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CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS CLASS 8.pptx

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Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. A key discovery was made in 1665 by Robert Hooke who first observed "cells" in cork using a microscope. It was later determined that cells are the fundamental unit of all known living organisms. A typical cell contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm which is enclosed by a cell membrane in eukaryotic cells. Organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria are also found within the cytoplasm and perform specific functions for the cell.

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CELL - STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS - ADITYA ARYA (RIE BHOPAL)
1. DISCOVERY OF THE CELL Robert Hooke in 1665 observed slices of cork under a simple magnifying device. Cork is a part of the bark of a tree. He took thin slices of cork and observed them under a microscope. He noticed partitioned boxes or compartments in the cork slice. 2
BRICK WALL ONION PEEL
CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS CLASS 8.pptx
5 HELLO!
6
 These boxes appeared like a honeycomb.  He also noticed that one box was separated from the other by a wall or partition.  Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ for each box.  What Hooke observed as boxes or cells in the cork were actually dead cells. 7
8  Cells of living organisms could be observed only after the discovery of improved microscopes.  Very little was known about the cell for the next 150 years after Robert Hooke’s observations.  Today, we know a lot about cell structure and its functions because of improved microscopes having high magnification
2. THE CELL 9  Cell is a basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.  The buildings, though built of similar bricks, have different designs, shapes and sizes.  Cells in the living organisms are complex living structures unlike non-living bricks.
10  Similarly, in the living world, organisms differ from one another but all are made up of cells
The egg of a hen represents a single cell and is big enough to be seen by the unaided eye. 11
3. Organisms show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size  Stains (dyes) are used to colour parts of the cell to study the detailed structure.  There are millions of living organisms.  They are of different shapes and sizes.  Their organs also vary in shape, size and number of cells.
“ 13 Number of Cells  Can you guess the number of cells in a tall tree or in a huge animal like the elephant?  The number runs into billions and trillions.  Human body has trillions of cells which vary in shapes and sizes. Different groups of cells perform a variety of functions.
14  Organisms made of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms. MULTICELLULAR MULTI CELLULAR MANY CELLS  The number of cells being less in smaller organisms does not, in any way, affect the functioning of the organisms.
15  You will be surprised to know that an organism with billions of cells begins life as a single cell which is the fertilised egg.  The fertilised egg cell multiplies and the number of cells increase as development proceeds.
16  The single-celled organisms are called unicellular organisms.  Both organisms are made up of a single cell. UNICELLULAR UNI CELLULAR ONE CELLS  A single-celled organism performs all the necessary functions that multicellular organisms perform.
17  A single-celled organism, like amoeba, captures and digests food, respires, excretes, grows and reproduces.  Similar functions in multicellular organisms are carried out by groups of specialised cells forming different tissues.  Tissues, in turn, form organs.
18 Activity 8.1 The teacher may show a permanent slide of amoeba and paramecium under a microscope amoeba paramecium
SHAPE OF CELLS  Amoeba has no definite shape, unlike other organisms. It keeps on changing its shape. 19  Observe the projections of varying lengths protruding out of its body. These are called pseudopodia.  These projections appear and disappear as amoeba moves or feeds. Pseudo podia False feet
20 AMOEBA
21
22 A white blood cell (WBC) in human blood is another example of a single cell which can change its shape. But while WBC is a cell, amoeba is a full fledged organism capable of independent existence.
23  Different cells ; blood, muscle and nerve of human beings.  The different shapes are related to their specific functions.  Generally, cells are round, spherical or elongated.
24  Some cells are long and pointed at both ends.  They exhibit a spindle shape.  Cells sometimes are quite long.  Some are branched like the nerve cell or a neuron.  The nerve cell receives and transfers messages, thereby helping to control and coordinate the working of different parts of the body.
25 Can you guess, which part of the cell gives it shape?
26 • Components of the cell are enclosed in a membrane. • This membrane provides shape to the cells of plants and animals. • Cell wall is an additional covering over the cell membrane in plant cells. • It gives shape and rigidity to these cells. • Bacterial cell also has a cell wall. Cell wall is absent in animal cells.
Size of Cells 27  The size of cells in living organisms may be as small as a millionth of a metre (micrometre or micron) or may be as large as a few centimetres.
