Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 3 - Complete and Incomplete Dominance_Multiple alleles_Sex determination

Oct 19, 201019 likes4,796 views

This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination. It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O. The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the

Complete vs Incomplete dominance (Codominance)

Is it possible? X White snapdragon Red snapdragon Pink snapdragon

A situation where neither allele dominates the other and both exercise an influence on the individual Example: Snapdragon cross RR = Red flowers rr = White flowers Rr = pink flowers Incomplete dominance/Codominance

Parental phenotype: Parental genotype: Gametes: Random fertilisation: (using the Punnett Square) F 1 genotype: F 1 phenotype: Red flower x white flower RR x rr All Rr All pink R r R r Let R represent the alleles of the snapdragon with red flower. Let r represent the alleles of the snapdragon with white flower. R R r r Rr Rr Rr Rr

F 1 phenotype: F 1 genotype: Gametes: Random fertilisation: (using the Punnett Square) F 2 genotype: F 2 phenotype: Phenotypic ratio: pink x pink Rr x Rr RR, Rr, Rr, rr red, pink, pink, white 1:2:1 (red:pink:white) r r R r R r Rr R R Rr rr RR

Another example roan White cow Red cow X

Traits regulated by more than two alleles Example: Human Blood Types Three alleles: I A , I B , and I o I A , I B both dominant over I o ; I o is recessive A and B are codominant with each other Codominance = displaying two dominant phenotypes at the same time Thus: I A I A or I A I o = Type A I B I B or I B I o = Type B I A I B = Type AB I o I o = Type O Multiple alleles

Question: The inheritance of the ABO blood groups in Man is controlled by three alleles ( I A , I B , and I o ), only two of which can be present in one individual. I A and I B are of equal dominance but both are dominant to I o . What are the possible blood groups of children born to a homozygous group A woman and heterozygous group B man?

Parental phenotype: Parental genotype: Gametes: Random fertilisation: (using the Punnett Square) F 1 genotype: F 1 phenotype: Blood group A x Blood group B I A I A x I B I o I A I B , I A I B , I A I O , I A I O Blood groups AB, AB, A and A I O I B I O I A I A I B I B I A I A I A I A I B I A I O I A I O

Am I legitimate? Project task : Collect information regarding the blood group of your parents and siblings. Based on this information, derive the possible genotypes of your parents.

Sex determination Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) i) 22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes ii) 1 pair of sex chromosomes Males have the genotype XY Females have the genotype XX

Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.

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This document provides background information on Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. It defines key genetic terms like phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It then explains Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments, showing how a single trait is passed from parents to offspring in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. An example monohybrid cross is shown using punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Incomplete and codominanceRosio DeLeon

This document discusses incomplete dominance and codominance. Codominance occurs when two alleles are both expressed together, such as blood type AB having both A and B proteins. Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype from two alleles, like a pink flower from a cross of red and white alleles. Examples are provided of codominance in blood types and incomplete dominance in flower color. Sample questions assess understanding and ask to identify examples and predict offspring phenotypes and percentages through Punnett squares.

03 pedigree chartsmrtangextrahelp

Pedigree charts are used to determine the inheritance of traits by analyzing family medical histories and records since experimental crosses cannot be done with humans. The charts use symbols to represent individuals and their traits, generations, and relationships. By completing a pedigree chart, genetic diseases can be traced to where they came from in a family tree to help determine if a trait is inherited autosomal recessively, dominantly, X-linked, or Y-linked.

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Inheritance is the study of heredity, or the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and formulated the fundamental laws of heredity. Genes located on chromosomes control characteristics and are inherited in pairs, with one gene from each parent. Genes come in different forms called alleles, which can be dominant or recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict the inheritance of traits in offspring based on the alleles present in the parents.

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This document discusses types of variation, including continuous variation seen in traits like height which have many intermediate levels, and discontinuous variation where traits like blood type have distinct categories with no intermediates. It also discusses how mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or exposure to mutagens, and can result in conditions like albinism or Down syndrome. Natural selection is defined as environmental pressures favoring organisms best suited to the environment, while artificial selection is when humans breed organisms to emphasize desired traits.

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This document discusses genetics concepts including alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines alleles as different versions of a gene, with examples given for eye color genes. It explains that cells can be haploid with one allele per gene, or diploid with two alleles per gene. Dominant traits will always be expressed if present, while recessive traits only show if no dominant alleles are present. Genotype refers to the alleles in an individual's DNA, while phenotype describes physical traits. The different genotypes are defined as homozygous recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous dominant. Sample questions are provided to illustrate how genotypes determine phenotypes for traits like eye color.

Genetics non mendelianEman Vidallo

This document discusses several patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominant and recessive traits. It describes incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Codominance is defined as when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote without blending. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, where more than two alleles determine the phenotype. Sex linkage is explained, where traits are inherited through genes on the X or Y chromosomes. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs and are usually continuous traits like height or skin color that are also affected by environment.

Punnett-Square.pptMarjuneDimayuga1

This document provides an overview of genetics and Punnett squares. It defines key genetic terms like allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits. It explains that Gregor Mendel first observed inheritance of traits by breeding pea plants. The document then demonstrates how to set up and use a Punnett square to predict offspring ratios for genetic crosses involving dominant and recessive alleles. Several examples of Punnett squares are worked through for traits like flower color, eye color, and height in pea plants.

