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Child domestic labor handbook

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Children & Women in Social Service and Human Rights
Children & Women in Social Service and Human Rights

घरेलु बालश्रम परिचय विश्वमा २४ करोडभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू श्रममा संलग्न रहेको तितो यथार्थभित्र बाँचिरहेका हाम्रा बालबालिकाहरूको भविष्य र त्यसले झल्काउने हाम्रो समाजको वर्तमान तथा भविष्य दुवै अत्यन्तै गम्भीर र चिन्ताजनक देखिन्छ । हाम्रो देशमा पनि बीस लाखभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू श्रममा संलग्न रहेका छन् जसमध्ये १ लाख २७ हजार बालबालिकाहरू निकृष्ट प्रकारको बालश्रममा संलग्न रही आफ्नो जीवन यापन गरिरहेका छन् । यसरी निकृष्ट बाल श्रममा संलग्न हुन बाध्य भएका बालबालिकाहरूमा सर्वाधिक संख्या घरेलु बालश्रमिकहरूको रहेको छ । अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम संगठनको तथ्याङ्कअनुसार नेपालका सहरी क्षेत्रमा मात्र ५५ हजारभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू घरेलु श्रममा संलग्न रहेका छन् । घरेलु श्रममा संलग्न बालबालिकाहरू विभिन्नखाले हिंसा, शोषण तथा दुव्र्यवहारहरू खप्न बाध्य भइरहेका छन् र पनि यस्तो अवस्थामा थोरै मात्र संघसंस्था तथा सरकारी निकायहरूले यस क्षेत्रलाई आवश्यक मात्रामा ध्यान पुर्याउन सकिरहेको देखिँदैन भने भइरहेका प्रयासहरूमा पनि कमी कमजोरीहरू देखिन्छन् । यही करु ालार्इ मध्यनजर गर्दै सिविसले घरेलु बालश्रम र हस्तक्षेपका उपायहरू विषयभित्र विभिन्न कार्यि नर्दिेशकाहरू तयार गरकेा छ र त्यसै अन्तगर्त याे ”घरेलु बालश्रम परिचय” पुस्तक यहाँहरूमाझ प्रस्तुत गर्न पाउँदा हामीलाई अत्यन्तै खुसी लागेको छ ।

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33/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|sfzsM ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_
4 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|sfzs ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+ . www.cwish.org.np ;jf{lwsf/ © M ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/ df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ ;Nnfxsf/ M zflGt clwsf/L ;+of]hg M ldng w/]n n]vg M /d]zs'df/ kf}8]n / a]bk|;fb ;fksf]6f ;xof]uLx¿ M k"0f{snf zdf{, o'j/fh l3ld/], k|ltzf b]jfg, dbg lzjfsf]6L / ;'jf; vltj8f z'4fz'l4 M ;'efj yfkf k|yd k|sfzg M h'g @))% k|sflzt ;+Vof M %)) k|lt ISBN : 99946-816-3-X lk|—k|]; / 5kfO M 6fOD; ls|ozg k|sfzg ;xof]u M afn>d cGTosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfo{s|d, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfof{no nlntk'/ g]kfn .
53/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljZje/ sl/a @$ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ ljljwvfn] >ddf ;+nUg eO{ cfkmgf] afnfkg latfpg afWo 5g . oLdWo] clwstd afnaflnsfx¿ c;+ul7t jf cw{;+ul7t If]qsf] >ddf ;+nUg 5g . afn>d xfd|f] ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kf6f] xf], h;n] dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg p7fpF5 . 3/]n' afn>d o:t} afn>dsf] If]qx¿dWo] Ps k|d'v >d If]q xf] . g]kfndf klg %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;++nUg eO{ hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfn] afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df c;/ t u5{ g} ;fy} ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} w]/} kl5 ws]Nb5 / lg/Gt/ ul/aLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpFb5 . t;y{ klg o; 3/]n' afn>d k|yfsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 . 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f tyf 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] k|yfs} cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L kIfx¿af6 w]/} k|oTgx¿ ul/g' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf >L %sf] ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/ sf] afn>d cGTo ug{ ;doa4 sfo{s|d nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 / 3/]n' afn>d o; sfo{s|dsf] Ps k|d'v nlIft ;d"x klg xf] . 3/]n' afn>ddf c;fWo} sd k|oTgx¿ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sf/0f eg]sf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ a'emg] / o;df x:tIf]k ug{ cfjZos ;Lk tyf cg'ejsf] sdL klg xf] eGg] nfUb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;lj; -;dfh ;]jftyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf_ n] 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo ljz]ift gu/kflnsfx¿ / cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ p4]Zon] ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf]df ;j{k|yd t l;lj;nfO{ xflb{s awfO tyf wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . oL lgb]{lzsfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTo tyf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d cGTosf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿ljr ;dembf/L a9fO{ 3/]n' afn>d lgjf/0f ug{ k|fSsyg
6 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro pTk|]l/t ug]{5 / cfjZos sfo{s|dx¿ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . oL lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] k|sfzg g]kfndf afn>dlj?4sf] cleofgdf Ps sf];]9'++uf ;flat x'g]5 eGg] klg czff /fv]sL 5' . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df b]vfk/]sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ cf}+NofO{ k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df l;lj;n] cfufdL lbgdf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g tyf k'gM k|sfzg ub}{ hfcf]; eGg] klg z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' . cGtdf l;lj;nufot 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0flj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+3;+:yf÷AolQmx¿nfO{ o; lgb]{lzsf kmnbfoL x'g]5 eGg] k"0f{ ljZj:t 5' . wGojfb . ldlt @))%, @& h'g n}nf 6}Udf] /]•L lgb]{zs cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfo{no nlntk'/ g]kfn
73/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljZjdf @$ s/f]8eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] lttf] oyfy{leq afFlr/x]sf xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljio / To;n] emNsfpg] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] jt{dfg tyf eljio b'j} cToGt} uDeL/ / lrGtfhgs b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg aL; nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g h;dWo] ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf ;+nUg /xL cfkmgf] hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g . o;/L lgs[i6 afn >ddf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿df ;jf{lws ;+Vof 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf ;x/L If]qdf dfq %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGgvfn] lx+;f, zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ vKg afWo eO/x]sf 5g / klg o:tf] cj:yfdf yf]/} dfq ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf Wofg k'/ofpg ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] eO/x]sf k|of;x¿df klg sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvG5g . o; cj:yfdf 3/]n' >ddf cf7 aif{eGbf a9L ;do sfo{/t /xL nfdf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] klg xfdLn] cfkmgf cg'ejx¿ ljleGg ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;f6f;f6 ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ cfufdL lbgdf o; If]qdf x'g] ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s"g . oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ xfd|f] ;+:yf ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ n] 3/]n' afn>d / x:tIf]ksf pkfox¿ ljifoleq ljleGg sfo{lgb]{lzsfx¿ t}of/ u/]sf] 5 / To;} cGtu{t of] æ3/]n' afn>d kl/roÆ k':ts oxfFx¿dfem k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ cToGt} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . xfdL cfzf ub{5f}+ xfd|f] of] k|of; 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu cjZo g} ;fy{sl;4 x'g]5 / o;sf nflu y'k|} kf7sx¿n] o;df n]lvPsf pkfox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{x'g]5 . cfef/
8 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro of] k':ts t}of/ kfg{ cxf]/fq ldx]gt ug'{x'g] /d]z kf}8]n tyf a]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{ xfdL wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ . ;fy} o;df z'4fz'l4 x]l/lbg] ;'efj yfkf, o;sf] n]—cfp6 l8hfOgsf sfd ug'{x'g] 6fOD; ls|ozgsf ;'j0f{ efO / o;df cfjZos lrqx¿ agfO{ ;3fpg'x'g] /fhg sfkmn], k[YjL >]i7 / pbo efO{nfO{ xfdL w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5f}+ . o; k':ts k|sfzg ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gk|lt xfdL cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxfG5f}+ . cGtdf o; k':ts lgdf{0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf ;3fpg'x'g] l;lj;df cfj4 ;Dk"0f{ efOalxgLx¿ tyf sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . of] k':ts xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; xf], t;y{ xfdL] o;df ;Defljt sdL / q'l6x¿sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] xfdL oxfFx¿sf] ;'emfj, k|ltls|ofsf] af6f] x]l/ /x]sf x'g]5f}+ . wGojfb zflGt clwsf/L cWoIf
93/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljifo;"rL e"ldsf ! afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff # afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld ( 3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿ @% 3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf #& afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d $# afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ $( 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ ^& 3/]n' afn>ddf x:tIf]k ug]{ dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ *%
10 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro e"ldsf g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] bz jif{eGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 eg] o;sf P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df ;d]t ;xdlt JoQm u/]]sf] klg aiff{}+ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d nufotsf dxf;lGwx¿df k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og tL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ nfu" ug{] qmddf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* / afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ / afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ h:tf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t cfO;s]sf 5g . t/ csf{lt/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]n, dgf]/~hgaf6 al~rt x'Fb} 3/sf] rf/ lbjf/leq sf]lrP/ zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf xhf/f}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ si6;fWo hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq xf]Og s}of}+n] t kl/jf/s} nflu ;d]t cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ sfddf cfˆgf slnnf xftx¿ nufpg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . ;dfhn] eg] o; lsl;dsf] afn>dnfO{ ;xh / :jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . ^÷& jif{b]lv g} cfdfafa'b]lv la5f]l8P/ csf{sf] 3/df a;]/ cfˆgf afNofj:yfsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO{ zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf ul/g] sfd jf:tjd} hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d xf] . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf] b'ikl/0ffd cToGt 3fts x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg', 3/]n' afn>dsf] lj?4df ;r]tgtf clej[l4 ug{' tyf lgs[i6 cj:yfdf /x]sf afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ NofpFb} 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ lbzflt/ cufl8 a9g' cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . oxL cfjZostf dx;'; ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf l;lj;n] o; k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df Pp6f cleofg ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} cleofg cGtu{t ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df of] 3/]n' afn>d;DaGwL wf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
113/]n' afn>d kl/ro Ps afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] < ;fdfGotM afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGG]f ljifo gf}nf] h:tf] gnfUg] ePklg afNofj:yfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ km/s ;Gbe{df km/s 9+un] lnOg] ul/G5 . of] s'/f afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf e"ldsfx¿ / k|f}9n] afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/df e/ kb{5 . afNofj:yfsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ;Gbe{, :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o txdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . o4lk ;fdfGotof afnljsf;sf cfwf/e"t r/0f / cfjZostfx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g . k|foM ;a} b]zx¿df pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ afnaflnsfsf] sfg'gL kl/efiff ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L o; kl/efiffn] gful/ssf] ef]6 xfNg;Sg] pd]/nfO{ klg k|ltlalDat u/]sf] x'G5 . o;b]lv afx]s o;n] k|foM h;f] ljjfx ug{ of]Uo pd]/, of}g;Dks{ /fVg;Sg], ;]gfdf egf{ x'g;Sg], h:tf s'/fx¿ klg k|ltlalDat u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] afNofj:yfnfO{ kl/jf/ / k|f}9;Fusf] ;DaGw, ljjfx ug]{ cj:yf, cfly{s bfloTjsf] tx, lzIffsf] tx, ;]gfdf egf{sf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/, dtbfg h:tf sfg'gL clwsf/ u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko ;d'bfox¿df pQ/bfloTj axg ug'{ gk/]sf] sf/0fn] pd]/ k'u]sf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ afNoj:yfd} /x]sf] 7flgG5 . h:t}M Pp6f ;DkGg kl/jf/sf s'g} klg sfd gnufOsg k'Nk'NofP/ x'sf{OPsf, hjfg 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ afnaflnsf g} 7fGg] ub{5g . To;}u/L ljkGg kl/jf/sf ;fgf pd]/sf 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkmgf afa'cfdfnfO{ sfddf ;/;xof]u ug{sf nflu sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g eg] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ k|f}9 7flg/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L afNofj:yfnfO{ a'emg] ;jfndf km/s km/s ;f]rfOx¿ x'G5g . To;}n] afNo cj:yf eg]sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ljsf;sf] cj:yf dfq geO{ ;fdflhs x}l;ot klg xf] .
