Chapter 15

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This document discusses phasor diagrams which are diagrams that use phasors to represent the amplitude and phase of sinusoidal quantities. Phasor diagrams allow engineers to add vectors that represent voltages and currents to show their relationship and calculate power. They provide a simple geometric method to analyze AC circuits and understand relationships between voltage, current, and power in sinusoidal steady state conditions.

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Antenna (2)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

- Antennas convert electric currents into radio waves and vice versa. They are used in various technologies including radio, television, mobile phones, WiFi, and radar. - The first antennas were built in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Modern antennas come in different types for applications like broadcasting, communications, and space exploration. - Antennas work by using an oscillating current to generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate as radio waves. During reception, the antenna intercepts some power from incoming radio waves to produce a voltage for the receiver.

Voltage suppler..

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.

Number system

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

The document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It defines the base of a number system as the number of digits used. To convert between systems, integers are divided successively by the new base until the quotient is zero, while fractions and exponents are multiplied successively by the new base until the fractional part is zero. Common number systems include decimal with base 10 using digits 0-9, binary with base 2 using digits 0-1, octal with base 8 using digits 0-7, and hexadecimal with base 16 using digits 0-9 and A-F.

Chap 12(files)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This document discusses file input/output (I/O) operations in C programming. It covers opening, closing, reading from and writing to files. Specific file I/O functions covered include fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc(), getw(), putw(), fprintf(), fscanf(), feof(), ferror(), fseek(), ftell(), and rewind(). Error handling during file I/O and random access to files using functions like fseek() are also discussed. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading integer and mixed data types from files and writing data to files.

Chap 11(pointers)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

Pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable. Pointers are useful for accessing variables outside functions, efficiently handling data tables, reducing program length/complexity, and increasing execution speed. Pointers are declared with a data type followed by an asterisk and can be initialized by assigning the address of a variable. The value at a pointer's address is accessed with an asterisk. Pointers can access elements in arrays and strings. They can also access members of structures. Pointers provide a flexible way to handle one and two dimensional arrays as well as strings of varying lengths.

Chap 10(structure and unions)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

Structures allow grouping of related data types together under one name. A structure defines members of different data types. Structure variables can be declared to access members using dot operator. Arrays of structures can be defined to represent multiple records. Structures can be nested by defining a structure as a member of another structure. Unions are similar to structures but share same memory space for members rather than each occupying own space like in structures.

Chap 9(functions)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

User-defined functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in C like printf() and user-defined functions created by the programmer. A function is defined with a return type, name, and parameters. Functions can call other functions and be called from main or other functions. Parameters can be passed by value, where the value is copied, or by reference, where the address is passed so changes to the parameter are reflected in the caller. Functions allow for modularity and code reuse.

Chap 8(strings)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This document discusses handling character strings in C. It describes declaring string variables as character arrays with size equal to maximum length plus one for null character. Strings can be read using scanf with %s and written using printf with %s. Common string functions are described, including strcat to concatenate strings, strcmp to compare strings, strcpy to copy strings, and strlen to determine string length.

Chap 7(array)

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines an array as a group of related data items that share a common name, with each item indicated by an index number. One-dimensional arrays can be represented with a single subscript, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts to reference elements by row and column. The document also covers declaring, initializing, and accessing arrays, including examples of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays in C.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

Chap 5(decision making-branching)

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The document discusses different control statements in C including if, switch, and goto statements. It describes the basic syntax and usage of simple if statements, if/else statements, nested if/else statements, else if ladders, and switch statements. Key details include that if statements control program flow based on conditions, switch statements allow multi-way decisions by comparing an expression to case values, and break statements in switch cases determine where control transfers after each block.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This document discusses operators and expressions in C programming. It defines operators as symbols that tell the computer to perform mathematical or logical manipulations. It categorizes C operators and describes the meaning and usage of arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, and bitwise operators. It also discusses expressions, operator precedence and associativity, and type conversion in expressions.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

This document discusses constants, variables, and data types in C programming. It defines tokens and keywords as the basic units, and explains constants and variables as values that either remain fixed or can change. Various data types are covered, including primary, user-defined, and derived types, along with modifiers that alter storage capacity. Rules for variable names and declarations are provided. The document also discusses assigning values to variables through constants, multiple assignments, and initialization.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.

# Operating system

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

An operating system manages all the hardware and software on a computer system. It controls files, devices, memory, processing time, user access, and executes commands or provides error messages. An operating system provides an environment for other programs to do useful work, similar to a government. It consists of subsystem managers that monitor resources, enforce policies on resource allocation and deallocation.

Magnetism 3

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

1) The document discusses self-induction and back emf in circuits containing coils or inductors. When the current through a coil changes, it produces a back emf opposing the change due to Lenz's law. 2) It also describes how transformers work using mutual induction between two coils. The primary coil is connected to a changing current that induces a current in the secondary coil. 3) Transformers can be used to change voltages by adjusting the turn ratios of the coils. They allow efficient long-distance power transmission by stepping voltages up for transmission and down for usage.

Magnetism 2

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

- Faraday's experiment demonstrated that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor. He showed this by inducing currents in a secondary coil wrapped around a ring using the changing magnetic field from a primary coil with a switch-controlled current. - Faraday's law of induction states that the induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. A changing magnetic field induces currents that oppose the change according to Lenz's law. - Examples are given demonstrating how Lenz's law predicts the direction of induced currents based on producing a magnetic field that opposes the change causing it.

2. sinusoidal waves

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

1) Alternating current (AC) refers to sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. AC can be generated from sources like AC generators, wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, and solar panels. 2) Key characteristics of AC waveforms include instantaneous value, peak amplitude, peak value, peak-to-peak value, period, frequency, phase, and whether they are periodic. 3) Sinusoidal waves can be expressed as v = Vm sin(ωt+θ), where Vm is the peak amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and θ is the phase. The phase relationship between two sinusoidal waves indicates whether one leads or lags the other.

Magnetism 1

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

The document summarizes key concepts about magnetism and magnetic fields from the physics textbook "Physics II" by Robert Resnick and David Halliday. In 3 sentences: The document discusses the historical discoveries of magnetism dating back to ancient Greece. It then explains the fundamental properties of magnetic fields including magnetic poles, the magnetic force on moving charges, and the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields as described by the Biot-Savart law and Ampere's law. Several examples are also provided to illustrate applications of these fundamental magnetic field equations.

1. rc rl-rlc

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC. 2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value. 3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.

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