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This document discusses multiple alleles and blood types. It defines genes and alleles, noting that most genes have two alleles but some have three or more, called polyallelic genes. The ABO blood type system is controlled by a triallelic gene that generates six possible genotypes based on three alleles that determine the A, B, and O antigens. Blood transfusions require matching blood types to avoid agglutination, as the immune system recognizes foreign blood types.

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This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discoveries of basic principles of genetics and heredity. The key points are: 1. Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units later called "genes". 2. He found that for many traits, one gene variant (allele) is dominant and hides the expression of the other recessive allele. 3. Through experiments with successive generations, he showed that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction, allowing previously hidden recessive traits to reappear according to predictable statistical patterns.

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The document discusses inheritance and genetics. It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and dominant and recessive alleles. It explains that chromosomes contain DNA and are passed from parents to offspring, determining characteristics. Offspring get one set of chromosomes from each parent through fertilization, forming a zygote with a full set from the species. Genes located on chromosomes control inherited traits and can be dominant or recessive.

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This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It begins by explaining that all individuals are genetically unique except for identical twins. It then defines key genetics terms like phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, dominant and recessive. It distinguishes between continuous and discrete variation. It describes DNA and chromosomes, and explains how characteristics are inherited from parents. It also covers mutations and how genetic testing can determine genotypes.

Mendel,s law of segregation( monohybrid cross)azhar zeb

Mendel's law of segregation describes how contrasting traits segregate in a monohybrid cross over two generations. In the F1 generation, the traits remain together, but in the F2 generation they segregate such that each gamete receives one of the two alleles. Mendel demonstrated this by crossing true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plants. The F1 generation was uniformly tall, but the F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of tall to dwarf plants, with genotypic ratios of 1:2:1 for pure tall:hybrid tall:dwarf.

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- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and is considered the founder of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. - Mendel determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "factors" that we now know as genes. His laws of inheritance include dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. - Mendel's work formed the basis for understanding how traits are inherited and laid the foundation for modern genetics.

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1. Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits such as flower color. 2. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) which segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his laws of inheritance. 3. Mendel's work laid the foundations of classical genetics although it was not widely recognized until rediscovered later.

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The document discusses genetics and patterns of inheritance. It defines genetics as the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through mechanisms like meiosis and fertilization. It also defines heredity, variation, and mutation. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s, where he studied inheritance of traits like seed shape, pod shape, and flower color. His experiments led to the formulation of Mendel's laws of inheritance - the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.

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This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.

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This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including: 1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses. 2) Incomplete dominance where neither allele is fully dominant and heterozygotes exhibit a blended phenotype. 3) Codominance where both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes, as seen in ABO blood types which have multiple alleles. 4) Autosomal and sex chromosomes with the determination of gender based on X and Y chromosomes. 5) Sex-linked traits which are inherited through sex chromosomes like color blindness. 6) Pedigrees which diagram family history to determine patterns of inheritance and trait linkage.

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This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including: 1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses. 2) The concepts of incomplete dominance and codominance where neither or both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes. 3) ABO blood types as an example of codominance with multiple alleles. 4) Sex determination and sex-linked traits related to the X and Y chromosomes. 5) How pedigrees are used to track the inheritance of traits through families.

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Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 2 - Present day understanding on heredity based on...j3di79

This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and heredity based on Mendel's findings: 1. DNA is organized into chromosomes that are found in the nucleus and carry genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 homologous pairs, with one chromosome from each parent. 2. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits and are located on chromosomes. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that can result in different phenotypes. 3. Mendel's theory of segregation explains how alleles separate during gamete formation and fertilization, resulting in different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring according to the combination of alleles inherited from each parent.

Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 5 - Discontinuous and Continuous Variationj3di79

There are two types of variation: discontinuous and continuous. Discontinuous variation results in distinct phenotypes controlled by one or a few genes, like pea plant height. Continuous variation produces a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes controlled additively by many genes, such as human skin color. Continuous traits can also be influenced by the environment, unlike discontinuous traits. Both natural and artificial selection can act on variations to influence evolution over generations.

Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 3 - Stages of mitosisj3di79

The document describes the stages of mitosis: 1) Interphase is the resting stage where the cell grows and the DNA duplicates. 2) Prophase is when the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes form. 3) Metaphase is when chromosomes line up along the center of the cell. 4) Anaphase is when the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell. 5) Telophase is when new nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes. 6) Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells.

Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 2 - Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosisj3di79

Mitosis is the process where a cell nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei. Each daughter nucleus contains the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell. There are four main stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the genetic material (DNA) is duplicated and then divided equally between the two daughter cells so that they are genetically identical to the original parent cell.

Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 1 - Introduction to Cell Divisionj3di79

Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 4 - The Importance of Mitosisj3di79

The document discusses the stages of mitosis in animal and plant cells, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It notes the importance of mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction. For plant cells, it notes that centrioles are absent and a cell plate forms instead of cleavage. Precise control of DNA replication and mitosis ensures genetically stable daughter cells, while mistakes can lead to cancerous uncontrolled cell division.