12 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf] klg pd]/ g} xf] . lsgeg] cGo s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff ug{sf nflu k|i6 ¿kdf k|ltljlDjt ePsf] b]Vg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] /fli6«o cGt/f{l{i6«o ¿kdf klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pd]/sf] cfwf/df g} kl/eflift ug]{ ul/Psf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] u/]sf] kl/efiff M afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] !* jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . t/ dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gn] Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . o; cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffn] afnaflnsfsf] afNofj:yfnfO{ clwstd ¿kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] clwstd lxtsf nflu Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cg'df]bg ul/Psf] dxf;lGw xf] . clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ;a}n] o;df ePsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kl/efiff M afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L >d P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afns eg]sf] 5 . To;} u/L d'n'sL P]g tyf ;+ljwfgn] klg !^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf] JolQmnfO{ gfaflnu 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf dtbfg ug]{ Go"gtd pd]/ eg] !* aif{ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t k|lzIfs, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿n], /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o ;Dk"0f{ kl/efiffnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 / /fli6«o kl/efiffnfO{ cfwf/ agfOg'kb{5 . afnljsf;sf r/0fx/¿ afNofj:yfnfO{ x]g]{, a'emg] b[li6sf]0f km/s—km/s ePklg ;fdfGotM afnaflnsfsf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf r/0fx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g . ;a} gjhft lzz'x¿ hlGdPkl5 Ps} lsl;dsf r/0fx¿ kf/ ub{} k|f}9 cj:yfdf k'Ug] ub{5g . h:t}M
133/]n' afn>d kl/ro afd] ;g'{eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf, afd] ;g]{ cj:yf, 6's'6's' lx8g] cj:yf, s]6fs]6L cj:yf, lszf]/ cj:yf clg o'jf cj:yf . afnljsf;sf x/]s r/0fx¿df kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj / e"ldsf km/s–km/s x'G5 . t/ x/]s r/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . olb pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePgg eg] pgLx¿sf] ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfsf] :jefljs tyf :j:y ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kfb{5 . /fli6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, >d P]g cflbn] !^ jif{d'lgsf] dfgjnfO{ afnaflnsf eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff !* jif{eGbf d'lgsf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g . dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf dfgjnfO{ klg afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . ;Demg} kg]{ s'/f afnaflnsf dfgj x'g . afNofj:yf dfgj ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0f xf] . hGd]b]lv !* jif{;Dd zf/Ll/s dfgl;s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ljsf; xF'b} u/]sf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g .
14 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro xl/ / ;f]d -xl/ / ;f]d ;fyL–;fyL x'G5g . af6fdf Pscfk;df s'/f ub}{ lx8g] qmddf_ xl/M ;fFRrL cl:t ltd|f] 3/df b]v]sf] Pp6L ;fgL *÷( jif{sL km'RrL sf] xF < ;f]dM Tof] s]6L d]/L >LdtLsf] ;fdfGo gftf nfUg] s]6L xf] . Hofb} ul/a / 5f]/f5f]/L w]/} ePsf] sf/0fn] p;sf] kl/jf/df laxfg a]n'sf 5fs 6fg{ wf}–wf} 5 . To;} x'gfn] kl/jf/sf] af]em xNsf ul/lbg p;nfO{ d]/f] ;;'/fnLn] dsxfF k7fOlbPsf x'g . xl/M ;fFRrL ltdL t afn>dsf] lj?4df sfd ug]{ ;+:yfdf sfd u5f}{, JolQmut ¿kdf klg ltdL afn>dsf] ;zQm lj/f]wL klg t xf} lg, xf]Og / < ;f]dM xf], jf:tjdf d afn>dsf] lj/f]wL g} x'F . t/ pm afn>lds xf]Og lsgls p;n] sfd u/]afkt xfdLn] s]xL klg ltg{' kb}{g . d]/L >LdtL Hofb} sdnf] dgsL l5g . c?sf] b'Mv k6Ss} b]Vg ;lSbgg . cl:tsf] kfnL dfOtL uPsf] a]nf pgLx¿sf] b'Mv b]Vg g;s]/ NofPsL x'g . xl/M d}n] p;nfO{ efG;fsf]7fdf efF8fs'F8f dfemb}, s'rf] nufpFb} u/]sf] b]v]sf] lyPF . ;f]dM xf], :jefj}n] p;n] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ 3/sf] sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp u5]{ .
153/]n' afn>d kl/ro xl/M s] pm :s'n hfG5] t < ;f]dM cxF, :s'n t hfGg . xl/M Tof] gfgLn] /flt slt ah];Dd sfdwGbf u5]{ t < ;f]dM yf]/} hfxfg 5 . w]/} ;do;Dd sxfF ug'{k5{ / . ToxL /flt !) ah];Dd t xf] lg . xl/M km'RrLsf] lgwf/df Pp6f 6'6'Nsf] klg b]v]sf] lyPF . s] ePsf] xF < ;f]dM Tof] vf; s]xL xf]Og, To;} lbg laxfg sfd ug{ clns l9nf] u/L eg]/ d]/L >LdtLn] o;f] Ps yKk8 xfGbf n8]/ lgwf/df 6'6'Nsf] p7]sf] xf]] . larf/ ug'{xf]; != dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 s] a'emg'eof] < @= xl/n] cfkm"nfO{ ;3fpgsf nflu NofOPsL aflnsf afn>lds xf] ls xf]Og < s;/L < #= xf], eg] s:tf] lsl;dsf] afn>d xf] < of] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d xf] ls xf]Og < $= o:tf] lsl;dsf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ tkfO{+ x¿sf] 3/, 8]/f jl/kl/ klg 5g ls < %= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s;nfO{ eGg] < ^= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] < &= cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k9fO, :jf:Yo glau|g] u/L cfkmgf] 3/df ul/g] sfdwGbf l;sfpg], u/fpg] sfo{ afn>d xf] jf xf]Og < lsg <
16 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro b'O{ afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld >d s] xf] < >d eg]sf] dflg;n] ljz]if u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ cyjf s]xL sdfpgsf nflu ul/g] sfd xf] . >d cfly{s k|of]hgsf] nflu tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . >dsf] d"No x'G5 . of] pTkfbgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . >d zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s b'j} lsl;dsf] x'G5 . afn>d s] xf] < afn>dsf nflu If]qLo sfo{;d"x -cf/8An'hL–l;Pn_n] u/]sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfåf/f pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, g}lts tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ u/L tyf pgLx¿sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] u/L ul/g] sfd g} afn>d xf] . afnsfd s] xf] < afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ u/L pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, ;Lkx¿ l;Sg l;sfpgsf nflu tyf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L cfkmg} 3/df, jf ljBfnodf jf ;dfhdf u/fOg] sfd afn>d xf]Og . o:tf sfdx¿n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf clwsf/x¿dfly x:tIf]k ub}{gg .