 Most of the cells are microscopic in size and are not visible to the unaided eye.  They need to be enlarged or magnified by a microscope.  The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometre in bacteria.  The largest cell measuring 170 mm × 130 mm, is the egg of an ostrich
29 Activity 8.2 Boil a hen’s egg. Remove the shell. What do you observe? A white material surrounds the yellow part.
30 Activity 8.2 Boil a hen’s egg. Remove the shell. What do you observe? White material is albumin which solidifies on boiling. ALBUMIN The yellow part is yolk. YOLK You can observe this single cell without any magnifying device.
 The size of the cells has no relation with the size of the body of the animal or plant.  It is not necessary that the cells in the elephant be much bigger than those in a rat.  The size of the cell is related to its function.  For example, nerve cells, both in the elephant and rat, are long and branched. They perform the same function, that of transferring messages.
32 8.4 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
33 8.4 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Roots help in the absorption of water and minerals. Leaves, as you have learnt in Class VII, are responsible for synthesis of food.
8.4 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TISSUE: A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Paheli realised that an organ is made up of tissues which in turn, are made up of cells. The cell in a living organism is the basic structural unit.
8.5 PARTS OF THE CELL / CELL ORGANELLES  The basic components of a cell are cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
CELL MEMBRANE 37  The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane.  The membrane separates cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium.  The plasma membrane is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and outward.
CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS CLASS 8.pptx
First Second Last 39
 The boundary of the onion cell is the cell membrane covered by another thick covering called the cell wall.  The central dense round body in the centre is called the nucleus.  The jelly-like substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.
41
Functions of cell wall  Cell wall is required by plants for protection.  Plant cells need protection against variations in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture etc.  They are exposed to these variations because they cannot move. Cells can be observed in the leaf peel of Tradescantia, Elodea or Rhoeo.
CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS CLASS 8.pptx
CYTOPLASM  It is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus.  Various other components, or organelles, of cells are present in the cytoplasm.  These are mitochondria, golgi bodies, ribosomes, etc.
NUCLEUS  It is an important component of the living cell.  It is generally spherical and located in the centre of the cell.  It can be stained and seen easily with the help of a microscope.
NUCLEUS  Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear membrane.  This membrane is also porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.  With a microscope of higher magnification, we can see a smaller spherical body in the nucleus. It is called the nucleolus.
 In addition, nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes.  These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.  The chromosomes can be seen only when the cell divides. Chromo Color Soma / somes thread
 Nucleus, in addition to its role in inheritance, acts as control centre of the activities of the cell.  The entire content of a living cell is known as protoplasm.  It includes the cytoplasm and the nucleus.  Protoplasm is called the living substance of the cell. Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELL & EUKARYOTIC CELLS  The nucleus of the bacterial cell is not well-organised like the cells of multicellular organisms.  There is no nuclear membrane.  The cells having nuclear material without nuclear membrane are termed prokaryotic cells.  The organisms with these kinds of cells are called prokaryotes  (pro : primitive; karyon : nucleus).  Examples are bacteria and blue green algae.  The cells, like onion cells and cheek cells having well-organised nucleus with a nuclear membrane are designated as eukaryotic cells.  All organisms other than bacteria and blue green algae are called eukaryotes.  (eu : true; karyon: nucleus).
VACUOLE  While observing the onion cells under the microscope, did you notice any blank-looking structures in the cytoplasm?  It is called vacuole. It could be single and big as in an onion cell.  Cheek cells have smaller vacuoles.  Large vacuoles are common in plant cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are much smaller.
CHLOROPLAST  They are scattered in the cytoplasm of the leaf cells.  These are called plastids.  They are of different colours.  Some of them contain green pigment called chlorophyll.  Green coloured plastids are called chloroplasts.  They provide green colour to the leaves.
*Vacuoles in animal cells are much smaller.
