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Chapter 1, FUEL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 pptx.pptx

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Biofuel (AKA agrofuel): any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.

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Fuel Biotechnology (Biot. 4137) BY :Galataa Oljirraa Contact:galataaoljirraa@gmail.com Department of Biotechnology Wolkite University
CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Biofuel and Bio energy Objectives of the lesson: After completion of this lesson students should able to:  Define biofuel and bioenergy  Explain the benefits of using biomass for bioenergy  Define biomass and types of biomass  Understand bioenergy applications
1.Introduction • Biofuel Also known as agrofuel • Mainly derived from biomass or bio waste • These fuels can be used for any purposes, but the main use for transportation sector. • The most important feature of biomass is that they are renewable sources of energy unlike other natural resources like coal, petroleum and even nuclear fuel.
Introduction • Today, the use of biofuels has expanded throughout the globe. • Some of the major producers and users of biogases are Asia, Europe and America. • There are several factors that decide the balance between biofuel and fossil fuel use around the world. Those factors are cost, availability, and food supply • There is only so much land fit for farming in the world and growing biofuels necessarily detracts from the process of growing food. As the population grows, our demands for both energy and food grow. At this point, we do not have enough land to grow both enough biofuel and enough food to meet both needs.
Introduction • Some of the agricultural products that are specially grown for the production of biofuels are: • United States- switchgrass, soybeans and corn • Brazil-sugar cane • Europe- sugar beet and wheat • China- cassava and sorghum • Asia- miscanthus and palm oil • India- jatropha
Current Trends • About 1 billion gallons of biodiesel are produced annually. • Bioethanol is more popular in the Americas while biodiesel is more popular in Europe. • The U.S. and Brazil produce 87% of the world's fuel ethanol. • More than 22 billion gallons of fuel ethanol are produced each year. • Ethanol is added to gasoline to improve octane and reduce emissions. • Biodiesel is added to petroleum-based diesel to reduce emissions and improve engine life. • Concerns about the global price of food have resulted in many nations revising (downward) plans for biofuel production and use.
Applications of Biofuels • Transportation – Leading application because vehicles require clean, dense, high power fuels in a liquid state – Liquids can be easily pumped and stored • Power Generation – solid biomass fuel like wood • Heat
What is a Biofuel? • Biofuel (AKA agrofuel): any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation • Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. • Carbon Fixation – A chemistry process that converts carbon dioxide into a hydrocarbon molecule (a source of energy) that would be found in a living organism – If this process occurs in a living organism, it is referred to as “biological carbon fixation”
A Lesson Learned from Nature Photosynthesis is a biological carbon fixation process utilized by plants to obtain energy in the form of carbohydrates
What is Biomass? Biomass is dead organic matter • Examples: kernels of corn, mats of algae, stalks of sugar cane Types of biomass – Woody • Examples: coconut, oil palm, poplar, pine • Generally burned to heat space or heat water to produce steam to generate electricity via a turbine generator – When utilized directly: direct biomass – Non-Woody • Examples: corn, sugar cane, soybeans, algae • Generally processed to produce different liquid biofuels – Indirect biomass
Producing Biofuel from Biomass • Biomass energy can be converted into liquid biofuels generally in two methods: • Method I – Sugar crops or starch are grown and through the process of fermentation, ethanol is produced. • Method II – Plants are grown which naturally produce oil, such as jatropha and algae – These oils are heated to reduce their viscosity after which they are directly used as fuel for diesel engines – This oil can be further treated to produce biodiesel which can be used for various purposes
Biofuels Are Counterparts Biofuels are counterparts to traditional fossil fuels Biofuel Fossil Fuel Ethanol Gasoline/Ethane Biodiesel Diesel Methanol Methane Biobutanol Gasoline/Butane
Comparing Energy Content • The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of its counterpart petroleum diesel • The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline • The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline
Biofuel Carbon Footprint Most biofuels are at least as energy dense as coal, but produce less carbon dioxide when burned
Why Renewable? • Biofuels are produced from biomass or bio waste, which can be replenished year after year through sustainable farming practices – Biomass and biofuel are renewable • Fossil fuels require millions of years to form – Fossil fuels are NOT renewable
Green Energy? • “Renewable” is NOT the same as “Green” • A renewable energy source simply does not deplete – Example: solar, wind, hydroelectric • A “green” energy is ALSO good for the planet because it does not harm ecosystems, contribute to acid rain, or worsen global warming • Solar energy is green and renewable • All 'green' energy is considered renewable, but not all renewable energy is green • Biofuels are examples of renewable energy sources that are not always green because they produce greenhouse gases
Woody Biomass • Coconut - In areas with abundant coconut trees, after harvesting the meat or edible part of the coconut, the hull is converted into a bio briquette. The benefit of this biomass is that it burns efficiently and leaves very little residue. • Oil Palm - The oil palm provides biomass in two ways. The fruit produces oil, which can be harvested and chemically converted to produce biodiesel. After the oil is harvested, however, the hulls can be burned directly. Thus, oil palm provide both direct and indirect biomass. • Poplar - The poplar family includes trees like the Aspen and Cottonwood. These trees are valued for their rapid growth, reasonable resistance to disease, ability to provide habitat, and ability to be cultivated from sprouts cut from adult trees (reduces overall cost in the long term). • Pine - Pine is valued for many of the same reasons as poplar. It grows fast, it's easy to cultivate, and is relatively inexpensive to grow.
