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Cause and-effect-powerpoint-130110120921-phpapp01

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Charisse Marie Verallo

This document discusses strategies for identifying cause and effect relationships in nonfiction texts. It begins by defining causes as why something happened and effects as the result. Key points include: - Identifying clue words that indicate causes (e.g. because, since) and effects (e.g. as a result, therefore). - Understanding that effects can also be causes that lead to further effects in a chain. - Using strategies like putting "because" in front of answer choices to identify the cause in practice questions. - Learning to identify implicit cause-effect relationships by reading between the lines. The document aims to help readers better comprehend nonfiction texts by understanding cause and effect.

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RPDP Secondary Literacy Reading Strategies for Nonfiction Cause and Effect Created & Developed by Jill M. Leone Reading Specialist Copyright © 2007
RPDP Secondary Literacy We will discuss -We will discuss - • difference between causes and effects in nonfiction text. • strategies to distinguish between causes and effects. Today's Objectives
RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause and Effect sportsillustrated.com
RPDP Secondary Literacy • Nothing happens without a reason or without some kind of consequence. • When you explain why things happen and what occurs when they do, the technique you use is called cause and effect. Cause and EffectCause and Effect
RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause is why something happened. Effect is the result of what happened. Because effects always have causes and causes always lead to effects, we rarely see one without the other. Picnic Canceled! Cause and EffectCause and Effect
RPDP Secondary Literacy • The cause is the first thing that happens. • It makes the second thing (the effect) happen. • The part of the sentence after the word because is the cause. Example: I stayed home from school because I had the flu. Cause and EffectCause and Effect
RPDP Secondary Literacy The cause answers the question why? Remember -
RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause and EffectCause and Effect • The effect is the second thing that happens. • The effect answers the questions: What happened? What was the result? Example: Jaime was going too fast and fell off his bicycle.What happened because Jaime was going too fast?
RPDP Secondary Literacy Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships • In some paragraphs, the cause-and-effect relationship is not directly stated. • In these cases, you have to - "read between the lines." • Use clues from the paragraph to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Use your prior knowledge.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Look for effects that are also causes. Effects can form chains where one effect goes on to cause a second effect, which may then cause a third effect and so on. Example: When people pollute rivers, they destroy the habitats of fish. This reduces the number of fish that can reproduce. As a result, fewer fish are born in fresh water, and the fish population declines. Cause1: People pollute rivers . Effect 1: The habitats of fish are destroyed. Effect 2: Fewer fish can reproduce. Effect 3: Fewer fish are born in fresh water. Effect 4: The fish population declines.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships • You use cause and effect every day when you solve problems and make decisions. • As a result, understanding causes and effects is extremely important in day-to-day living. • Learning to identify cause and effect relationships helps you understand what is happening in the world around you.
RPDP Secondary Literacy These expressions indicate cause - Because… Since… Cause.. Reason.. So that Unless.. The main reason… Clue Words for CauseClue Words for Cause
RPDP Secondary Literacy Let’s see how this works – As a result of his bad fall, Professor Green is wearing bandages and a cast. I’m all bandaged up because of my fall.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Helpful TipHelpful Tip Good advice! Try this idea when you are not sure. When you answer a question that begins with why, try putting the word because in front of your answer choices. Then read the choices this way to help figure out the correct answer.
RPDP Secondary Literacy The crime rate in Mr. Leon’s neighborhood was very high. Many houses had been robbed and cars vandalized. All the neighbors were upset. The mayor ordered the police to patrol the neighborhood. Within two weeks, the neighborhood’s crime rate dropped drastically. Finally, everyone felt safe again. Example
RPDP Secondary Literacy Why did the crime rate drop? A. All the neighbors were upset. B. Houses and cars were robbed and vandalized. C.The mayor called for added police protection. D.Everyone in the neighborhood felt safe again.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Why did the crime rate drop? A. Because all the neighbors were upset. B. Because houses and cars were robbed and vandalized. C.Because the mayor called for added police protection. D.Because everyone in the neighborhood felt safe again. See how easy this is?