Across 1. This is necessary for photosynthesis. 3. Term for component present in the cytoplasm. 6. The living substance in the cell. 8. Units of inheritance present on the chromosomes. Down 1. Green plastids. 2. Formed by collection of tissues. 4. It separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding medium. 5. Empty structure in the cytoplasm. 7. A group of cells. H L R O P L A S T R G A N E L L E R O O P L A S M E N E S E B R A N
KEY WORDS 54  CELL  CELL MEMBRANE  CELL WALL  CHLOROPLAST  CHROMOSOME  CYTOPLASM  EUKARYOTES  GENE  MULTICELLULAR  NUCLEAR MEMBRANE  NUCLEOLUS  NUCLEUS  ORGAN  ORGANELLES  PLASMA MEMBRANE  PLASTID  PROKARYOTES  PSEUDOPODIA  TISSUE  UNICELLULAR  VACUOLE  WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
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CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS CLASS 8.pptx

  • 1. CELL - STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS - ADITYA ARYA (RIE BHOPAL)
  • 2. 1. DISCOVERY OF THE CELL Robert Hooke in 1665 observed slices of cork under a simple magnifying device. Cork is a part of the bark of a tree. He took thin slices of cork and observed them under a microscope. He noticed partitioned boxes or compartments in the cork slice. 2
  • 6. 6
  • 7.  These boxes appeared like a honeycomb.  He also noticed that one box was separated from the other by a wall or partition.  Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ for each box.  What Hooke observed as boxes or cells in the cork were actually dead cells. 7
  • 8. 8  Cells of living organisms could be observed only after the discovery of improved microscopes.  Very little was known about the cell for the next 150 years after Robert Hooke’s observations.  Today, we know a lot about cell structure and its functions because of improved microscopes having high magnification
  • 9. 2. THE CELL 9  Cell is a basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.  The buildings, though built of similar bricks, have different designs, shapes and sizes.  Cells in the living organisms are complex living structures unlike non-living bricks.
  • 10. 10  Similarly, in the living world, organisms differ from one another but all are made up of cells
  • 11. The egg of a hen represents a single cell and is big enough to be seen by the unaided eye. 11
  • 12. 3. Organisms show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size  Stains (dyes) are used to colour parts of the cell to study the detailed structure.  There are millions of living organisms.  They are of different shapes and sizes.  Their organs also vary in shape, size and number of cells.
  • 13. “ 13 Number of Cells  Can you guess the number of cells in a tall tree or in a huge animal like the elephant?  The number runs into billions and trillions.  Human body has trillions of cells which vary in shapes and sizes. Different groups of cells perform a variety of functions.
  • 14. 14  Organisms made of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms. MULTICELLULAR MULTI CELLULAR MANY CELLS  The number of cells being less in smaller organisms does not, in any way, affect the functioning of the organisms.
  • 15. 15  You will be surprised to know that an organism with billions of cells begins life as a single cell which is the fertilised egg.  The fertilised egg cell multiplies and the number of cells increase as development proceeds.
  • 16. 16  The single-celled organisms are called unicellular organisms.  Both organisms are made up of a single cell. UNICELLULAR UNI CELLULAR ONE CELLS  A single-celled organism performs all the necessary functions that multicellular organisms perform.
  • 17. 17  A single-celled organism, like amoeba, captures and digests food, respires, excretes, grows and reproduces.  Similar functions in multicellular organisms are carried out by groups of specialised cells forming different tissues.  Tissues, in turn, form organs.
  • 18. 18 Activity 8.1 The teacher may show a permanent slide of amoeba and paramecium under a microscope amoeba paramecium
  • 19. SHAPE OF CELLS  Amoeba has no definite shape, unlike other organisms. It keeps on changing its shape. 19  Observe the projections of varying lengths protruding out of its body. These are called pseudopodia.  These projections appear and disappear as amoeba moves or feeds. Pseudo podia False feet
  • 21. 21
  • 22. 22 A white blood cell (WBC) in human blood is another example of a single cell which can change its shape. But while WBC is a cell, amoeba is a full fledged organism capable of independent existence.
  • 23. 23  Different cells ; blood, muscle and nerve of human beings.  The different shapes are related to their specific functions.  Generally, cells are round, spherical or elongated.
  • 24. 24  Some cells are long and pointed at both ends.  They exhibit a spindle shape.  Cells sometimes are quite long.  Some are branched like the nerve cell or a neuron.  The nerve cell receives and transfers messages, thereby helping to control and coordinate the working of different parts of the body.
  • 25. 25 Can you guess, which part of the cell gives it shape?
  • 26. 26 • Components of the cell are enclosed in a membrane. • This membrane provides shape to the cells of plants and animals. • Cell wall is an additional covering over the cell membrane in plant cells. • It gives shape and rigidity to these cells. • Bacterial cell also has a cell wall. Cell wall is absent in animal cells.
  • 27. Size of Cells 27  The size of cells in living organisms may be as small as a millionth of a metre (micrometre or micron) or may be as large as a few centimetres.
  • 28.  Most of the cells are microscopic in size and are not visible to the unaided eye.  They need to be enlarged or magnified by a microscope.  The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometre in bacteria.  The largest cell measuring 170 mm × 130 mm, is the egg of an ostrich
  • 29. 29 Activity 8.2 Boil a hen’s egg. Remove the shell. What do you observe? A white material surrounds the yellow part.