1.3 Bioenergy  Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.  It can be from plant and animal material  Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight energy in the form of chemical energy.  As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw(grain waste) , manure, sugarcane, and many other by products from a variety of agricultural processes.
Bioenergy sources Plant oils or sugary/starchy parts of crops Trees, wood chippings, or straw Animal waste Algae oil Waste cooking oil
Other Kinds of Renewable Energy Wind turbines for electricity production Biodigester for electricity or vehicle fuel production Solar panels for electricity production Geothermal for heating and cooling Hydroelectric
Con..  Its most broader sense it is a synonym to biofuel, which is fuel derived from biological sources.  In its broader sense it includes Biomass The biological material used as a biofuel Social, economic, scientific and technical fields associated with using biological sources for energy.
Con..  One of the advantages of biomass fuel is that it is often a by- product, residue or waste-product of other processes, such as farming animal husbandry and forestry  Land use, existing biomass industries and relevant conversion technologies must be considered.
Con..  Biomass is the material derived from recently from living organisms, which includes plants animals and their byproducts  Manure, garden waste and crop residues are all sources of biomass.
Con..  It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.  Another source includes Animal waste, which is a persistent and unavoidable pollutant produced primarily by the animals housed in industrial sized farm.
Con..  There are also agricultural products specifically being grown for biofuel production. Corn, soybeans and to some extent Willow and switch grass on a pre-commercial research level.
 Primarily in the United States; rapeseed, wheat, sugar beet, and willow  Europe; sugarcane in Brazil; palm oil and miscanthus were used as biofuel.  In Southeast Asia; sorghum and cassava in China; and jatropha in India.  Biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can be used for biofuel production, using  e.g. anaerobic digestion to produce biogas,
Con..  The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent or slow down climate change, although alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems.  Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
Con..  Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas also called "landfill gas" or "biogas.  Crops, such as corn and sugar cane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol and biodiesel.  Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.  Also, Biomass to liquids and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.
Biomass… As a renewable fuel No net carbon emissions  Carbon dioxide released when biomass is used as fuel is balanced by the carbon dioxide captured when the biomass is grown.
1.4. Electricity generation from biomass  The biomass used for electricity production ranges by region.  Forest byproducts, such as wood residues, are popular in the United States.  Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).  Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry, is popular in the UK
1.5. Electricity from electrogenic micro-organisms  Another form of bioenergy can be attained from microbial fuel cells, in which  chemical energy stored in wastewater or soil is converted directly into electrical energy via the metabolic processes of electrogenic micro-organisms.
1.6. Environmental impact  Environmental impact of biodiesel is some forms of forest bioenergy have recently come under fire from a number of environmental organizations, including Greenpeace and the Natural Resources Defense Council, for the harmful impacts they can have on forests and the climate.  In light of the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short term in order to mitigate the effects of climate change,  a number of environmental groups are opposing the large-scale use of forest biomass in energy production.
CON..  Environmental Impact  Increased other greenhouse gases and air pollutants: NOx , CH4, and SO2 .  Energy consumption for some processes can be high  Land-greedy and energy crops compete with agricultural land
Bioenergy convert biomass into heat, power and fuel  Biomass of all the living earth’s matter is an enormous energy store  Through photosynthesis processes the biomass energy store is continuously replenished
1.5. Bioenergy applications  Mainly for;  heating  fuels and  electricity  Biomass Sources  Energy crops : the purpose-grown energy crops (e.g. corn, sugar cane)  Wastes (energy from wastes): unwanted products from human activities
Technologies for Bioenergy • Combustion • Anaerobic digestion • Gasification  Cost and complexity – Upfront equipment capital for electricity is high. – Fuel cost can be significant
1.6. Current status and future potential Bioenergy consumption:  Bioenergy is a versatile energy source  In contrast to other energy sources, biomass can be converted into;  Solid  Liquid and  Gaseous fuels.  Moreover, bioenergy can be used for heating homes, electrifying communities and fuelling the transport sector.