173/]n' afn>d kl/ro afnsfd / afn>ddf km/s afn>d afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub{5 . afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0faf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf] plrt sb/ ul/+b}g . afnsfd afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub}{g . afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf z]fif0faf6 ;'/lIft x'G5g . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf] plrt sb/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d eg]sf] s] xf] < lgDg k|s[ltsf sfdx¿ hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq kb{5g M ;fgf] pd]/, nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] sfd, ux|f}+ ef/L p7fpg] sfd w]/} sfd lagf bfd jf yf]/} bfd g lzIff g cf/fd Psf]xf]/f] / lbSsnfUbf] sfd sfdsf] nflu vt/gfs jftfj/0f, ha/h:tL ug'{kg]{ sfd x/avt lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf /x]/ ug'{kg]{ sfd of}gzf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg] l:ylt bL3{ hLjgdf c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf aFw'jf afn>d afn;}Godf egf{ of}gJofkf/, nfu"cf}ifw pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/df nufOg] sfd
18 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' >d s] xf] < t]>f] JolQmsf] 3/df uP/ jo:s jf sfd ug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿af6 /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf ul/g] 3/leqsf sfdx¿nfO{ g} 3/]n' >d elgG5, h;leq 3/ ;kmf ug]{, eft ksfpg] efF8f dfemg], n'uf w'g], ldnfpg], k6ofpg], kfgL cf];fg]{, cfO/g nufpg], 3/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] cflb sfdx¿ kb{5g, h;nfO{ /fHosf] sfg'gn] /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] klg x'g;S5 . dlxnf / k'?ifaLr /x]sf] c;dfgtf tyf k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhsf] sf/0fn] 3/]n' >ddf a9L dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf 5g . dflys} sf/0fn] 3/]n' >dnfO{ dlxnf :jo+n] g} ædlxnfx¿n] ug]{ sfdÆ, æc?eGbf ;'/lIft sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6n] jo:sx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d u}/sfg'gL sfd xf]Og . of] sfdnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ xf]Og a? lgoldt jf sfg'g;Ddt agfpg'kb{5 . o;}n] jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿n] >d;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ h:t} >dsf] sfof{jlw, tna, ladf, :jf:Yof]krf/, k]G;g, labf, cf/fd / tflndsf] cj;/, ;+u7g ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf, sfdsf] nflu lnlvt ;Demf}tf ug{ kfpg'kg]{ h:tf clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] clwsf/ 5 . t/ c;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] r'gf}tLx¿ w]/} 5g . jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿ klg a]rlavgdf kg]{, ha/h:tL sfd ug{ afWo x'g'kg]{ cyjf C0f ltg{sf nflu afFwf >lds aGg'kg]{, dlxnfx¿sf] ;jfndf oL nufotsf cltl/Qm of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg'{kg]{ hf]lvdx¿ x'g] ub{5g . 3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] < sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{ g} 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 . s:tf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d eGg] < sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/eGbf sd pd]/sf jf ;f] pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿ bf;, bf;h:tf] Jojxf/ jf afFwf >d, ha/h:tL >d, a]rlavg tyf of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{jxf/df k/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, g}ltstfdf uDeL/ lsl;dsf] c;/ kg]{ cj:yfdf t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 .
193/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>dsf] k[i7e"ld 3/]n' afn>d ;+;f/s} k|frLgtd k]zf xf] . k/Dk/fut ¿kn] g} afnaflnsfx¿ o; k]zfdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g, h;sf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf ;+;f/el/ k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf; x'g'eGbf cufl8sf ;dfhdf dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu vfBfGg pTkfbg, kfgL / OGwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfdsf] ef/ lgs} af]lemnf] x'g] uYof]{] . afnaflnsfx¿ :jefj}n] cfkmgf cfdfx¿nfO{ o:tf sfdx¿df ;3fpg] ub{y] . To;a]nfb]lv clxn];Dd klg of] qmd hf/L 5 . o;}n] o; k|s[ltsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfGo lzIff bLIffs} ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf] 5 . ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/x¿ Psn kl/jf/df ablnFb} uP h;n] ubf{ 3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof klg sd x'Fb} uP . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu c? JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u lng yfn] . of] qmd xfn;Dd klg hf/L 5 . w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿ hxfF lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] sdL, Go"g cfDbfgL cflbsf] sf/0faf6 w]/} kl/jf/x¿ ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s]xL cfDbfgL ug{] pkfosf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] l:ylt / csf{lt/ s]xL ;DkGg 3/ kl/jf/sf dflg;x¿sf] 3/df 3/fo;L sfdwGbf ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;sf] vfFrf] eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIfsf] cfjZostfsf] d]naf6 3/]n' >d Pp6f k]zfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fb} uof] . c;dfg 9+un] ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;n] cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] dfu / k"lt{ kIfnfO{ cem a9fpg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c?sf] 3/df cGo sfdsf] ;fy} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufpg yflnPsf] kfOG5 . bf;bf;Lx¿ bf;dflnssf lghL ;DklQ ePsf]n] bf;bf;Lsf ;f/f kl/jf/n] g} dflnssf] OR5fcg';f/ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb«zdz]/sf] kfnfdf sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf t ;dfKt eof] t/ dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ug]{ zf]if0f ;dfKt ePg, s]jn o;sf] ¿k dfq ablnof] . kmn:j¿k sd}of, xlnof k|yf h:tf k|yfx¿ rngdf cfP . o; k|yfdf hldGbf/sf] 3/df sd}of a:g]n] p;sL >LdtL, 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ ;a}nfO{ hldGbf/sf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;]jfdf nufpg' kb{Yof] . 5f]/fx¿ uf]7fnf a:g] / cfdf tyf 5f]/Lx¿ rflx+ sdn/L eP/ hldGbf/sf] 3/sf] 3/wGbf ug{'kb{Yof] . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fn ;fpg @ df sd}ofx¿ d'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . t/
20 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro xlnof k|yf, aFw'jf >d k|yf, u}jf/, e};jf/ a:g] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] k|rngsf] ;fy} 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] rng sfod} 5 . hldGbf/sf] 3/df a;]sf xnLn] cfly{s b'/fj:yfsf sf/0f cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ af]em sd ug{sf nflu c?sf] 3/df /flvlbg] ub{5g . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+Vofsf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf km}lnPsf] ul/aL g} cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ d"n s/0f ag]sf] 5 . o:t} ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] lj:yfkg tyf lj>[+vlnt kfl/jfl/s l:yltn] klg 3/]n' afn>d pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] k|s[lt M 3/]n' afn>d;DaGwL ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] afn>d c;+ul7t If]qdf x'G5 hals snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, xf]6]nnufot cGo :yfgx¿df k|of]u ePsf afn>dsf] cfd dflg;x¿sf] ;Dks{df /x]sf]n] ;a}sf] hfgsf/Ldf x'G5 t/ 3/]n' afn>d aGb 3/leq ul/g] x'gfn] o;af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g ePsf] xf], h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbf cgf}krfl/s k]zf ePsf]n] o; If]qdf sfo{/t >ldsx¿sf] tYofÍ vf]lh+b}g . 3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g . sfd ug{sf nflu /flvPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} lxtsf nflu dflnsn] bofdfofsf] e/df /flvPsf] h:tf] cy{ nfUg] u/L k|:t't ul/g] x'gfn] dflnsnfO{ /f]huf/bftf / sfd ug]{nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g . 3/]n' >dsf] sfo{:yn JolQmut 3/leq x'g] x'gfn] sf/vfgf tyf o:tf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] t'ngfdf o; k|sf/sf] afn>ddf s'g} ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] b[li6 kl//x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;}n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] cg'udg ug]{ cfjZostf g} dx;'; ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . cfd ¿kdf !@ b]lv !& jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o; >ddf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 t/ s}of}+ afn>ldsx¿ &÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv o; If]qdf sfo{/t x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ tNnf] txsf] >dsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . h'g s'/f unt xf] . /f]huf/bftf / afn>ldssf] kIfaLr df}lvs ;Demf}tf x'G5, sfof{jlw, s]–s] sfd ug]{ / cf/fd sltv]/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df s'g} lglZrttf x'Fb}g . ;j{dfGo * 306] sfof{jlw oxfF nfu" ePsf] x'Fb}g .
213/]n' afn>d kl/ro clwsf+z 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k"0f{sfnLg >ddf ;+nUg x'G5g, k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ dflnssf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf x'G5g / ;fx|} sd :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf x'G5g cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ km';{bsf] ;do cToGt sd x'G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . clwsf+z w]/}h;f] cfdfafa'n] s]6Ln] 3/sf] sfd ug}{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ub{5g . To;}n] ljZjdf sl/a () k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>lds s]6Lx¿ /xg] u/]sf 5g . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]dfly of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s]6Lx¿ zfGt :jefjsf x'G5g, sfd 5f]8]/ efUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/g] ePsf]n] s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] ul/G5 . sfdsf] k|s[ltsf sf/0fn] o:tf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ sd pd]/sf, kLl8t, k9g] cj;/af6 al~rt / cfTdanxLgtfsf] l;sf/ ePsf x'G5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k JolQmTj ljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf ePsf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tna lbOFb}g, lbP klg Hofb} sd dfqfdf lbOg] ul/G5 . tna lbOP klg ;f] tna afn>ldsn] k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k|foM u/]/ vf; Onfsf, jf hftLo ;d"xaf6 NofOg] ul/G5 . o;/L NofOPsf afn>ldsx¿dfly /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ ub{5g . vfg]s'/fx¿df ul/g] e]befjn] s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g] ;Defjgf k|an x'G5 . k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/aLrsf] ;DaGw 6'6]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fyL agfpg] cyjf ;fyL;+uL;Fu p7a; ug]{, v]Ng] cj;/ Hofb} sd dfq kfPsf x'G5g . 3/]n' sfdwGbfsf nflu s'g} ljz]if tflndsf] h?/L kb}}{g, ;fdfGo /]vb]vdf cEof; ub}{ l;Sb} hfg ;lsG5 . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ xNsf lsl;dsf] sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf] x'gfn] o; sfddf nfUg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf gx]/L ;xof]uL afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 .