  • 30. 30 Activity 8.2 Boil a hen’s egg. Remove the shell. What do you observe? White material is albumin which solidifies on boiling. ALBUMIN The yellow part is yolk. YOLK You can observe this single cell without any magnifying device.
  • 31.  The size of the cells has no relation with the size of the body of the animal or plant.  It is not necessary that the cells in the elephant be much bigger than those in a rat.  The size of the cell is related to its function.  For example, nerve cells, both in the elephant and rat, are long and branched. They perform the same function, that of transferring messages.
  • 33. 33 8.4 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Roots help in the absorption of water and minerals. Leaves, as you have learnt in Class VII, are responsible for synthesis of food.
  • 34. 8.4 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TISSUE: A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
  • 35. Paheli realised that an organ is made up of tissues which in turn, are made up of cells. The cell in a living organism is the basic structural unit.
  • 36. 8.5 PARTS OF THE CELL / CELL ORGANELLES  The basic components of a cell are cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
  • 37. CELL MEMBRANE 37  The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane.  The membrane separates cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium.  The plasma membrane is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and outward.
  • 40.  The boundary of the onion cell is the cell membrane covered by another thick covering called the cell wall.  The central dense round body in the centre is called the nucleus.  The jelly-like substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.
  • 41. 41
  • 42. Functions of cell wall  Cell wall is required by plants for protection.  Plant cells need protection against variations in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture etc.  They are exposed to these variations because they cannot move. Cells can be observed in the leaf peel of Tradescantia, Elodea or Rhoeo.
  • 44. CYTOPLASM  It is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus.  Various other components, or organelles, of cells are present in the cytoplasm.  These are mitochondria, golgi bodies, ribosomes, etc.
  • 45. NUCLEUS  It is an important component of the living cell.  It is generally spherical and located in the centre of the cell.  It can be stained and seen easily with the help of a microscope.
  • 46. NUCLEUS  Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear membrane.  This membrane is also porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.  With a microscope of higher magnification, we can see a smaller spherical body in the nucleus. It is called the nucleolus.
  • 47.  In addition, nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes.  These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.  The chromosomes can be seen only when the cell divides. Chromo Color Soma / somes thread
  • 48.  Nucleus, in addition to its role in inheritance, acts as control centre of the activities of the cell.  The entire content of a living cell is known as protoplasm.  It includes the cytoplasm and the nucleus.  Protoplasm is called the living substance of the cell. Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus
  • 49. PROKARYOTIC CELL & EUKARYOTIC CELLS  The nucleus of the bacterial cell is not well-organised like the cells of multicellular organisms.  There is no nuclear membrane.  The cells having nuclear material without nuclear membrane are termed prokaryotic cells.  The organisms with these kinds of cells are called prokaryotes  (pro : primitive; karyon : nucleus).  Examples are bacteria and blue green algae.  The cells, like onion cells and cheek cells having well-organised nucleus with a nuclear membrane are designated as eukaryotic cells.  All organisms other than bacteria and blue green algae are called eukaryotes.  (eu : true; karyon: nucleus).
  • 50. VACUOLE  While observing the onion cells under the microscope, did you notice any blank-looking structures in the cytoplasm?  It is called vacuole. It could be single and big as in an onion cell.  Cheek cells have smaller vacuoles.  Large vacuoles are common in plant cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are much smaller.
  • 51. CHLOROPLAST  They are scattered in the cytoplasm of the leaf cells.  These are called plastids.  They are of different colours.  Some of them contain green pigment called chlorophyll.  Green coloured plastids are called chloroplasts.  They provide green colour to the leaves.
  • 52. *Vacuoles in animal cells are much smaller.
  • 53. Across 1. This is necessary for photosynthesis. 3. Term for component present in the cytoplasm. 6. The living substance in the cell. 8. Units of inheritance present on the chromosomes. Down 1. Green plastids. 2. Formed by collection of tissues. 4. It separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding medium. 5. Empty structure in the cytoplasm. 7. A group of cells. H L R O P L A S T R G A N E L L E R O O P L A S M E N E S E B R A N
  • 54. KEY WORDS 54  CELL  CELL MEMBRANE  CELL WALL  CHLOROPLAST  CHROMOSOME  CYTOPLASM  EUKARYOTES  GENE  MULTICELLULAR  NUCLEAR MEMBRANE  NUCLEOLUS  NUCLEUS  ORGAN  ORGANELLES  PLASMA MEMBRANE  PLASTID  PROKARYOTES  PSEUDOPODIA  TISSUE  UNICELLULAR  VACUOLE  WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)