Con…  Globally, bioenergy accounted for 14% of the world’s energy consumption in 2012.  With roughly 2.6 billion people dependent on traditional biomass for energy needs.  to explore sustainable aviation pathways  Commercial airlines using biofuels have already flown transatlantic routes.  Other important sectors include heavy road and maritime where biofuels can play a big role.
Con…  The use of biomass for electricity is prominent in Europe and North America –predominantly produced from forestry products and residues.  Cogeneration plants enable the use of biomass with increased efficiency, so much so that the combined efficiency of producing heat and electricity crosses 80%.  The Europe and Americas continent contribute more than 70% of all consumption of biomass for electricity.
Con…  In the past few years, biomass is seeing increasing uptake in developing countries in Asia and Africa where significant population lacks access to electricity.  Biogas and decentralized bioenergy systems are becoming more cost competitive.
Con…  Mauritius, Kenya and Ethiopia are successful.  Since biomass has been the major energy source for heating.  Currently, the major use of biomass is in the form of heat in rural and developing countries.  About 90% of all the bioenergy consumption is in the traditional use.  It includes the use of fuel wood, charcoal, agricultural residues etc. for cooking and  heating.
Con…  This will soon change as rapid urbanisation, inefficient use of biomass leading to deforestation, climate goals and increasing energy demand will lead to a shift towards improved conversion efficiencies and modern bioenergy sources like biogas, pellets, liquid biofuels etc.
Con…
which biofuel?
interest of cascading routes

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Chapter 1, FUEL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 pptx.pptx

  • 1. Fuel Biotechnology (Biot. 4137) BY :Galataa Oljirraa Contact:galataaoljirraa@gmail.com Department of Biotechnology Wolkite University
  • 2. CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Biofuel and Bio energy Objectives of the lesson: After completion of this lesson students should able to:  Define biofuel and bioenergy  Explain the benefits of using biomass for bioenergy  Define biomass and types of biomass  Understand bioenergy applications
  • 3. 1.Introduction • Biofuel Also known as agrofuel • Mainly derived from biomass or bio waste • These fuels can be used for any purposes, but the main use for transportation sector. • The most important feature of biomass is that they are renewable sources of energy unlike other natural resources like coal, petroleum and even nuclear fuel.
  • 4. Introduction • Today, the use of biofuels has expanded throughout the globe. • Some of the major producers and users of biogases are Asia, Europe and America. • There are several factors that decide the balance between biofuel and fossil fuel use around the world. Those factors are cost, availability, and food supply • There is only so much land fit for farming in the world and growing biofuels necessarily detracts from the process of growing food. As the population grows, our demands for both energy and food grow. At this point, we do not have enough land to grow both enough biofuel and enough food to meet both needs.
  • 5. Introduction • Some of the agricultural products that are specially grown for the production of biofuels are: • United States- switchgrass, soybeans and corn • Brazil-sugar cane • Europe- sugar beet and wheat • China- cassava and sorghum • Asia- miscanthus and palm oil • India- jatropha
  • 6. Current Trends • About 1 billion gallons of biodiesel are produced annually. • Bioethanol is more popular in the Americas while biodiesel is more popular in Europe. • The U.S. and Brazil produce 87% of the world's fuel ethanol. • More than 22 billion gallons of fuel ethanol are produced each year. • Ethanol is added to gasoline to improve octane and reduce emissions. • Biodiesel is added to petroleum-based diesel to reduce emissions and improve engine life. • Concerns about the global price of food have resulted in many nations revising (downward) plans for biofuel production and use.
  • 7. Applications of Biofuels • Transportation – Leading application because vehicles require clean, dense, high power fuels in a liquid state – Liquids can be easily pumped and stored • Power Generation – solid biomass fuel like wood • Heat
  • 8. What is a Biofuel? • Biofuel (AKA agrofuel): any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation • Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. • Carbon Fixation – A chemistry process that converts carbon dioxide into a hydrocarbon molecule (a source of energy) that would be found in a living organism – If this process occurs in a living organism, it is referred to as “biological carbon fixation”
  • 9. A Lesson Learned from Nature Photosynthesis is a biological carbon fixation process utilized by plants to obtain energy in the form of carbohydrates
  • 10. What is Biomass? Biomass is dead organic matter • Examples: kernels of corn, mats of algae, stalks of sugar cane Types of biomass – Woody • Examples: coconut, oil palm, poplar, pine • Generally burned to heat space or heat water to produce steam to generate electricity via a turbine generator – When utilized directly: direct biomass – Non-Woody • Examples: corn, sugar cane, soybeans, algae • Generally processed to produce different liquid biofuels – Indirect biomass
  • 11. Producing Biofuel from Biomass • Biomass energy can be converted into liquid biofuels generally in two methods: • Method I – Sugar crops or starch are grown and through the process of fermentation, ethanol is produced. • Method II – Plants are grown which naturally produce oil, such as jatropha and algae – These oils are heated to reduce their viscosity after which they are directly used as fuel for diesel engines – This oil can be further treated to produce biodiesel which can be used for various purposes
  • 12. Biofuels Are Counterparts Biofuels are counterparts to traditional fossil fuels Biofuel Fossil Fuel Ethanol Gasoline/Ethane Biodiesel Diesel Methanol Methane Biobutanol Gasoline/Butane
  • 13. Comparing Energy Content • The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of its counterpart petroleum diesel • The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline • The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline
  • 14. Biofuel Carbon Footprint Most biofuels are at least as energy dense as coal, but produce less carbon dioxide when burned
  • 15. Why Renewable? • Biofuels are produced from biomass or bio waste, which can be replenished year after year through sustainable farming practices – Biomass and biofuel are renewable • Fossil fuels require millions of years to form – Fossil fuels are NOT renewable
  • 16. Green Energy? • “Renewable” is NOT the same as “Green” • A renewable energy source simply does not deplete – Example: solar, wind, hydroelectric • A “green” energy is ALSO good for the planet because it does not harm ecosystems, contribute to acid rain, or worsen global warming • Solar energy is green and renewable • All 'green' energy is considered renewable, but not all renewable energy is green • Biofuels are examples of renewable energy sources that are not always green because they produce greenhouse gases
  • 17. Woody Biomass • Coconut - In areas with abundant coconut trees, after harvesting the meat or edible part of the coconut, the hull is converted into a bio briquette. The benefit of this biomass is that it burns efficiently and leaves very little residue. • Oil Palm - The oil palm provides biomass in two ways. The fruit produces oil, which can be harvested and chemically converted to produce biodiesel. After the oil is harvested, however, the hulls can be burned directly. Thus, oil palm provide both direct and indirect biomass. • Poplar - The poplar family includes trees like the Aspen and Cottonwood. These trees are valued for their rapid growth, reasonable resistance to disease, ability to provide habitat, and ability to be cultivated from sprouts cut from adult trees (reduces overall cost in the long term). • Pine - Pine is valued for many of the same reasons as poplar. It grows fast, it's easy to cultivate, and is relatively inexpensive to grow.
  • 18. 1.3 Bioenergy  Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.  It can be from plant and animal material  Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight energy in the form of chemical energy.  As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw(grain waste) , manure, sugarcane, and many other by products from a variety of agricultural processes.
  • 19. Bioenergy sources Plant oils or sugary/starchy parts of crops Trees, wood chippings, or straw Animal waste Algae oil Waste cooking oil
  • 20. Other Kinds of Renewable Energy Wind turbines for electricity production Biodigester for electricity or vehicle fuel production Solar panels for electricity production Geothermal for heating and cooling Hydroelectric
  • 21. Con..  Its most broader sense it is a synonym to biofuel, which is fuel derived from biological sources.  In its broader sense it includes Biomass The biological material used as a biofuel Social, economic, scientific and technical fields associated with using biological sources for energy.
  • 22. Con..  One of the advantages of biomass fuel is that it is often a by- product, residue or waste-product of other processes, such as farming animal husbandry and forestry  Land use, existing biomass industries and relevant conversion technologies must be considered.
  • 23. Con..  Biomass is the material derived from recently from living organisms, which includes plants animals and their byproducts  Manure, garden waste and crop residues are all sources of biomass.
  • 24. Con..  It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.  Another source includes Animal waste, which is a persistent and unavoidable pollutant produced primarily by the animals housed in industrial sized farm.