22 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' sfdwGbfcGt/ut sfd ug]{ ;do / k|s[lt Psgf;sf] x'Fb}g . o; k|sf/sf] >dnfO{ ;dfhn] ;xh ¿kn] :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>d bf;Tjsf] cfw'lgs ¿k xf] . o;df afnaflnsfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . 3/]n' >ddf hLjg g} latfP klg cGo ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt gx'g] x'gfn] eljiodf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s]jn el/of, s'NnL h:tf an k|of]u u/]/ ug]{ t/ cfDbfgL rflxF sd x'g] lsl;dsf sfdx¿ dfq ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . k|foM h;f] /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]/]sf x'Fb}gg . pgLx¿nfO{ >d ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . p;leq pTkfbgzLn Ifdtf ePsf]n] hlt;Sbf] a9L pkef]u ug]{ ;f]rfO x'G5 . o;}n] pgLx¿dfly cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]sfpg] ul/G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf hLp Hofg hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ x'g] ub{5g . xft sf6g], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg] h:tf b'3{6gfx¿ x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>dsf nflu s;}s;}n] wd{k'q, wd{k'qL ;d]t /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>daf/] yk hfgsf/L bf;k|yf h:t} cEof; s]xL /f]huf/bftfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ bf; ;/x Jojxf/ ub{5g . pgLx¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ JolQmut ;DklQ 7fGb5g . s'g} k|sf/sf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ l:ylt x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/af6 sxL+ hfg lbOFb}g . pgLx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/sf s'g} vf; :yfgx¿ h:t} efG;f3/afx]s cGoq hfg] cg'dlt x'Fb}g . 3/sf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/ gePsf] a]nf afn>ldsx¿ gefu"g eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ 3/sf] sf]7f jf lglZrt If]qdf aGb ul/G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /xg] 3/]n' afn>lds / /f]huf/bftfaLrsf] ;DaGw sfd tyf ;]jfsf nflu dfq x'G5 . tna gfd
233/]n' afn>d kl/ro dfqsf] x'G5 jf lbOFb}g . afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf klg k/]sf x'g;S5g . pgLx¿ C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>ddf nfu]sf x'G5g jf o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ha/h:tL >d ug{ afWo agfOG5 . /ftlbg 8/ qf;df afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 . ufnLunf}h s'6lk6 tyf qm'/ Jojxf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] /f]huf/bftfx¿af6 ;–;fgf uNtLx¿df klg ufnL s'6fO vfg'kb{5 . o; qmddf sltko afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tftf] j:t'n] 8fldlbg], tftf] kfgL vGofOlbg] h:tf qm'/ oftgfx¿ klg lbOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/f /f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/n] :jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf x'G5g . w]/}h;f] o:tf oftgfx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/sf dlxnfaf6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . lsgls 3/]n' wGbfsf] af/]df /]vb]v ug]{ lhDdf dlxnfsf] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgx¿af6 yfxf ePcg';f/ afn>ldsx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] oftgf cfkmgf] kl/jf/df x'Fbf slxNo} b]v]sf x'Fb}gg . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gfd lauf/]/ af]nfpg], xf]Rofpg], x]Kg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ t ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnPsf x'G5g . of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . sxL+–sxL+ s]6fx¿dfly klg o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . Pn ;fNef8f]/df ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg ^^=$ k|ltzt s]6Lx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] s'/f atfPsf 5g . To:t} xfd|f] b]zdf klg !$ k|ltzteGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfk"mx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf] atfPsf 5g . /f]huf/bftf / afn>ldsx¿aLrsf] zlQm ;DaGwsf] sf/0f s]6Lx¿dfly 3/sf jo:s dflg;x¿af6 o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . jo:sx¿ s]6Lx¿eGbf 7"nf / alnof x'g] ePsf]n] 7"nfx¿n] ug]{ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] 8/qf;sf] sf/0f klg s]6Lx¿n] afWo eP/ ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf x'G5g . s]6Lx¿dfly ul/g] of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{axf/ /f]huf/bftfsf 3/sf k'?ifx¿sf] cltl/Qm, 3/df cfpg] kfx'gfx¿af6, jNnf3/ kNnf3/lt/sf jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 klg x'g;S5 . o:t} sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] nflu eg]/ 5'§} 3/ agfPsf x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf c? 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{axf/ x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
24 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro o; qmddf s]6Lx¿n] ue{ af]Sg] l:ylt klg cfpg;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf /f]huf/bftfn] pgLx¿nfO{ 3/af6 lgsflnlbg] / slxn]sfFxL ;8sdf cfpg afWo x'g] l:ylt klg l;h{gf x'G5 . lsgls ue{ af]s]sf] v08df To:tf s]6Lsf] cfkmgf] kl/jf/n] klg pgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgL of}g Jofkf/df ;+nUg x'g afWo x'g'kg]{ kl/j]z tof/ x'G5 . zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ¿kn] ue{wf/0f ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; geO;s]sf] l:yltdf ha/h:tL ue{ af]Sbf of}g /f]ux¿ ;g{ ;Sg] tyf nfh, 8/, ck/fwaf]wsf] sf/0f dfgl;s ¿kdf ljlIfKt x'g;Sg] / csfn d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf;d]t x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg 3/]n' >ddf nufpg] p2]Zon] afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps 7fpF, ufpF, jf b]zaf6 csf]{ 7fpF, ;x/ jf b]zdf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ul/G5 eg] Tof] a]rlavgdf k/]sf] l:ylt xf] . ljz]if u/L ufpFaf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu ;x/df n}hfg] ul/G5 . ;x/df x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfusf] sf/0f ufpF3/af6 afnaflnsfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g . a]rlavg Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ef/tlt/, a+unfb]zaf6 kfls:tfg, c/a d'n'sx¿lt/ clk|msL d'n'sx¿ a]lgg, a'ls{gf kmf;f], Sofd?g, cfOe/L sf]i6, u'Ogf, 3fgf, dfnL, gfOh]l/ofnufotsf d'n'sx¿ Ps csf]{df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]laog d'n'sx¿sf afnaflnsf cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf d"ntM 3/]n' afn>ds} nflu a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o'/f]k]nL d'n'slt/ klg 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] dfu ePsf]n] ljleGg b]zx¿sf ;}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg 9+uaf6 a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df kg]{ u/]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf x'g] cGo hf]lvdx¿ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; g+= !() cg';f/ 3/ tyf cGo ;kmfOsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] /;fogx¿sf] plrt 9+un] k|of]u ug{ ghfGbf, 3/leq tyf
253/]n' afn>d kl/ro au}+rflt/ k|of]u ul/g] sltko cf}+hf/ tyf d]lzgx¿ rnfpg ghfGbf jf 3/]n' afn>ldssf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf ;/;dfgx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ b'36{gf x'g;Sg] ;+efjgf k|z:t x'G5 . efG;f3/leq xfjf lgsf;sf nflu /fd|f] k|aGw jf EoflG6n];g gePsf] l:ylt x'g;S5 . o;af6 sf]7fsf] tfkqmd a9g uO{ z/L/nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf lr;f]df sfd ug{'kg]{ x'g;S5 . oL ;a} cj:yfx¿nfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] c:j:ys/ :yfgsf] ¿kdf 7fg]sf] / o:tf] 7fpFdf sfd ug]{ s'/fnfO{ JolQmsf] clwsf/dflysf] pNn+3gsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o:t} lzIffaf6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] s'/faf6 afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ bL3{sfnLg gsf/fTds k|efjsf] sf/0f afn>ldsx¿sf] efjL lk+9L;Dd;d]t ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf km:g;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿ 3/]n' afn>dsf sf/0fx¿ kl/jf/sf] ul/aL÷a]/f]huf/L tyf afn ul/aL, clzIff, cr]tgf, 3/]n' afn>ddf x'g] hf]lvdk|ltsf] cgle1tf s'g} ljz]if tflnd grflxg] / ;fdfGo l;sfOaf6 g} l;Sg ;lsg] ;:tf] >d ;lhnf];Fu nufpg ;lsg] >d÷ljb|f]x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf a9bf] hg;+Vof ;z:q ;+3if{÷;fdflhs c;'/Iff÷lj:yfkg c;dfg ;fdflhs ljsf; ;j{;'ne tyf u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] cefj kfl/jfl/s lx+;f kfl/jfl/s ljrng÷ljof]u ;x/L /demdsf] cfsif{0f
26 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;x/L Jo:ttf 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg' ;fdflhs OHht / k|lti7fsf] ljifo aGg' u|fdL0f If]qsf s'nLgx¿ / ;x/jf;Lx¿df a9]sf] ;'ljwfef]uL k|j[lQ ;fdflhs lnËe]b k|efjsf/L sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cefj 3/]n' afn>dsf kl/0ffd lzIffaf6 al~rt afnaflnsf s'kf]lift afnaflnsf cToGt ;fg} pd]/b]lv sfddf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ afWotf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgdf a[l4 :jtGqtf u'dfpg] l:ylt of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ afnfkg pkef]u ug{] cj;/ gkfpg] cfTdanxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf; cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]Sg'kg]{ tyf nfdf] ;dofjlw;Dd sfd ug'{kg]{ l:ylt JolQmut klxrfg la;{g] l:ylt ufnLunf}h tyf zf/Ll/s lx+;fsf] l;sf/ rf]6k6s tyf b'3{6gf x'g] ;Defjgf afnclwsf/af6 al~rt afnaflnsf bf;k|yf h:t} cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf cbIf gful/s pTkfbg
273/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>daf6 l;lh{t ul/aLsf] s'rqm g]kfndf 3/]n' >dsf] k|efj PlzofnL d'n'sx¿df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / afn>d pGd"ngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfOPncf]–cfOk]s_n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d pGd"ng ug{sf] nflu ;doj4 sfo{qmd nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;d]6g] sfd u/]sf] 5, ;fy} o;n] aFw'jf afn>lds / afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . cfOPncf]–cfOk]sn] ;g @))! df g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}df P ¥oflk8 Pl;:d]G6 ;e]{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;e]{sf] qmddf /fhwfgLsf] * j6f j8fnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, afn>ldsx¿ nufot k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGt/jftf{, cjnf]sg / @ xhf/, @ ;o #& j6f 3/df 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd u/L tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';Gwfgcg';f/ oL 3/x¿df $ ;o @) hgf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ k|To]s % j6f 3/dWo] Pp6fn] afn>ldsx¿ /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f cg';Gwfgn] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . k|foM wgf8o 3/x¿n] ! hgf k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n' >lds /fVg] u/]sf 5g . ;du|df eGbf /fhwfgL sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsfdf dfq !% jif{d'lgsf sl/a @@ xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . g]kfndf !* jif{d'lgsf 3/]n' >ldsx¿ s'n *# xhf/ /x]sf 5g . tLdWo] sl/a $@ xhf/ ^ ;o &$ hgf !$ jif{ jf ;f] d'lgsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g .
