acidic medium.
•Biuret Reaction for aliphatic diamide: When aliphatic diamide is heated at a temperature above its melting point, ammonia is evolved and crystalline biuret is formed. This biuret in alkaline medium gives a violet colour with a drop of copper sulphate solution.
•Hydroxamic acid test for aromatic primary amides: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with aromatic primary amides to form the hydroxamic acid, which then reacts with ferric chloride to form ferric hydroxamate complex having a violet colour.
3. Esters There is no simple test for an ester. Usually a colourless liquid with a pleasant 'odour'. Hydroxamic acid test R-CO-OR' + H2N-OH -> R-CO-NH-OH + R'-OH Esters react with hydroxylamine in the presence of sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt of the corresponding hydroxamic acid. On acidification and addition of ferric chloride the magenta- coloured iron (III) complex of the hydroxamic acid is formed. It is always advisable to ensure that an unknown compound does not give a colour with iron (III) chloride before carrying out the hydroxamic acid test.
Structure of acetic acid
Uses of acetic acid • The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer. • The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. • Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. • Acetic acid injection into the tumor has been used to treat cancer
Structure of lactic acid
Uses of lactic acid • In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. • In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates. • Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.
Structure of tartaric acid
Uses of tartaric acid • Tartaric acid is found in cream of tartar, which is used in cooking candies and frostings for cakes. • Tartaric acid is also found in baking powder, where it serves as the source of acid that reacts with sodium bicarbonate. • Industrial uses for tartaric acid include within the gold and silver plating process, tanning leather and making blue ink for blueprints.
Structure of citric acid
Uses of citric acid • Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. • It is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks. • Citric acid’s chemical properties as a weak organic acid make it a powerful water softener. • Citric acid is a relatively common ingredient used in cosmetics products to balance the pH level according to Cosmetics Database.
Structure of succinic acid
Uses of succinic acid • Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. • Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. • It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste. • As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
Structure of oxalic acid
Uses of oxalic acid • Oxalic acid is rubbed onto completed marble sculptures to seal the surface and introduce a shine. • Oxalic acid is used as a bleach for wood, removing black stains. • Oxalic acid is also used for the removal of rust. • Vaporized oxalic acid, or a 3.2% solution of oxalic acid in sugar syrup, is used by some beekeepers as a miticide against the parasitic varroa mite.
Structure of salicylic acid
Uses of salicylic acid • Salicylic acid causes shedding of the outer layer of skin. • Salicylic acid topical is used in the treatment of acne, dandruff, seborrhea, or psoriasis, and to remove corns, calluses, and warts. • Salicylic acid is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride. • Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, a bactericidal and an antiseptic.
Structure of benzoic acid
Uses of benzoic acid • Benzoic acid is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation. • Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm. • In teaching laboratories, benzoic acid is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter. • Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic.
Structure of benzyl benzoate
Uses of benzyl benzoate • Benzyl benzoate is an effective and inexpensive topical treatment for human scabies. • Benzyl benzoate is used as a repellent for chiggers, ticks, and mosquitoes. • It is also used as a dye carrier, solvent for cellulose derivatives, and fixative in the perfume industry.
Structure of Dimethyl phthalate
Uses of dimethyl phthalate • Dimethyl phthalate is used as an insect repellent for mosquitoes and flies. • It is also an ectoparasiticide and has many other uses, including in solid rocket propellants, and plastics. • Industry Uses • a) Finishing agents • b) Intermediates • c) Plasticizers • d) Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Structure of methyl salicylate
Uses of methyl salicylate • This product is used to treat minor aches and pains of the muscles/joints. • It is used in high concentrations as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments. • It is used as a bait for attracting male orchid bees for study, which apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones. • It is used to clear plant or animal tissue samples of color.
Structure of acetyl salicylic acid
Uses of acetyl salicylic acid • Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever. • Aspirin is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for both acute and long-term inflammation. • Aspirin is thought to reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer. • Low-dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia.
carboxylic acids.ppt

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carboxylic acids.ppt

  • 1. Qualitative tests, structure and uses of different carboxylic acids By Dr. Nidhi Gupta M.M. College of Pharmacy Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
  • 2. The following tests can be used to identify carboxylic acids: 1. Litmus Test Carboxylic acid turns blue litmus red. The hydroxyl group in carboxylic is far more acidic than that in alcohol. The dissociation of carboxylic acid is represented as:
  • 3. 2. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test Carboxylic acids reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas which can be seen in the form of a brisk effervescence. 3. Ester Test Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric acid to form ester that is identified by the presence of a fruity smell.
