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Working Title Films was founded by Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner. It helped finance films like "My Beautiful Laundrette" independently but later partnered with Universal Studios. It remains based in London while producing films for Universal. Universal Studios is owned by NBC Universal, which is majority owned by General Electric with a minority stake held by Vivendi. Working Title had successes with films like "Pride and Prejudice" and the Cornetto Trilogy that established Simon Pegg and Nick Frost. It also produced the hit "Four Weddings and a Funeral" that made Hugh Grant a big star.

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Case StudiesAS Media Section B
Working Title Film  Founders: Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner  „My beautiful Laundrette‟ (1985) was part financed by Channel 4  Bevan: ‟‟although working title had a strong independent ethic, it had to seek financial support and investment from other media organisations”  Variety Magazine: “Transformed into one of the cornerstones of Universal Pictures while remaining true to their British roots and indie spirit”  Could argue there is more pressure on them to secure the box office success that Universal expects  Have stayed in England and although they have a small office in Hollywood, their operation is very much based in London
NBC Universal  NBC Universal is 80% owned by General Electric, with 20% controlled by Vivendi  NBC Universal is a major multinational, multimedia conglomerate  Polygram filmed entertainment was sold and merged with Universal Pictures in 1999  Universal Pictures is a division of Universal Studios  Universal Studios is a part of NBC Universal  Working Title Films is now staked by Universal Studios and makes films for them
Pride & Prejudice (2005)  Keira Knightly, Donald Sutherland, Brenda Blethyn  Budget of just over $20m, Box Office of over $121m  Based on the novel by Jane Austen – and so was easily successful  Director: Joe Wright  Filmed in England, and gives this stereotypical view of England, as well as the time period  Universal Pictures – Studio Canal- Working Title  WTF got the attention due to success from Bridget Jones’ Diary and Love Actually  Moggach: "so beautifully shaped as a story – the ultimate romance about two people who think they hate each other but who are really passionately in love. I felt, 'If it's not broken, don't fix it.'“  It achieved the number one spot in its first week, earning £2.5 million ($4.6 million) while playing on 397 screens.
Shaun of the Dead (2004) Hot Fuzz(2007)  Nick Frost and Simon Pegg  Edgar Wright – Director and writer alongside Simon Pegg  Studio Canal and Working Title Films  SOTD: Budget of £4m, Box Office over $30m  HF: Budget of £8m, Box Office over $80m  Both portray this stereotype of England  HF- English country-side by using Gloucestershire setting  World’s End to be released in 2013 as third in the „Three Flavours of Cornetto Trilogy‟  SOTD immediately got attention from Pegg and Frost being in Spaced, also directed by Edgar Wright
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)  Hugh Grant – Big British Star, automatic attention to the film  Estimated budget of just over $4million  Box Office of over $200million  Director: Mike Newell  Polygram, Working Title, Channel 4  Was filmed in various locations around England and Scotland
DNA Films  DNA films have a distribution agreement with Fox Searchlight, a subsidiary of 20th Century Fox which specialises in independent and British films  independent film production company set up in 1997 by Duncan Kenworthy & Andrew MacDonald  DNA benefits from Fox Searchlight's access to funds and a worldwide distribution network, while Fox gains cultural and artistic kudos by supporting more 'edgy' productions  While 28 Days was distributed through Fox Searchlight, 28 Weeks was distributed through Fox International - this might sound like a trivial difference, but what it shows is that the franchise had, in effect graduated from being a small, risky proposition to a big commercial release.