28 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro b g]kfn ¥oflk8 Pl;:d]G6n] !* jif{d'lgsf #&* hgf afnaflnsfsf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fcg';f/ tLdWo] @ ltxfO !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿ sfddf ;+nUg 5g . o;af6 g]kfndf !) b]lv !$ jif{s} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' >ddf k|j]z ub{5g eGg] kfOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]n] tna gkfPsf] / cfwfeGbf a9L s]6fx¿ ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f g]kfndf s]6Lsf] t'ngfdf s]6fx¿sf] a9L 8'nlkm/ ug{ kfpg] l:ylt xf] . clwsf+z cfdfafa' / cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/LnfO{ e/;s 3/d} /fVg ?rfpF5g . o4lk 3/]n' afn>d ePsf ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df ls t Pp6f dfq cleefjs of t cfdf of afa' ePsf] kl/jf/ jf afnaflnsfsf] sdfOdf e/ kg]{ kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . t/ sf7df08f}df ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgcg';f/ &@ k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldssf cfdfafa' b'j} lhpFb} /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . afn>ddf k7fpg] clwsf+z 3/x¿df $ b]lv ^ hgf;Ddsf] hfxfg 5 . @% k|ltzt kl/jf/;Fu c? sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf 5g . o;/L afnaflnsfx¿ ;fg} pd]/df >ddf k|j]z ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa' e"ldlxg x'g', hUuf hldg ePklg kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} yf]/} x'g' / kl/jf/ C0fdf 8'Ag' /x]sf 5g . g]kfndf @)%^ ;fn ;fpgdf sd}of k|yfnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff ul/of] t/ klg Tof] k|yf /x]sf 7fpFx¿df w]/} afnaflnsf cfkmgf cfdfafa'n] lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf nflu 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf al;/x]sf 5g . o4lk sd}of kl/jf/sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf k|j]z ug'{ cufj} ljBfno egf{ ePsf] s'/f atfOP tfklg tLdWo] Ps ltxfO -h;dWo] cfwf hlt s]6Lx¿_ n] kl/jf/n] rnfPsf] v]tLdf sfd ug{ ;'? u/]sf 5g . o;/L v]tLkftLdf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt afnaflnsf n]vk9 ug{ hfGb}gg / !) k|ltztn] d'l:snn] n]vk9 ug{ ;S5g . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf w]/} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/sf] t'ngfdf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df vfgf, ;'tfOnufotsf s'/fx¿ /fd|f] ePsf] atfPsf 5g . o;n] pgLx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'g'sf] sf/0f 3/df ePsf] cefju|:t hLjg xf] eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 . km]l/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds eP/ a:g' kbf{ PSnf]kgfsf] dx;'; ug'{kg]{, cToflws sfdsf] rfk, ufnL unf}h s'6lk6 tyf lgs[i6 Pj+ lx+;|s lsl;dsf] b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] s'/f pgLx¿n] atfPsf lyP, h;n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ s'/f lglZrt 5 .
293/]n' afn>d kl/ro zf/Ll/s c;/ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo] #&$ hgfn] lbgdf !@ 306feGbf a9L ;do sfd ug'{ k/]sf] s'/f atfP . of] pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] cToGt uDeL/ Pj+ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] cj:yf xf] . 3/]n' afn>ldsn] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df w]/}h;f] efF8f dfemg] / c? efG;fdf ul/g] sfdx¿ kb{5g . oL sfdx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ul//xg' kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psfx¿dWo] @& k|ltztn] cyf{t !)# hgfn] sfd ug]{ qmddf pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf], cfuf]n] kf]n]sf] s'/f atfPsf lyP . tLdWo] ($ hgfn] cfkm" klxn] a;]sf] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]sf lyP . o;/L 5f]8g'sf] sf/0f /f]huf/bftfx¿n] a9L bk]6g] u/]sf]n] ubf{ xf] eGg] s'/f atfPsf lyP . o;qmddf w]/} k|d'v ;"rsx¿n] 3/]n' >ddf s]6Lx¿dfly of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] s'/f atfP . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf oL hf]lvdx¿sf] dfqf a9b} uO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] ¿k lng;Sg] ;Defjgf hlxNo} /xG5 . dgf]j}1flgs c;/ 3/]n' >daf6 afnaflnsfdfly kg]{ c;/ s]jn zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodfly dfq kg]{ geO{ o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df klg ulx/f] rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . ;+j]ufTds ljsf; x/]s JolQmsf] l;h{gfTds / :j:y hLjg latfpgsf] nflu cTofjZos x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf afnaflnsfdWo] ^* k|ltztn] pgLx¿ PSnf] dx;'; u/]sf] atfP . vf;u/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df pgLx¿n] cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/, ;fyLefO ;a}hgf cnu eP/ dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ s;};Fu klg eGg gkfO{ u'lD;P/ a:g' kbf{ ;fx|} b'Mv dx;'; u/]sf] atfP . o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] lg/fzf / c;xfo cj:yfn] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 . cg';Gwfgn] !) hgfdWo] ( hgf afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ cfpg :jtGq ePklg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf x]bf{ clwsf+zn] o;/L 3/ kl/jf/;Fu e]6g kfpFb}gg . o;sf sf/0fx¿df 3/ 6f9f x'g], cfOhfO ug{ vr{ nfUg] h:tf s'/fx¿ klg /x]sf 5g . oltdfq xf]Og sltko glhs} 3/ x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] klg cfkmgf] 3/ hfg kfPsf x'Fb}gg . o;/L pgLx¿ 3/ hfg gkfpg'sf cGo sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa'n] /f]huf/bftfaf6 lnPsf] C0f klg xf] . C0f aGwgdf k/]sf afn>ldsx¿n] o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgfdWo] &# hgfn] pgLx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf nflu :jtGq gePsf] s'/f atfP . tL dWo]
30 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro $! hgfn] o;/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf] nflu cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ s'/f atfP . tnasf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgn] #&* dWo] !$% hgfn] tna kfpg] u/]sf] / tna kfpg] 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] &( k|ltztn] pgLx¿sf] tna cfdfafa'n] nfg] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . afnljsf;dfly kg]{ k|efj afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;dfly 3/]n' afn>dn] kfg]{ c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&*dWo] s]jn !@# hgf afnaflnsfn] dfq :s'n hfg] u/]sf] kfOof] . :s'n hfg] u/]sfdWo] ** hgf k|fylds txdf !! hgf lgDg dfWolds txdf / Ps hgf dfq dfWolds txdf k9g] u/]sf] kfOof] . ljBfno egf{ x'g] s]6Lx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} sd cyf{t s]jn !^=# k|ltzt / s]6fx¿sf] ;+Vof $^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k9g,] ;x/ hfg kfpg], hLjgsf] k"j{tof/L ug{sf] nflu ;'/lIft sfd tyf ;fg} pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf nufpgsf] nflu 3/]n' afn>d pko'Qm ePsf] atfOP tfklg of] afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ ljsf;sf] nflu uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ k];f xf], h;n] ul/aLsf] b'irqmnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 tyf l;Ëf] ljsf;sf] ultdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{5 . 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfox¿÷;+:yfx¿ 3/kl/jf/, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, d"NodfGotf P]g÷sfg'g /f]huf/bftf÷>lds ;+u7g /fhgLlts bn lzIff gLlt ;+3÷;+:yf cfly{s gLlt ;+rf/ dfWod /fHo
313/]n' afn>d kl/ro tLg 3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿ cfsif{0fsf tTjx¿ != c;dfgtfsf] kl/0ffdaf6 pTkGg ePsf] s'nLgtf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf ;x/Ls/0fsf] qmddf ePsf] c;dfg cfly{s ljsf;n] ;dfhdf x'g] / gx'g] aLrsf] ;fy} ul/a / dWod ju{aLrsf] vf8n cem km/flsnf] agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . o;af6 3/aflx/ ul/g] sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ ckx]ngfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{, ;f] sfd ubf{ k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] ;f]lrG5 . k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] tyf t'R5 7flgPsf] 3/]n' >daf6 cfkm" klG5g] / lj:tf/} t]>f] JolQmaf6 u/fpg] k|j[lQn] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]/ uPsf] xf] . o;}u/L n}lËs c;dfgtfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f dlxnfx¿df ePsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/aflx/sf] /f]huf/Ldf cfkm" ;+nUg /xg] / 3/leqsf] wGbf ug{ cGo ul/a dlxnf jf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufpg yflnPsf] 5 . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . sltko kl/jf/x¿df 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] sfdnfO{ cfjZostfeGbf klg ;fdflhs k|lti7f, ;fg ;f}st b]vfpg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf klg lnOg yflnPsf]n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9b} uPsf] 5 . @= wd{k'qsf] gfddf afn>lds /flvg' sltko 3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ug{ afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gSsnL wd{k'q jf k'qL agfP/ klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L