  • 4. Tests of amides: •Reaction of NaOH: Amides are decomposed by NaOH to evolve ammonia. The gas can be tested by a moist red litmus paper which is then turned blue. •Alkaline hydrolysis of aromatic amides to aromatic acid: The soluble sodium salt of aromatic acid formed from aromatic amides upon hydrolysis is regenerated as white precipitate in acidic medium.
  • 5. •Biuret Reaction for aliphatic diamide: When aliphatic diamide is heated at a temperature above its melting point, ammonia is evolved and crystalline biuret is formed. This biuret in alkaline medium gives a violet colour with a drop of copper sulphate solution.
  • 6. •Hydroxamic acid test for aromatic primary amides: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with aromatic primary amides to form the hydroxamic acid, which then reacts with ferric chloride to form ferric hydroxamate complex having a violet colour.
  • 7. 3. Esters There is no simple test for an ester. Usually a colourless liquid with a pleasant 'odour'. Hydroxamic acid test R-CO-OR' + H2N-OH -> R-CO-NH-OH + R'-OH Esters react with hydroxylamine in the presence of sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt of the corresponding hydroxamic acid. On acidification and addition of ferric chloride the magenta- coloured iron (III) complex of the hydroxamic acid is formed. It is always advisable to ensure that an unknown compound does not give a colour with iron (III) chloride before carrying out the hydroxamic acid test.
  • 9. Uses of acetic acid • The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer. • The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. • Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. • Acetic acid injection into the tumor has been used to treat cancer
  • 11. Uses of lactic acid • In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. • In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates. • Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.
  • 13. Uses of tartaric acid • Tartaric acid is found in cream of tartar, which is used in cooking candies and frostings for cakes. • Tartaric acid is also found in baking powder, where it serves as the source of acid that reacts with sodium bicarbonate. • Industrial uses for tartaric acid include within the gold and silver plating process, tanning leather and making blue ink for blueprints.
  • 15. Uses of citric acid • Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. • It is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks. • Citric acid’s chemical properties as a weak organic acid make it a powerful water softener. • Citric acid is a relatively common ingredient used in cosmetics products to balance the pH level according to Cosmetics Database.
  • 17. Uses of succinic acid • Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. • Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. • It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste. • As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
  • 19. Uses of oxalic acid • Oxalic acid is rubbed onto completed marble sculptures to seal the surface and introduce a shine. • Oxalic acid is used as a bleach for wood, removing black stains. • Oxalic acid is also used for the removal of rust. • Vaporized oxalic acid, or a 3.2% solution of oxalic acid in sugar syrup, is used by some beekeepers as a miticide against the parasitic varroa mite.
  • 21. Uses of salicylic acid • Salicylic acid causes shedding of the outer layer of skin. • Salicylic acid topical is used in the treatment of acne, dandruff, seborrhea, or psoriasis, and to remove corns, calluses, and warts. • Salicylic acid is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride. • Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, a bactericidal and an antiseptic.
  • 23. Uses of benzoic acid • Benzoic acid is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation. • Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm. • In teaching laboratories, benzoic acid is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter. • Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic.
  • 25. Uses of benzyl benzoate • Benzyl benzoate is an effective and inexpensive topical treatment for human scabies. • Benzyl benzoate is used as a repellent for chiggers, ticks, and mosquitoes. • It is also used as a dye carrier, solvent for cellulose derivatives, and fixative in the perfume industry.
  • 27. Uses of dimethyl phthalate • Dimethyl phthalate is used as an insect repellent for mosquitoes and flies. • It is also an ectoparasiticide and has many other uses, including in solid rocket propellants, and plastics. • Industry Uses • a) Finishing agents • b) Intermediates • c) Plasticizers • d) Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • 29. Uses of methyl salicylate • This product is used to treat minor aches and pains of the muscles/joints. • It is used in high concentrations as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments. • It is used as a bait for attracting male orchid bees for study, which apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones. • It is used to clear plant or animal tissue samples of color.
  • 31. Uses of acetyl salicylic acid • Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever. • Aspirin is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for both acute and long-term inflammation. • Aspirin is thought to reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer. • Low-dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia.