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Er. Nawaraj Bhandari

Computer Architecture Computer Evolution and Performance Computer Interconnection Structures Internal Memory External Memory Input/output Operating Systems Support Computer Arithmetic Instruction Sets

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Er. Nawaraj Bhandari Topic 1 Overview Computer Architecture
Outline of the Syllabus  Computer Evolution and Performance  Computer Interconnection Structures  Internal Memory  External Memory  Input/output  Operating Systems Support  Computer Arithmetic  Instruction Sets
Outline of the Syllabus  CPU Structure and Function  Reduced Instruction Set Computers  Parallel Processing
Architecture  In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems  Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. *Organization is how features are implemented .Eg. Control signals, interfaces, memory technology
Architecture  All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture  The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture  This gives code compatibility  Organization differs between different versions
Structure & Function  Structure is the way in which components relate to each other  Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
Function  All computer functions are:  Data processing  Data storage  Data movement  Control
ENIAC - background  Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer  Eckert and Mauchly  University of Pennsylvania  Trajectory tables for weapons  Started 1943  Finished 1946  Too late for war effort  Used until 1955
ENIAC - details  Decimal (not binary)  20 accumulators of 10 digits  Programmed manually by switches  18,000 vacuum tubes  30 tons  15,000 square feet  140 kW power consumption  5,000 additions per second
von Neumann/Turing  Stored Program concept  Main memory storing programs and data  ALU operating on binary data  Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing  Input and output equipment operated by control unit  Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies  IAS  Completed 1952
Structure of von Neumann machine
Transistors  Replaced vacuum tubes  Smaller  Cheaper  Less heat dissipation  Solid State device  Made from Silicon (Sand)  Invented 1947 at Bell Labs  William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers  Second generation machines  NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines  IBM 7000  DEC - 1957  Produced PDP-1
Generations of Computer
Generations of Computer  Vacuum tube - 1946-1957  Transistor - 1958-1964  Small scale integration - 1965 on  Up to 100 devices on a chip  Medium scale integration - to 1971  100-3,000 devices on a chip  Large scale integration - 1971-1977  3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip  Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991  100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip  Ultra large scale integration – 1991 -  Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
x86 Evolution (1)  8080  The world’s first general-purpose microprocessor.  This was an 8-bit machine, with an 8-bit data path to memory.  The 8080 was used in the first personal computer, the Altair.  8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors  much more powerful  16 bit  instruction cache, pre fetch few instructions  8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
x86 Evolution (2)  80286  16 Mbyte memory addressable  up from 1Mb  80386  32 bit  Support for multitasking  80486  sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining  built in maths co-processor
x86 Evolution (3)  Pentium  Superscalar  Multiple instructions executed in parallel  Pentium Pro  Increased superscalar organization  Aggressive register renaming  branch prediction  data flow analysis  Pentium II  graphics, video & audio processing  Pentium III  Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
x86 Evolution (4)  Pentium 4  Further floating point and multimedia enhancements  Core  First x86 with dual core  Core 2  64 bit architecture  Core 2 Quad – 3GHz – 820 million transistors  Four processors on chip
x86 Evolution (4)  x86 architecture dominant outside embedded systems  Organization and technology changed dramatically  Instruction set architecture evolved with backwards compatibility  ~1 instruction per month added  500 instructions available
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Chapter 1

  • 1. Er. Nawaraj Bhandari Topic 1 Overview Computer Architecture
  • 2. Outline of the Syllabus  Computer Evolution and Performance  Computer Interconnection Structures  Internal Memory  External Memory  Input/output  Operating Systems Support  Computer Arithmetic  Instruction Sets
  • 3. Outline of the Syllabus  CPU Structure and Function  Reduced Instruction Set Computers  Parallel Processing
  • 4. Architecture  In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems  Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. *Organization is how features are implemented .Eg. Control signals, interfaces, memory technology
  • 5. Architecture  All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture  The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture  This gives code compatibility  Organization differs between different versions
  • 6. Structure & Function  Structure is the way in which components relate to each other  Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
  • 7. Function  All computer functions are:  Data processing  Data storage  Data movement  Control
  • 8. ENIAC - background  Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer  Eckert and Mauchly  University of Pennsylvania  Trajectory tables for weapons  Started 1943  Finished 1946  Too late for war effort  Used until 1955
  • 9. ENIAC - details  Decimal (not binary)  20 accumulators of 10 digits  Programmed manually by switches  18,000 vacuum tubes  30 tons  15,000 square feet  140 kW power consumption  5,000 additions per second
  • 10. von Neumann/Turing  Stored Program concept  Main memory storing programs and data  ALU operating on binary data  Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing  Input and output equipment operated by control unit  Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies  IAS  Completed 1952
  • 11. Structure of von Neumann machine
  • 12. Transistors  Replaced vacuum tubes  Smaller  Cheaper  Less heat dissipation  Solid State device  Made from Silicon (Sand)  Invented 1947 at Bell Labs  William Shockley et al.
  • 13. Transistor Based Computers  Second generation machines  NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines  IBM 7000  DEC - 1957  Produced PDP-1
  • 15. Generations of Computer  Vacuum tube - 1946-1957  Transistor - 1958-1964  Small scale integration - 1965 on  Up to 100 devices on a chip  Medium scale integration - to 1971  100-3,000 devices on a chip  Large scale integration - 1971-1977  3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip  Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991  100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip  Ultra large scale integration – 1991 -  Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
  • 16. x86 Evolution (1)  8080  The world’s first general-purpose microprocessor.  This was an 8-bit machine, with an 8-bit data path to memory.  The 8080 was used in the first personal computer, the Altair.  8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors  much more powerful  16 bit  instruction cache, pre fetch few instructions  8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
  • 17. x86 Evolution (2)  80286  16 Mbyte memory addressable  up from 1Mb  80386  32 bit  Support for multitasking  80486  sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining  built in maths co-processor
  • 18. x86 Evolution (3)  Pentium  Superscalar  Multiple instructions executed in parallel  Pentium Pro  Increased superscalar organization  Aggressive register renaming  branch prediction  data flow analysis  Pentium II  graphics, video & audio processing  Pentium III  Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
  • 19. x86 Evolution (4)  Pentium 4  Further floating point and multimedia enhancements  Core  First x86 with dual core  Core 2  64 bit architecture  Core 2 Quad – 3GHz – 820 million transistors  Four processors on chip
  • 20. x86 Evolution (4)  x86 architecture dominant outside embedded systems  Organization and technology changed dramatically  Instruction set architecture evolved with backwards compatibility  ~1 instruction per month added  500 instructions available