32 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;dfhdf 6'x'/f c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o;/L æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ /fVg] ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;DkGg kl/jf/sf JolQmx¿n] æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ sf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L pgLx¿sf] kfngkf]if0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf lng] t/ Jojxf/df eg] tL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd u/fpg] klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L gSsnL tl/sfaf6 afn>d /fVg] k|lqmofn] klg 3/]n' afn>d km:6fpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L Pp6} b]zleq eP u|fdL0f e]uaf6 ;x/L kl/jf/x¿df / ul/a b]zaf6 wgL b]zx¿df wd{k'q wd{k'qL agfP/ n}hfg] rng 5 . o; k|sf/n] wd{k'q k'qL /flvPsf sltko afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"dfly eO/x]sf] zf]if0f vKg g;s]/ a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 efuL ;8s afnaflnsf ePsf klg pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ sltko JolQmx¿n] jf:tljs ¿kd} wd{k'q wd{k'qLsf] ¿kdf ckgfO{ /flvPsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf klxn] cfkmgf] kl/jf/df /xFbfeGbf klg /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'uL Pp6f of]Uo ;Ifd JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ klg kfpg ;lsG5 . #= ;:tf] >d 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9g'sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f ;:tf] >d eP/ klg xf] . jo:sx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf /fVbf a9L tna lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . otf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfdfafa';Fu df}lvs ;Demf}tf u/L yf]/} k};fdf sfd nufpg ;lsG5 . sltkonfO{ t tna} glbOsg vfg / ;fwf/0f n'ufkmf6f] dfq lbP/ sfddf nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cem C0f ltg]{ ;t{df /flvPsf] 5 eg] t emg C0fsf] Jofh dfq ltg{sf] nflu klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf nufpg] ul/G5 . $= ;lhnf] >d÷ljb«f]x ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt afnaflnsfx¿ ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf]n] kmsfP/ sfddf nufpg,] geP xKsfPsf] e/df sfddf nufpg ;lsG5 t/ otf jo:s >ldsx¿ eg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] nflu af]Ng;Sg] ePsf]n] /f]huf/bftfx¿nfO{ xKsfP/ sfddf nufpg t'ngfTds ¿kn]
333/]n' afn>d kl/ro sl7g x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"dfly hlt;'s} sfdsf] af]em nflbP klg, tna glbP klg ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] jo:sx¿;Fu ljb«f]x ug{ 8/fpF5g / /f]huf/bftfn] o:tf] l:yltsf] e/k'/ kmfObf p7fPsf x'G5g . %= cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fVg kfOg]÷s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg' gkg]{ 3/]n' afn>lds /fVgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftf / afn>lds jf p;sf cleefjs;Fu s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg'kg]{ emGem6 x'Fb}g . s'g} lgoddf afFlwg'kg]{ afWotf x'Fb}g . clxn];Ddsf] cEof;df cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLs} e/df 3/]n' afn>lds /flvg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|]fT;fxgsf tTjx¿ ^= ;dfhsf] dlxnf / aflnsfx¿k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] / csf{s} ;]jfdf hLjg latfpg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno k7fOFb}g . k7fOxfn] klg :s'nsf] k9fO k"/f gu/L aLr}df lgsflnG5 . o;sf] ;fy} 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu ;fdfGo ;fIf/ agfpg] p2]Zon] dfq k9fOg] ul/G5 . 5f]/Lx¿ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] x'gfn] 5f]/Lx¿dfly ul/g] nufgLaf6 dfOtL 3/sf] nflu s'g} kmfObf gx'g,] kmfObf eP klg nf]Ug]s} 3/nfO{ kmfObf x'g] b[li6n] x]l/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/LnfO{ cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp ug{sf] nflu k7fOG5 . o;}n] k|foM h;f] 5f]/Lx¿ cfdf;Fu} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nflu/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L k9g gkfPkl5 5f]/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf ljsNkx¿ ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g . pgLx¿n] afFRgsf] nflu c?dfly e/ kg'{kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . 5f]/Lx¿n] kl/jf/sf] cfo cfh{gsf nflu of]ubfg lbg ;Sb}gg To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf] af]emsf] ¿kdf x]g{ yflnG5 . Psflt/ pgLx¿ cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t x'Fb}gg, csf{lt/ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;fIf/ gx'gfn] cfkmgf clwsf/dfly lyrf]ldrf] x'Fbf klg r'krfk nfu]/ a:g afWo x'G5g . ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ul/gfn] Pp6f kl/jf/df af]emsf] ¿kdf /x]sL 5f]/L csf]{ kl/jf/df ;fg]{ ul/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/Lx¿ k|foM h;f] 3/leqs} sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf x'g . o;/L ;fg} pd]/b]lv jo:s / k|f}9 x'g] a]nf;Dd klg cfdfx¿ 3/leqs} sfddf clNem/x]sf x'G5g . ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} 3/]n' afn>dlt/ ws]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL s'/f g} ;+;f/el/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToflws x'g'sf] sf/s tTj aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
34 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro &= 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu k"j{tof/Lsf] ¿kdf lnOg' ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ ljjfx u/]/ c?sf] 3/df hfg'kg]{ / ToxfF uP/ 3/leqsf] sfdwGbf ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f ;f]lrg] ePsf]n] 3/]n' >dnfO{ sltko kl/jf/x¿n] s]6Lx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm tflndsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf 5g . o;/L 3/]n' >dnfO{ æhLjgs} k"j{tof/LÆ sf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf]n] sltko s]6Lx¿nfO{ :s'naf6 lgsfn]/ eP klg 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf] klg kfOG5 . ljZjsf e/v/} dfq cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] af6f]df cufl8 a9]sf b]zx¿df wgL kl/jf/df of]Uo s]6f] kfOG5 eGg] cfzn] klg s]6Lx¿ 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfs{lift x'gk'U5g . o;/L klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . * 3/]n' sfdsfhnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]l/g' clwsf+z b]zdf 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf JofVof ul/G5 . w]/}h;f] cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/L eP/ hlGdPkl5 3/sf] wGbf ug}{ kb{5, o;sf] lasNk 5}g eGg] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g . 3/]n' sfd c? sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;/n / ;xh sfd ePsf]n] of] dlxnfx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm 5 eGg] ul/G5 . sltko b]zsf /f]huf/bftfx¿ s]6L jf dlxnfx¿n] 3/]n' sfd -3/leqsf] sfd_ pQd lsl;daf6 ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] s]6f jf k'?ifn] ug'{eGbf klg s]6L jf dlxnfn] ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g . sltko w]/} bfh'efO ePsf] kl/jf/df bfh'efOn] lbbL jf alxgLnfO{ d'vn] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]/] klg Jojxf/df eg] 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd nufpg] ub{5g . dlxnf :jo+n] klg 3/]n' >dnfO{ ædlxnfx¿sf] sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . afn>ldssf cfdfx¿ cfkmgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >ddf g} k7fpg rfxG5g . sltko >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ub}{ sfd ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >d g} ug{ ?rfpF5g . To;}u/L >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbf l;sfpgsf nflu klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm";Fu} /fv]/ klg 3/]n' >d ug]{ ub{5g, h;af6 cfdfn] cfkm"kl5 cfkmg} 5f]/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sfd b]cf]; eGg] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgL cfdfsf] kl5kl5 nfUbfnfUb} k9g] cj;/ u'dfpg k'Ub5g . o;/L cfdfsf] kl5 lx+8bf–lx+8b} afnaflnsfx¿ *÷( jif{s} pd]/df Pp6f cg'ejL 3/]n' afn>ldssf] sfd ug{;Sg] ePsf x'G5g .
353/]n' afn>d kl/ro sfG5L a:g]t lx/fsfhLsf] $ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . pgL / pgsL >LdtL sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f a}+sdf sfd ub{5g . pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ :s"n hfG5g . pgLx¿sf] 3/df laxfg a]n'sf ;3fpk3fp ug,]{ lbpF;f] 3/ s'g]{ sf]xL x'g] ePg . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ Pshgf dflg;sf] cfjZostf ePsf] dx;'; u/L g'jfsf]6 lhNnfl:yt lx/fsfhLsf] Pshgf ;fyLsf] ufpFaf6 !% jif{sL sfG5LnfO{ NofP . o;afkt lx/fsfhLn] sfG5Lsf a'afnfO{ dlxgfsf] ?= @)) .– lbg] eP . sfG5Lsf a'af k|To]s #÷$ dlxgfdf pQm ?= @)) .– lng cfpg] ug{ yfn] . sfG5L dflnssf] 3/df sfd ug'{kg]{ tyf lbpF;f] 3/ s'g'{kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f pgL :s'n hfg kfOgg . lx/fsfhLn] sfG5Ln] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]kl5 pgsf] lax] ubf{ nfUg] ;a} vr{ lbg] arg lbPsf 5g . lx/fsfhL klg sfG5Lsf] sfdk|lt ;Gt'i6 5g . sfG5L g'jfsf]6sf] cfkmgf] 3/df x'Fbf lbgel/ 3fF; bfp/f ug'{kg]{, kfgL Nofpg] h:tf sfdx¿ u/]klg pgn] cfwf k]6 dfq vfg kfpFlyg . lx/fsfhLn] sfG5LnfO{ cfkmg} 5f]/L ;'t]sf] sf]7fdf ;'tfpF5g . pgL / pgsL >LdtLn] sfG5Lk|lt /fd|f] Jojxf/ u5{g . sfG5L klg v';L g} b]lvG5] . t/ pgsf] Pp6} dfq u'gf;f] :s'n hfg gkfpg' /x]sf] 5 . pgL cfkmgf ufpFsf ;a} ;fyLx¿af6 cnlUug k'u]sL l5g . sf7df08f}df cfP/ pgn] s;}nfO{ klg ;fyL agfpg kfPsL 5}gg . pgnfO{ a]nf–a]nf 3/sf] ofbn] ;tfO/xG5 . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ != s] sfG5L 3/]n' afn>lds x'g < @= sfG5Lsf] syfdf afn>dsf] dfu / k"lt{ s;/L ePsf] 5 < #= sfG5Lsf u'gf;fx¿ s]–s] /x]5g < $= s] sfG5Ln] ug]{ sfd lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq kb{5 < $= sfG5Lsf] hLjgdf cem ;'wf/ Nofpg s]–s] ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 <