RPDP Secondary Literacy These expressions indicate effect -  As a result of  If  Consequently  Effect  Therefore  Thus Test Grade = F Clue Words for EffectClue Words for Effect
RPDP Secondary Literacy About 75 million people died from the bubonic plague during the 14th century. Half of the population of Italy fell victim to the disease. The plague caused high fever, swollen glands, dark bruises or sores on the face, and spitting of blood. Most people who got the disease died within five days. The disease was spread by fleas from rats. Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics throughout the 14th century. Read this Paragraph.
RPDP Secondary Literacy What caused so many people to die from the bubonic plague? • Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics. • The dead were buried without the usual prayers. • Italy was constantly at war. A. The victims got large bruises or sores on the face. Practice QuestionPractice Question
RPDP Secondary Literacy What caused so many people to die from the bubonic plague? • Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics. • The dead were buried without the usual prayers. • Italy was constantly at war. A. The victims got large bruises or sores on the face. Practice QuestionPractice Question The phrase account for was your clue.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question What was the cause of Marcia’s accident? A. She was very tired from the long drive. B. The road was icy. C. The car was new. D. She landed in a ditch. Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven all the way from New Mexico in her brand-new car without any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of frozen ice, she lost control and the car ended up in a ditch. As she climbed out, she realized that the car was demolished.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question What was the cause of Marcia’s accident? A. She was very tired from the long drive. B. The road was icy. C. The car was new. D. She landed in a ditch. Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven all the way from New Mexico in her brand-new car without any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of frozen ice, she lost control and the car ended up in a ditch. As she climbed out, she realized that the car was demolished. How did you do?
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction. The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of a group of nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain, the body takes a quick breath, then muscles contract violently. Finally, the sound “kerchoo” comes out. What is the initial cause of sneeze? A. Nerves are irritated. B. The brain is signaled. C. Eyes are irritated. D. Muscles contract violently.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction. The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of a group of nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain, the body takes a quick breath, then muscles contract violently. Finally, the sound “kerchoo” comes out. What is the initial cause of sneeze? A. Nerves are irritated. B. The brain is signaled. C. Eyes are irritated. D. Muscles contract violently. How did you do?
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question Carlos Palomino was a champion boxer. Yet he gave up boxing and earned a degree in recreation. He chose this field because he wanted to work with kids. Not everyone can become a paid athlete, he says. That’s why school is so important for all young people. Carlos hopes his example will help others set high goals in education as well in sports. Why did Carlos get the degree in recreation? • He had earned many honors. • He wanted to work with kids. • Not everyone can become a paid athlete. • He was an ideal boxer.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question Carlos Palomino was a champion boxer. Yet he gave up boxing and earned a degree in recreation. He chose this field because he wanted to work with kids. Not everyone can become a paid athlete, he says. That’s why school is so important for all young people. Carlos hopes his example will help others set high goals in education as well in sports. Why did Carlos get the degree in recreation? • He had earned many honors. • He wanted to work with kids. • Not everyone can become a paid athlete. • He was an ideal boxer. How did you do?
RPDP Secondary Literacy It's important to know- A good reader is also a good detective.
RPDP Secondary Literacy Today we discussed - • Causes • Effects • Clue Words • Cause and Effect Relationships Key Stategies and Terms
RPDP Secondary Literacy It doesn’t matter whether you read fiction or nonfiction - As long as you take the time to read! Remember!
RPDP Secondary Literacy Copyright Notice Permission is granted to copy (unmodified) all or part of this PowerPoint for educational, personal, non-commercial use off-line as long as the copyright message (Copyright © 2007 by Jill Leone) is maintained on the title page. This material may not be sold, duplicated on other websites, incorporated in commercial documents or products, or used for promotional purposes. Copyright © 2007 by Jill M. Leone