28 Days Later (2002)  Director: Danny Boyle  Budget of 5million pounds, Box Office of over $80million  Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures in US and 20th Century Fox in UK  Boyle explains that, with the aim of preserving the suspension of disbelief, relatively unknown actors were cast in the film. Cillian Murphy had starred primarily in small independent films, while Naomie Harris had acted on British television as a child, and Megan Burns had only one previous film credit. However, Christopher Eccleston and Brendan Gleeson were well-known character actors.  While 28 Days was distributed through Fox Searchlight, 28 Weeks was distributed through Fox International - this might sound like a trivial difference, but what it shows is that the franchise had, in effect graduated from being a small, risky proposition to a big commercial release (from last slide)  It has spawned at least one fan film called The Rage (2008). The existence of this is due to the proliferation of digital film-making technology which is cheap enough and easy enough for amateur film-makers to use
The History Boys (2006)  Was originally a play by Alan Bennett – won 2006 Tony Award, performances stopped October 2006  Richard Griffiths was a known British Actor for roles including Uncle Monty in Withnail and I (1986) and Vernon Dudsley in the Harry Potter Series (started 2001)  Budget over 2million, Box Office over $11million  DNA Films and BBC Two Films  Time said it was better than the play as the transition to film improved the „flow and intimacy‟
Warp Films  Based in Sheffield & London, UK, with a further affiliated company Warp Films Australia based in Melbourne, Australia  Use of Technological Convergence- sharing films online  Established by Warp Records founding partners Rob Mitchell and Steve Beckett. It was initially created with financial support from NESTA  With director Shane Meadows, Dead Man’s Shoes was shot in 22 days on a tight budget, and it earned a BAFTA nomination, was nominated for a record eight British Independent Film Awards, won the Hitchcock D‟or at the Dinard Festival, and won the Southbank award for Best Film. It was ranked #27 in Empire magazines list of the best British films ever  The original This Is England, with Shane Meadows, won Warp Films their third BAFTA  This Is England '88, the sequel to the 2010 television series This Is England '86. It received strong critical praise. The series had high viewing figures, with 2.5 million people tuning-in to watch the first episode
This Is England (2006)  Warp Films and Film4, Directed by Shane Meadows  Budget of just over 1million pound, Box Office just over 5million pound  Three years after the film This Is England ‘86 was on channel 4, with a sequel This Is England ‘88 two years after that  Starring Thomas Turgoose who was 13 at the time and had never acted before- Had no big actors from the time
Four Lions (2010)  Director- Chris Morris  Warp Films, Film4 Productions, Wild Bunch, Optimum Releasing  Distributed by Optimum Releasing and Drafthouse Films  Budget not known, but Box Office of over 2 million pounds  Was originally rejected by both the BBC and Channel 4 for being too controversial  Many arrangements were made beforehand to ensure the film wouldn‟t be offensive to British Muslims
The ‘Big 6’  Disney  General Electric  Viacom  News-Corp  Time Warner  CBS  All 6 own „daughter‟ companies, like Pixar, Universal, etc.  Different companies affect different types of media, like News-Corp owns our „The Sun‟ and „The Australian‟ in OZ, and „Wall Street Journal‟ in America  Disney recently bought Marvel, which means they will be involved with comics as well as film  In 1983, 90% of media was owned by 50 companies, now 90% is owned by 6
 Perfect example of making money from existing products and gaining audience with merchandise at the same time  Owned by Walt Disney Company  First full feature length (and successful film) – Snow White and the Seven Dwarves in 1937  By 50s, ended their agreement with distributors and made Buena Vista Distribution  Parent of Pixar Animation Studios (bought in 2006) Extra- Walt Disney Pictures
Key Terms  Oligopoly  Cross Media Convergence  Synergy  Technological Convergence  Media Ownership  Horizontal Integration  Conglomerates  Marketability  Playability  Unique Selling Point /USP

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Case studies

  • 2. Working Title Film  Founders: Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner  „My beautiful Laundrette‟ (1985) was part financed by Channel 4  Bevan: ‟‟although working title had a strong independent ethic, it had to seek financial support and investment from other media organisations”  Variety Magazine: “Transformed into one of the cornerstones of Universal Pictures while remaining true to their British roots and indie spirit”  Could argue there is more pressure on them to secure the box office success that Universal expects  Have stayed in England and although they have a small office in Hollywood, their operation is very much based in London
  • 3. NBC Universal  NBC Universal is 80% owned by General Electric, with 20% controlled by Vivendi  NBC Universal is a major multinational, multimedia conglomerate  Polygram filmed entertainment was sold and merged with Universal Pictures in 1999  Universal Pictures is a division of Universal Studios  Universal Studios is a part of NBC Universal  Working Title Films is now staked by Universal Studios and makes films for them
  • 4. Pride & Prejudice (2005)  Keira Knightly, Donald Sutherland, Brenda Blethyn  Budget of just over $20m, Box Office of over $121m  Based on the novel by Jane Austen – and so was easily successful  Director: Joe Wright  Filmed in England, and gives this stereotypical view of England, as well as the time period  Universal Pictures – Studio Canal- Working Title  WTF got the attention due to success from Bridget Jones’ Diary and Love Actually  Moggach: "so beautifully shaped as a story – the ultimate romance about two people who think they hate each other but who are really passionately in love. I felt, 'If it's not broken, don't fix it.'“  It achieved the number one spot in its first week, earning £2.5 million ($4.6 million) while playing on 397 screens.