36 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro (= k/Dk/fut e]befj ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf sf/0f k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfd;d'bfoleqsf] Pp6f vf; ;d"x jf ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;dfhdf pRr ju{ 7fG5 / csf]{ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ lgDg ju{sf] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg e]befjsf sf/0f ;dfhdf hftLo e]befjsf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . hghflt ;d'bfo / blntx¿nfO{ tNnf] bhf{sf] dflg;sf] ¿kdf x]g]{, ufpFn]x¿nfO{ kfv] / ;x/jf;Lx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs, ;';DkGg / dflyNnf] bhf{sf ¿kdf x]g]{ k|j[lQ 5, h;n] ubf{ dflyNnf] ju{sf] 7flgg]x¿n] tNnf ju{ 7flgg]x¿sf kl/jf/af6 cfPsf dlxnf k'?if jf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] ub{5g . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t pRrtf / lgrtfsf] ljefhg sfod /x'~h]n;Dd k/Dk/fb]lv cfkm"nfO{ k|ltli7t 7fGg] dflyNnf] ju{n] u/]sf] 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfunfO{ ckx]lnt, pk]lIft ju{af6 k"lt{ x'g] sfd hf/L /xG5 . To;}n] 3/]n' afn>d hghftLo clwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g'kb{5 . !)= /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/g' . afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d kmfObfsf/L / pko'Qm k|sf/sf] >dsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ s'/fn] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} afns tyf aflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu /fVg] sfdn] c?sf] enf] lrtfpg], pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf p;sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg cem dfly p7]sf] 7flgG5 . o;}n] /f]huf/bftf :jo+n] d}n] u|fdL0f e]usf] ul/a, 7"nf] kl/jf/af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DkGg 3/df NofP/ pksf/ ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 . /f]huf/bftfn] cfkm"nfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ rflx/x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;/L 3/]n' afn>ddfly nufOPsf] pksf/sf] cfj/0fn] 3/]n' afn>d /fVg] sfdnfO{ k|>o lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tljs cy{df eg] /f]huf/bftfaf6 oxL æpksf/L sfo{Æ sf] cfj/0fdf ;:tf], ;xh afn>dsf] zf]if0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] sltko 3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ æ5f]/f]Æ æ5f]/LÆ eg]/ klg af]nfpg] u/]sf x'G5g . !!= kfl/jfl/s tyf afn ul/aL ul/aL eGgfn] kl/jf/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt dfq xf]Og sfd ug]{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLn] p;sf] nflu cfjZos vr{ wfGg g;Sg] l:ylt klg xf] . Go"g cfDbfgLsf] sf/0fn] kl/jf/n] xftd'v hf]g{ ;Sg] l:ylt;Dd klg
373/]n' afn>d kl/ro gx'g' / o;sf nflu C0fdf km‘:g'n] afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/sf] af]em aGg k'U5g h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfdfafa'n] j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ csf{sf] 3/df nu]/ /flvlbg] ub{5g . afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLaf6 kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:yltnfO{ clnslt eP klg dfly p7fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r /fVg] ul/G5 . ul/a x'g'sf] sf/0f s]jn cfly{s cefj dfq xf]Og, a? afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa'sf] sfd ug]{ bIftfsf] cefj klg xf] . lsgls cbIf dflg;sf] >d ahf/df laqmL x'Fb}g, eOxfn] klg ;f] Hofnfn] pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ x'Fb}g . !@= C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>lds /flvg' cfdfafa'n] ;fx'af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'slt/ o; k|sf/sf] rng /x]sf] 5 . cfO=Pn=cf]= n] dxf;lGw !*@ kfl/t u/L o; k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . C0f ltg{sf nflu 3/]n' afn>lds /fVbf g t afnaflnsf g p;sf] cleefjs s;}n] klg sfdsf] cj:yf jf Hofnfsf] nflu s'g} df]ntf]n ug{ ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfdfly cdfgjLo zf]if0f eP klg C0fLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/af6 x6fpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' afn>lds /f]huf/bftf -;fx'_ / cf;fdLaLrsf] r]kdf k/]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿ a]lrg k'u]sf x'G5g . cfzf yf? cfzf yf? kl/jf/sL aflnsf x'g . pgL pd]/n] !@ aif{ k'u]sL l5g . cfzf ut $ jif{b]lv sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t l5g . pgsf lktf pgL a;]s} 3/sf dflnssf] Pshgf wgu9Ll:yt gft]bf/sxfF xnL a;]sf 5g . pgL ;x/Lof æsdn/LÆ x'g . sdn/L eg]sf] klZrd g]kfnsf bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/lt/ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rn]sf] rng cGt/ut hldGbf/sxfF sfo{/t xnLsL 5f]/L x'g h;nfO{ hldGbf/sxfF lagf k};f 3/wGbfnufotsf sfd ug{sf nflu /flvPsf] x'G5 . cfzfsf b'O{ efO / Pshgf lbbL 5g . tLdWo] b'O{ hgf efOx¿ wgu9Ldf sfd ub{5g / alxgL rflx+ sf7df08f}d} sfd ul5{g t/ pgsf] alxgL;Fu b]ve]6 slxNo} x'Fb}g . cfzf laxfg % ah] pl75g, a9f/s'8f‘/ ul5{g clg 3/ k'l:5g . o;a]nfb]lv ;'? ePsf] pgsf] sfd /flt !) ah] efF8f dflem;s]kl5 ;dfKt x'G5 . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Ddsf] sfddf pgnfO{ s;}n] klg ;3fpg] ub}{gg .
38 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro pgL lg/If/ l5g . :s'n hfg] cj;/ pgn] slxNo} kfPsL 5}gg . cfkm"n] slt k};f tna kfpg] xf] eGg] af/]df klg pgnfO{ /fd|f] yfxf 5}g . tna yfxf geP klg e/v/} dfq pgn] afa'n] hldGbf/af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu cfkm"n] kfpg] tna klg s6f}tL x'g] u/]sf] s'/f sfsfaf6 ;'g]sL lyOg . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ != cfzfnfO{ lsg sdn/L elgPsf] xf] < @= syfdf pNn]lvt s'g rngn] s;/L 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 < #= cfzfdfly s] s:tf] k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] 5 < $= s] o; k|sf/sf] >d lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d xf] < %= cfzfsf s'g–s'g clwsf/x¿ pNn+3g ePsf 5g < !#= lzIffsf] cefj tyf u'0f:t/xLg lzIff / ;x/L lzIffsf] cfsif{0f ljZjsf w]/} efudf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno z'Nssf] sf/0f, ljBfno 6f9f ePsf] sf/0f :s'n hfg] dg ub}{gg . To;}u/L s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ u'0f:t/xLg lzIff, ljBfnodf x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ tyf lzIfsx¿ cg'kl:yt x'g] sf/0faf6 ljBfno 5f]8g] ub{5g . o;/L ljBfno 5f]8g] jf hfg dg gug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>dlt/ cfs{lift x'g] u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . k9g] OR5f k"/f ug{ klg kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsf÷lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ Pp6f ljsNksf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n] klg 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /flvPsf afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf] cleefjsnfO{ k9fOlbg] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] tflnd lbnfOlbg] arg lbPsf x'G5g . pgLx¿dWo] sltn] t ;fFRr} g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] cj;/ klg lbPsf x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] sfdwGbf l;WofPkl5 dfq o; k|sf/sf] tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] :jLs[t kfpF5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>ddf
393/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno hfFbf l9nf] k'Ug], clgoldt 9+un] :s'n hfg,] sIffsf] k9fOk|lt Wofg glbg] l:ylt eO/xG5 . s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ k9g]] k};f h'6fpg klg :s'n 5f]8L 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'gk'U5g . s]xL b]zx¿sf cleefjsx¿n] cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9g kfpF5g eGg] cfzfn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfu a9g] u/]sf] 5 . !$= afnaflnsf ;x/L /demdk|lt cfs{lift x'g' afnaflnsfx¿ ;x/df ePsf] /demdk|lt cfs{lift eP/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds x'g k'u]sf x'G5g . ul/a kl/jf/sf dfq xf]Og sltko ;DkGg, vfg nfpg k'Ug], 3/df /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf ufp‘lt/sf afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;x/df ePsf ;'ljwf, cj;/x¿af6 cfs{lift eO{ efu]/ jf ;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ ;x/lt/ cfPsf x'G5g . ;x/df afFRg] pkfo vf]Hb} sltko afnaflnsf cGttM 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'gk'U5g . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . !%= kfl/jfl/s lx+;f kfl/jfl/s lx+;f afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dlt/ ws]Ng] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . 3/df cefju|:t hLjg, w]/} hfxfg, ;f}t]gL dfdnf, / k'?ifjfbL ;fdGtL lrGtg tyf ;fdflhs lnËe]b cflbsf] sf/0faf6 3/kl/jf/df cfdfafa'aLr em}—emu8f x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] l;sf/ k|foM dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf x'g] ub{5g . ;w}+ 3/df o; k|sf/sf] em} emu8f x'g] afnaflnsfn] s'6fO vfO/xg'kg]{ l:ylt ePdf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/af6 efUg] / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu 3/]n' >dnufotsf >ddf nfUg] u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ k|z:t e]l6G5g . o;/L kfl/jfl/s lx+;fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dnufot >dsf cGo If]qlt/ hfg afWo agfO/x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . !^= ;z:q ;+3if{ b]zdf rln/x]sf] ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g k'u]sf 5g . xfd|f] b]zdf @)%@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rn]sf] lx+;fTds åGåsf sf/0f
