Chapter 6 Review
- 2. The phase in which water exists is determined by: a.density and pressure. b.density and salinity. c.pressure and salinity. d.temperature and pressure. e.temperature and salinity.
- 3. Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: a.electron sharing. b.electron transfer. c.polarity of water molecules. d.surface tension. e.viscosity of water.
- 4. The surface tension of water: a.increases as density decreases. b.is related to salinity. c.is relatively high. d.is relatively low. e.is very similar to similar liquids.
- 5. Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the: a.polarity of water molecules. b.sharing of electrons between atoms. c.surface tension of water. d.transfer of electrons between atoms. e.viscosity of water.
- 6. Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water: a.contains hydrogen bonds. b.exists in three phases at the Earth's surface. c.is a polar molecule. d.is a universal solvent. e.requires heat to condense.
- 7. The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree oC is called the: a.boiling point elevation. b.calorie. c.latent heat of condensation. d.latent heat of evaporation. e.thermal capacity.
- 8. Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? a.high heat capacity b.high salinity c.high viscosity d.low heat capacity e.low viscosity
- 9. Latent heat is used to: a.break chemical bonds. b.change molecular structure. c.change states of matter. d.change the temperature of a substance. e.form chemical bonds.
- 10. A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the mixture as heat is added? a. It immediately begins to rise slowly. b. It remains constant until the ice melts; then it begins to rise. c. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. d. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC; then it remains constant as the ice melts. e. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted.
- 11. When water evaporates from the ocean surface: a.energy is transferred from the atmosphere to the remaining liquid. b.sea surface temperature increases. c.sea surface salinity decreases. d.the remaining water is cooled. e.the remaining water is warmed.
- 12. In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of water is: a.a function of salinity. b.about the same as other liquids. c.higher than other liquids. d.lower than other liquids. e.related to solvent concentration.
- 13. The average salinity of sea water is: a.0.35%. b.2.0%. c.3.5%. d.10%. e.25%.
- 14. The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: a. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. b. ocean salinity varies with geographical location. c. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. d. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. e. the relative concentration of seawater ions does not change.
- 15. Which of the following statements regarding pH is not true? a. A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. b. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. c. Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. d. pH will increase in areas of rapid plant or algal growth. e. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.
- 16. The average length of time that a chemical substance resides in a reservoir is called its: a.capacity time. b.flow rate. c.flux. d.half-life. e.residence time.
- 17. The impact of a pollutant on a coastal bay might be estimated by knowing the ________ of the water in that bay. a.carbonate concentration b.depth c.residence time d.salinity e.sediment load
- 18. For water, the solid phase: a. has a greater density than the liquid phase. b. has a lower density than the liquid phase. c. occupies the same volume as the liquid phase. d. occupies a smaller volume than the liquid phase. e. weighs more than the same volume of liquid water.
- 19. The transfer of water from the atmosphere to the oceans to the continents is known as the: a.closed cycle. b.geologic cycle. c.hydrobiological cycle. d.hydrologic cycle. e.meteorological cycle
- 20. As the salinity of seawater increases, its: a.density decreases. b.heat capacity decreases. c.residence time increases. d.residence time decreases. e.residence time does not change.
- 21. A rapid change in ocean temperature with change in depth is the: a.barocline. b.halocline. c.isocline. d.pycnocline. e.thermocline.
- 22. A rapid change in ocean density with change in depth is the: a.barocline. b.halocline. c.isocline. d.pycnocline. e.thermocline.
- 23. Heat must be ___________ to break hydrogen bonds. a. added b. removed c. remain unchanged d. none of the above
- 24. ________ heat capacity and ___________ latent heats of water moderate changes in temperature. a. high, high b. high, low c. low, low d. low, high
- 25. Ice is less dense than water because _____________________________. a. arrangement of molecules in atomic structure b. water reaches maximum density at 00C c. salinity is reached through latent heat of condensation d. hypersaline waters are reach maximum density at 00C
- 26. Substances with ______________ residence times are ______________ and have higher concentrations in seawater. a. long, unreactive b. long, reactive c. short, unreactive d. short, reactive
- 27. The Rappahannock River with an average salinity less than 33 ppt would be considered ______________. a. brackish b. hypersaline c. normally salinity for rivers d. none of the above
- 28. Substances dissolved in seawater that change slowly through time or are in constant proportions are______________ . a. conservative constituents b. nonconservative constituents c. bipolar constituents d. polar constituents
- 29. The amount of gas in seawater depends on pressure, ______________, and ability to escape to the atmosphere. a. temperature b. salinity c. acidity d. alkalinity
- 30. Two common non-conservative constituents are _______ and ___________. a. O2 and CO2 b. O2 and H2O c. CO2 and N2 d. CO2 and H2O
- 31. Dissolved substances are added to the oceans primarily by ______________. a. rivers b. precipitation c. condensation d. percolation
- 32. Which of the following does NOT remove dissolved substances from the oceans? a. salt spray b. recycling through mid-ocean ridges c. biogenic sediments d. evaporates e. condensation
- 33. __________ seawater and ____________ seawater can hold ____________ dissolved gas. a. cooler, deeper, more b. cooler, deeper, less c. warmer, shallow, more d. warmer, deeper, more
- 34. In surface oceans, O2 concentration is high due to ____________________. a. photosynthesis b. dissolution c. carbonation d. decomposition e. respiration
- 35. Below the photic zone, O2 concentration decreases due to __________________. a. decomposition and respiration b. photosynthesis and respiration c. carbonation and dissolution d. respiration and carbonation
- 36. In surface oceans, CO2 concentration is low because it is used in _________________. a. photosynthesis b. dissolution c. carbonation d. decomposition e. respiration
- 37. Below the photic zone, CO2 concentration increases due to ____________________. a. decomposition and respiration b. photosynthesis and respiration c. carbonation and dissolution d. respiration and carbonation
- 38. Acid releases a(n) ________ ion when dissolved in water. a. O- b. Cl- c. He d. Na+ e. H+
- 39. What system keeps the pH of seawater about the same? a. carbonate buffering system b. respiration recycling system c. photosynthesis system d. decomposition and respiration system
- 40. Which of the following does not decrease salinity of the oceans? a. evaporation b. precipitation c. runoff d. melting ice
- 41. Which of the following causes salinity at the equator to be low? a. rain b. evaporation c. formation of sea ice d. none of the above