  • 5. Shaun of the Dead (2004) Hot Fuzz(2007)  Nick Frost and Simon Pegg  Edgar Wright – Director and writer alongside Simon Pegg  Studio Canal and Working Title Films  SOTD: Budget of £4m, Box Office over $30m  HF: Budget of £8m, Box Office over $80m  Both portray this stereotype of England  HF- English country-side by using Gloucestershire setting  World’s End to be released in 2013 as third in the „Three Flavours of Cornetto Trilogy‟  SOTD immediately got attention from Pegg and Frost being in Spaced, also directed by Edgar Wright
  • 6. Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)  Hugh Grant – Big British Star, automatic attention to the film  Estimated budget of just over $4million  Box Office of over $200million  Director: Mike Newell  Polygram, Working Title, Channel 4  Was filmed in various locations around England and Scotland
  • 7. DNA Films  DNA films have a distribution agreement with Fox Searchlight, a subsidiary of 20th Century Fox which specialises in independent and British films  independent film production company set up in 1997 by Duncan Kenworthy & Andrew MacDonald  DNA benefits from Fox Searchlight's access to funds and a worldwide distribution network, while Fox gains cultural and artistic kudos by supporting more 'edgy' productions  While 28 Days was distributed through Fox Searchlight, 28 Weeks was distributed through Fox International - this might sound like a trivial difference, but what it shows is that the franchise had, in effect graduated from being a small, risky proposition to a big commercial release.
  • 8. 28 Days Later (2002)  Director: Danny Boyle  Budget of 5million pounds, Box Office of over $80million  Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures in US and 20th Century Fox in UK  Boyle explains that, with the aim of preserving the suspension of disbelief, relatively unknown actors were cast in the film. Cillian Murphy had starred primarily in small independent films, while Naomie Harris had acted on British television as a child, and Megan Burns had only one previous film credit. However, Christopher Eccleston and Brendan Gleeson were well-known character actors.  While 28 Days was distributed through Fox Searchlight, 28 Weeks was distributed through Fox International - this might sound like a trivial difference, but what it shows is that the franchise had, in effect graduated from being a small, risky proposition to a big commercial release (from last slide)  It has spawned at least one fan film called The Rage (2008). The existence of this is due to the proliferation of digital film-making technology which is cheap enough and easy enough for amateur film-makers to use
  • 9. The History Boys (2006)  Was originally a play by Alan Bennett – won 2006 Tony Award, performances stopped October 2006  Richard Griffiths was a known British Actor for roles including Uncle Monty in Withnail and I (1986) and Vernon Dudsley in the Harry Potter Series (started 2001)  Budget over 2million, Box Office over $11million  DNA Films and BBC Two Films  Time said it was better than the play as the transition to film improved the „flow and intimacy‟
  • 10. Warp Films  Based in Sheffield & London, UK, with a further affiliated company Warp Films Australia based in Melbourne, Australia  Use of Technological Convergence- sharing films online  Established by Warp Records founding partners Rob Mitchell and Steve Beckett. It was initially created with financial support from NESTA  With director Shane Meadows, Dead Man’s Shoes was shot in 22 days on a tight budget, and it earned a BAFTA nomination, was nominated for a record eight British Independent Film Awards, won the Hitchcock D‟or at the Dinard Festival, and won the Southbank award for Best Film. It was ranked #27 in Empire magazines list of the best British films ever  The original This Is England, with Shane Meadows, won Warp Films their third BAFTA  This Is England '88, the sequel to the 2010 television series This Is England '86. It received strong critical praise. The series had high viewing figures, with 2.5 million people tuning-in to watch the first episode
  • 11. This Is England (2006)  Warp Films and Film4, Directed by Shane Meadows  Budget of just over 1million pound, Box Office just over 5million pound  Three years after the film This Is England ‘86 was on channel 4, with a sequel This Is England ‘88 two years after that  Starring Thomas Turgoose who was 13 at the time and had never acted before- Had no big actors from the time
  • 12. Four Lions (2010)  Director- Chris Morris  Warp Films, Film4 Productions, Wild Bunch, Optimum Releasing  Distributed by Optimum Releasing and Drafthouse Films  Budget not known, but Box Office of over 2 million pounds  Was originally rejected by both the BBC and Channel 4 for being too controversial  Many arrangements were made beforehand to ensure the film wouldn‟t be offensive to British Muslims
  • 13. The ‘Big 6’  Disney  General Electric  Viacom  News-Corp  Time Warner  CBS  All 6 own „daughter‟ companies, like Pixar, Universal, etc.  Different companies affect different types of media, like News-Corp owns our „The Sun‟ and „The Australian‟ in OZ, and „Wall Street Journal‟ in America  Disney recently bought Marvel, which means they will be involved with comics as well as film  In 1983, 90% of media was owned by 50 companies, now 90% is owned by 6
  • 14.  Perfect example of making money from existing products and gaining audience with merchandise at the same time  Owned by Walt Disney Company  First full feature length (and successful film) – Snow White and the Seven Dwarves in 1937  By 50s, ended their agreement with distributors and made Buena Vista Distribution  Parent of Pixar Animation Studios (bought in 2006) Extra- Walt Disney Pictures
  • 15. Key Terms  Oligopoly  Cross Media Convergence  Synergy  Technological Convergence  Media Ownership  Horizontal Integration  Conglomerates  Marketability  Playability  Unique Selling Point /USP