More Related Content

Cause and-effect-powerpoint-130110120921-phpapp01

  • 1. RPDP Secondary Literacy Reading Strategies for Nonfiction Cause and Effect Created & Developed by Jill M. Leone Reading Specialist Copyright © 2007
  • 2. RPDP Secondary Literacy We will discuss -We will discuss - • difference between causes and effects in nonfiction text. • strategies to distinguish between causes and effects. Today's Objectives
  • 3. RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause and Effect sportsillustrated.com
  • 4. RPDP Secondary Literacy • Nothing happens without a reason or without some kind of consequence. • When you explain why things happen and what occurs when they do, the technique you use is called cause and effect. Cause and EffectCause and Effect
  • 5. RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause is why something happened. Effect is the result of what happened. Because effects always have causes and causes always lead to effects, we rarely see one without the other. Picnic Canceled! Cause and EffectCause and Effect
  • 6. RPDP Secondary Literacy • The cause is the first thing that happens. • It makes the second thing (the effect) happen. • The part of the sentence after the word because is the cause. Example: I stayed home from school because I had the flu. Cause and EffectCause and Effect
  • 8. RPDP Secondary Literacy Cause and EffectCause and Effect • The effect is the second thing that happens. • The effect answers the questions: What happened? What was the result? Example: Jaime was going too fast and fell off his bicycle.What happened because Jaime was going too fast?
  • 9. RPDP Secondary Literacy Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships • In some paragraphs, the cause-and-effect relationship is not directly stated. • In these cases, you have to - "read between the lines." • Use clues from the paragraph to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Use your prior knowledge.
  • 10. RPDP Secondary Literacy Look for effects that are also causes. Effects can form chains where one effect goes on to cause a second effect, which may then cause a third effect and so on. Example: When people pollute rivers, they destroy the habitats of fish. This reduces the number of fish that can reproduce. As a result, fewer fish are born in fresh water, and the fish population declines. Cause1: People pollute rivers . Effect 1: The habitats of fish are destroyed. Effect 2: Fewer fish can reproduce. Effect 3: Fewer fish are born in fresh water. Effect 4: The fish population declines.
  • 11. RPDP Secondary Literacy Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships • You use cause and effect every day when you solve problems and make decisions. • As a result, understanding causes and effects is extremely important in day-to-day living. • Learning to identify cause and effect relationships helps you understand what is happening in the world around you.
  • 12. RPDP Secondary Literacy These expressions indicate cause - Because… Since… Cause.. Reason.. So that Unless.. The main reason… Clue Words for CauseClue Words for Cause
  • 13. RPDP Secondary Literacy Let’s see how this works – As a result of his bad fall, Professor Green is wearing bandages and a cast. I’m all bandaged up because of my fall.
  • 14. RPDP Secondary Literacy Helpful TipHelpful Tip Good advice! Try this idea when you are not sure. When you answer a question that begins with why, try putting the word because in front of your answer choices. Then read the choices this way to help figure out the correct answer.
  • 15. RPDP Secondary Literacy The crime rate in Mr. Leon’s neighborhood was very high. Many houses had been robbed and cars vandalized. All the neighbors were upset. The mayor ordered the police to patrol the neighborhood. Within two weeks, the neighborhood’s crime rate dropped drastically. Finally, everyone felt safe again. Example
  • 16. RPDP Secondary Literacy Why did the crime rate drop? A. All the neighbors were upset. B. Houses and cars were robbed and vandalized. C.The mayor called for added police protection. D.Everyone in the neighborhood felt safe again.
  • 17. RPDP Secondary Literacy Why did the crime rate drop? A. Because all the neighbors were upset. B. Because houses and cars were robbed and vandalized. C.Because the mayor called for added police protection. D.Because everyone in the neighborhood felt safe again. See how easy this is?
  • 18. RPDP Secondary Literacy These expressions indicate effect -  As a result of  If  Consequently  Effect  Therefore  Thus Test Grade = F Clue Words for EffectClue Words for Effect
  • 19. RPDP Secondary Literacy About 75 million people died from the bubonic plague during the 14th century. Half of the population of Italy fell victim to the disease. The plague caused high fever, swollen glands, dark bruises or sores on the face, and spitting of blood. Most people who got the disease died within five days. The disease was spread by fleas from rats. Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics throughout the 14th century. Read this Paragraph.
  • 20. RPDP Secondary Literacy What caused so many people to die from the bubonic plague? • Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics. • The dead were buried without the usual prayers. • Italy was constantly at war. A. The victims got large bruises or sores on the face. Practice QuestionPractice Question