  • 25. Con..  There are also agricultural products specifically being grown for biofuel production. Corn, soybeans and to some extent Willow and switch grass on a pre-commercial research level.
  • 26.  Primarily in the United States; rapeseed, wheat, sugar beet, and willow  Europe; sugarcane in Brazil; palm oil and miscanthus were used as biofuel.  In Southeast Asia; sorghum and cassava in China; and jatropha in India.  Biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can be used for biofuel production, using  e.g. anaerobic digestion to produce biogas,
  • 27. Con..  The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent or slow down climate change, although alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems.  Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
  • 28. Con..  Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas also called "landfill gas" or "biogas.  Crops, such as corn and sugar cane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol and biodiesel.  Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.  Also, Biomass to liquids and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.
  • 29. Biomass… As a renewable fuel No net carbon emissions  Carbon dioxide released when biomass is used as fuel is balanced by the carbon dioxide captured when the biomass is grown.
  • 30. 1.4. Electricity generation from biomass  The biomass used for electricity production ranges by region.  Forest byproducts, such as wood residues, are popular in the United States.  Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).  Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry, is popular in the UK
  • 31. 1.5. Electricity from electrogenic micro-organisms  Another form of bioenergy can be attained from microbial fuel cells, in which  chemical energy stored in wastewater or soil is converted directly into electrical energy via the metabolic processes of electrogenic micro-organisms.
  • 32. 1.6. Environmental impact  Environmental impact of biodiesel is some forms of forest bioenergy have recently come under fire from a number of environmental organizations, including Greenpeace and the Natural Resources Defense Council, for the harmful impacts they can have on forests and the climate.  In light of the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short term in order to mitigate the effects of climate change,  a number of environmental groups are opposing the large-scale use of forest biomass in energy production.
  • 33. CON..  Environmental Impact  Increased other greenhouse gases and air pollutants: NOx , CH4, and SO2 .  Energy consumption for some processes can be high  Land-greedy and energy crops compete with agricultural land
  • 34. Bioenergy convert biomass into heat, power and fuel  Biomass of all the living earth’s matter is an enormous energy store  Through photosynthesis processes the biomass energy store is continuously replenished
  • 35. 1.5. Bioenergy applications  Mainly for;  heating  fuels and  electricity  Biomass Sources  Energy crops : the purpose-grown energy crops (e.g. corn, sugar cane)  Wastes (energy from wastes): unwanted products from human activities
  • 36. Technologies for Bioenergy • Combustion • Anaerobic digestion • Gasification  Cost and complexity – Upfront equipment capital for electricity is high. – Fuel cost can be significant
  • 37. 1.6. Current status and future potential Bioenergy consumption:  Bioenergy is a versatile energy source  In contrast to other energy sources, biomass can be converted into;  Solid  Liquid and  Gaseous fuels.  Moreover, bioenergy can be used for heating homes, electrifying communities and fuelling the transport sector.
  • 38. Con…  Globally, bioenergy accounted for 14% of the world’s energy consumption in 2012.  With roughly 2.6 billion people dependent on traditional biomass for energy needs.  to explore sustainable aviation pathways  Commercial airlines using biofuels have already flown transatlantic routes.  Other important sectors include heavy road and maritime where biofuels can play a big role.
  • 39. Con…  The use of biomass for electricity is prominent in Europe and North America –predominantly produced from forestry products and residues.  Cogeneration plants enable the use of biomass with increased efficiency, so much so that the combined efficiency of producing heat and electricity crosses 80%.  The Europe and Americas continent contribute more than 70% of all consumption of biomass for electricity.
  • 40. Con…  In the past few years, biomass is seeing increasing uptake in developing countries in Asia and Africa where significant population lacks access to electricity.  Biogas and decentralized bioenergy systems are becoming more cost competitive.
  • 41. Con…  Mauritius, Kenya and Ethiopia are successful.  Since biomass has been the major energy source for heating.  Currently, the major use of biomass is in the form of heat in rural and developing countries.  About 90% of all the bioenergy consumption is in the traditional use.  It includes the use of fuel wood, charcoal, agricultural residues etc. for cooking and  heating.
  • 42. Con…  This will soon change as rapid urbanisation, inefficient use of biomass leading to deforestation, climate goals and increasing energy demand will lead to a shift towards improved conversion efficiencies and modern bioenergy sources like biogas, pellets, liquid biofuels etc.