  • 21. RPDP Secondary Literacy What caused so many people to die from the bubonic plague? • Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics. • The dead were buried without the usual prayers. • Italy was constantly at war. A. The victims got large bruises or sores on the face. Practice QuestionPractice Question The phrase account for was your clue.
  • 22. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question What was the cause of Marcia’s accident? A. She was very tired from the long drive. B. The road was icy. C. The car was new. D. She landed in a ditch. Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven all the way from New Mexico in her brand-new car without any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of frozen ice, she lost control and the car ended up in a ditch. As she climbed out, she realized that the car was demolished.
  • 23. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question What was the cause of Marcia’s accident? A. She was very tired from the long drive. B. The road was icy. C. The car was new. D. She landed in a ditch. Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven all the way from New Mexico in her brand-new car without any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of frozen ice, she lost control and the car ended up in a ditch. As she climbed out, she realized that the car was demolished. How did you do?
  • 24. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction. The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of a group of nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain, the body takes a quick breath, then muscles contract violently. Finally, the sound “kerchoo” comes out. What is the initial cause of sneeze? A. Nerves are irritated. B. The brain is signaled. C. Eyes are irritated. D. Muscles contract violently.
  • 25. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction. The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of a group of nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain, the body takes a quick breath, then muscles contract violently. Finally, the sound “kerchoo” comes out. What is the initial cause of sneeze? A. Nerves are irritated. B. The brain is signaled. C. Eyes are irritated. D. Muscles contract violently. How did you do?
  • 26. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question Carlos Palomino was a champion boxer. Yet he gave up boxing and earned a degree in recreation. He chose this field because he wanted to work with kids. Not everyone can become a paid athlete, he says. That’s why school is so important for all young people. Carlos hopes his example will help others set high goals in education as well in sports. Why did Carlos get the degree in recreation? • He had earned many honors. • He wanted to work with kids. • Not everyone can become a paid athlete. • He was an ideal boxer.
  • 27. RPDP Secondary Literacy Practice QuestionPractice Question Carlos Palomino was a champion boxer. Yet he gave up boxing and earned a degree in recreation. He chose this field because he wanted to work with kids. Not everyone can become a paid athlete, he says. That’s why school is so important for all young people. Carlos hopes his example will help others set high goals in education as well in sports. Why did Carlos get the degree in recreation? • He had earned many honors. • He wanted to work with kids. • Not everyone can become a paid athlete. • He was an ideal boxer. How did you do?
  • 28. RPDP Secondary Literacy It's important to know- A good reader is also a good detective.
  • 29. RPDP Secondary Literacy Today we discussed - • Causes • Effects • Clue Words • Cause and Effect Relationships Key Stategies and Terms
  • 30. RPDP Secondary Literacy It doesn’t matter whether you read fiction or nonfiction - As long as you take the time to read! Remember!
  • 31. RPDP Secondary Literacy Copyright Notice Permission is granted to copy (unmodified) all or part of this PowerPoint for educational, personal, non-commercial use off-line as long as the copyright message (Copyright © 2007 by Jill Leone) is maintained on the title page. This material may not be sold, duplicated on other websites, incorporated in commercial documents or products, or used for promotional purposes. Copyright © 2007 by Jill M. Leone

Editor's Notes

  1. When something happens, we often try to understand why. We try to figure out the cause of the event or the reason for it.
  2. Other key words and phrases used to show the cause are: Since the student forgot her homework, … As a result of her fantastic report card, … The main reason is not enough money. An important factor was his participation in class. The chief cause was too many absences. The best explanation is too little interest. Due to his constant tardies…
  3. Effect = the result The effect answers the question “What happened?” Remember that the effect is the second thing that happens (as a result of the cause, which was the first thing). Sometimes no key words are used. The cause and effect relationship is then suggested or implied by the writer. When this happens, the reader must add up (think about all) the details. WHY = THE CAUSE WHAT HAPPENDED = THE EFFECT
  4. Answer = A
  5. Answer = B
  6. Answer = A