40 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro w]/} afnaflnsfx¿sf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 eg] sltko cfdfafa'af6 la5f]l8g k'u]sf 5g . To:t} o'4df hah{:tL ;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg] eosf sf/0fn] klg s}og afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] ufpF 5f]8L ;'/lIft ;x/lt/ k:b5g / 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;xh} kfpg ;lsg] >d If]qsf] ¿kdf lnO{ cfkmgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g . o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf jf la5f]l8g k'u]sf clg ;x/ k;]sf s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ afFRgsf nflu 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g / 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{sf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5g . !&= Pr= cfO= le= ÷ P8; nufot k|f0f3fts ;?jf /f]usf] dxfdf/L Pr= cfO= le=÷P8;sf] dxfdf/L km}lnPsf b]zx¿df o; /f]usf] sf/0f s/f]8f+} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bzf}+ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f aGg k'u]sf 5g . o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf afnaflnsfx¿ afFRgsf nflu 3/]n' afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . clk|msfsf] ;xf/f If]qjl/kl/sf b]zx¿df cfh sl/a !@ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmgf cfdf jf cfdfafa' u'dfPsf 5g . xfn} ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ clk|msL b]zdf ePsf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo] clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿sf ls t Pshgf dfq afFr]sf], ls cfdfafa' b'j} g} d/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL P8; /f]usf] sf/0faf6 ePsf 6'x'/f6'x/Lx¿n] afFRgsf] nflu 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] pTkfbgdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . dgs'df/L zfx dxf]Q/Lsf] uf}zfnfdf km}lnPsf] sfnfhf/sf] dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0f dgs'df/L ;fg} x'Fbf pgsf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eof] . xh'/cfdf / sfsfsf] x]/rfxaf6 pgL / pgsf efOalxgLx¿ x's]{sf lyP . pgsf b'O{j6f efO tyf Pp6L alxgL lyP . b'O{j6f efOx¿dWo] Ps hgf kf]v/fdf / Ps hgf sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ uy]{ . alxgL rflx+ ;fg} ePsf]n] xh'/cfdf;Fu a:blyOg . pgL rflx+ lj/f6gu/sf] Pshgf pBf]ukltsxfF a;]sL lyOg . !# jif{sL dgs'df/Ln] :s'n hfg] tLa| dg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o:tf] cj;/ slxNo} kfOgg . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf !) ah];Dd efG;fs} wGbf ub}{ pgnfO{ 7Ls x'GYof] . efG;fsf] sfdaf6 km';{b kfPsf] a]nf n'uf w'g] tyf cGo ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . pgnfO{ c?sf] cfdfafa'n] 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ dfof u/]sf] b]Vbf pgnfO{ cfkmgf cfdfafa'sf] ;Demgfn] ;tfpFYof]
413/]n' afn>d kl/ro / c?n] gb]Vg] u/L n's]/ ?g] ub{lyg . pgnfO{ dlxgfjf/L ? @)) .– lbOg] ul/GYof] . Tof] klg dflnsn] xh'/cfdfnfO{ lbg] u/]sf] x'gfn] pgL Tof] k};f cfkm" rnfpg kfpFlbglyOg . dflnssf 5f]/fx¿af6 k6s–k6s of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{Yof] t/ pgsf] ph'/L ;'Gg] sf]xL lyPg . Psk6s cfkm"dfly ePsf] o:tf] Jojxf/sf] af/]df dflnSgL;Fu eGbf dflnSgLn] pN6} cfkmgf 5f]/fsf] kIf lnP/ dgs'df/LnfO{ huN6ofPsL lyOg . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ !=dgs'df/L s;/L 3/]n' afn>lds aGg k'lug < @= pgn] s]–s] sfdx¿ ug'{kb{Yof] < #= dgs'df/L] s]—s:tf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo lyOg < $= pgsf s]–s] clwsf/x¿ vf]l;Psf 5g < %= pgsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf s] s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsPnf < !*= 3/]n' >ddf /x]sf] hf]lvdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L gx'g' s'g} klg k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] kl5 afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ s'/f lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . kl/jf/ jf cleefjssf] x]/rfx gubf{ afnaflnsfx¿n] s] s:tf cK7of/fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ kl/jf/, cleefjs tyf jo:sx¿n] a]jf:tf ug]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ ;a} hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;xh 9+un] lng k'luG5 . 3/]n' >ddf k9g,] v]Ng] nufotsf clwsf/x¿af6 al~rt x'g], pd]/sf] t'ngfdf ux|f+} ;fdfg prfNg'kg]{, lagfcf/fd nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ubf{ cToflws ysfg x'g], a]lrOg ;Sg], of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg], rf]6k6s nfUg] nufotsf hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g . oL hf]lvdx¿nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s gln+bf cGo >dsf] t'ngfdf of] >dnfO{ ;xh, ;'/lIft, pQd >dsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfucg';f/ k"lt{ eO g} /xG5 . :jo+ s}of}+ s]6Lx¿n] pgLx¿n] /f]huf/L ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ g} klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] olb /f]huf/bftfn] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf g} c;n Jojxf/ u5{g, kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]b{5g, :s'n hfg] cj;/ lbG5g eg] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] hf]lvdsf] dfqf sd x'G5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'G5 .
42 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro rf/ 3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf 3/]n' afn>d k|ToIf ¿kdf g;'lgg], gb]lvg], 5l/P/ /x]sf], kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] >d xf] . o;}n] of] If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|foM 3/sf] rf/ kvf{nleq /x]/ sfd ug]{ x'gfn] afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg klg sl7g 5 . csf{lt/ 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf glnO{ :jefljs / ;fdfGo sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . ljZjdf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g < ljZjdf @ ca{eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g . cfO=Pn= cf]=sf cg';f/ o;sf] slt k|ltzt efu 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ sl7g 5 t/ h] eP klg o;sf] w]/}h;f] efu 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg ePsf !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g . O08f]g]l;ofsf] hfsftf{df dfq & nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ !* jif{d'lgsf 5g . xfO6Ldf @ nfv %) xhf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g . tLdWo] !) k|ltzt !) jif{d'lgsf 5g . k]?sf] /fhwfgL lndfdf sl/a ! nfv %) xhf/ afn>ldsx¿ 5g .
433/]n' afn>d kl/ro >Ln+sfdf ! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g . p?Uj]df !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf #$ k|ltzt afn>ldsx¿ 3/]n' sfddf nfu]sf 5g . a|flhndf % nfv %( xhf/ afnaflnsf 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g . e]g]h'Pnfdf sfo{/t >lds s]6Lx¿dWo] ^) k|ltzt >lds s]6Lx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g / pgLx¿sf] pd]/ !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf] /x]sf] 5 . s]Gofdf @ nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ /x]sf 5g . ef/tdf !$ jif{d'lgsf s'n afn>ldsdWo] @) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g . a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf # nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g . kfls:tfgdf @ nfv ^$ xhf/ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g . leotgfdsf] /fhwfgL xgf]Odf ePsf s'n 3/ ;+Vofdf k|To]s !)) j6f 3/dWo] Pp6fn] Ps hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf 5g . blIf0f clkm|sfdf !% jif{d'lgsf @) nfv *% xhf/ * ;o !$ hgf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g . ljZj a}+sn] ;g !(&% df u/]sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ef/tdf !% nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] lyof] . cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ef/t, kfls:tfg, g]kfn / a+unfb]zdf lgs} ;fg} pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . oL b]zx¿df ^÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd nufO;lsPsf] x'G5 . yfONof08 / lkmlnlkG;df afn>ldssf] cj:yf zf]if0fo'Qm eP klg s]xL ;'wf/f]Gd'v 5 . lsgls tL b]zsf afn>ldsx¿ / /f]huf/bftfx¿aLr k|i6 ;dembf/L x'G5 .
44 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro g]kfndf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g < g]kfnsf ljleGg ;x/x¿df !* jif{d'lgsf s'n %% xhf/ ^%% 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf] tyf To;dWo] $@ xhf/ ^&$ 3/]n' afn>lds !$ jif{d'lgsf /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sf7df08f}+ ;x/df dfq} @!))) eGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' afn>dsf] cf};t cfo' !#=$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;aeGbf sd pd]/sf] afn>ldssf] pd]/ ^ jif{sf] 5 / pgLx¿dWo] (* k|ltzt cfkmgf kl/jf/sf ;fy a:b}gg . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lbgsf] !# b]lv !% 306f;Dd sfd ub{5g . (@ k|ltztn] laxfg & aHg'eGbf cl3b]lv g} sfd ;'? u5{g eg] (&=^ k|ltztn] ;ftfdf ;ft} lbg sfd ug'{kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] sl/a cfwfn] lagfkfl/>lds sfd ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx¿nfO{ kfl/>lds lbOPsf] 5 jf 5}g cyjf lgoldt ¿kdf kfl/>lds lbOPsf] 5 jf 5|}g eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ g} yfx 5}g . kfl/>lds kfO/x]sfx¿dWo] (& k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf sd kfpF5g / ^$=% k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] kfFr ;o ?lkofFeGbf sd kfp‘5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] $) k|ltztn] jif{sf] kfFr xhf/ ?lkofFeGbf sd tna kfpg] u/]sf 5g . 3/]n'[ afn>ldsdWo] cfwfn] pgLx¿sf dflnsn] pgLx¿nfO{ emkfg]{ u/]sf] jf lk6g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g . g]kfndf lgs[i6 :j¿kdf afn>d;DaGwL tYox¿ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfO{=Pn=cf] cfOk]s_ n] g]kfndf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>dsf ;ft If]qdf cfkmgf] ;xof]u s]lGb«t u/]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ldssf ¿kdf ;d]l6g'kg]{ cGo s}of} If]qx¿ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . oL If]qx¿df 3/]n' afn>ldssf cltl/Qm a]rlavg, un}+rf sf/vfgfx¿, vfgL÷OF6f e§fx¿ Pj+ 9'Ëf vfgLx¿, sjf8L ;Ísn, ;fdfg 9'jfgL tyf aFw'jf dhb'/L kb{5g .
453/]n' afn>d kl/ro g]kfndf @^ nfv afn>ldsx¿ 5g . % b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf @^ nfv afnaflnsf cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo 5g . % jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf @ nfv &( xhf/ afnaflnsf Hofnf dhb'/Ldf ;+nUg 5g . % jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ddf nufOPsf] 5 . k]df tfdfªsf] syf * jif{sf k]dfsf] 3/ kfFry/ xf] . k]dfsf a'afsf] ;DklQsf] gfddf Pp6f em'k|f] dfq lyof] . pgL ufpFd} hgjg u/]/ u'hf/f rnfpg] uby]{ . pgsf] a9L /S;L vfg] afgL klg lyof] . To;dfly ( hgfsf] kl/jf/ kfNg pgnfO{ sl7g eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;}n] kl/jf/sf] nfngkfng ug]{ af]em clnslt eP klg xNsf kfg{ pgsf a'afn] k]dfnfO{ sfd klg ug]{ / df}sf kfP k9g] klg eg]/ Ps hgf cfkmGtsf] ;fy nufO{ sf7df08f}+ k7fP . gft]bf/n] pgnfO{ sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f 3/df /flvlbP . /f]huf/bftfn] tL gft]bf/;Fu k]dfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] x]/larf/ ug]{ / pgsf] af/]df pgsf afa'cfdfn] s'g} klg lrGtf ug'{ gkg]{ s'/f atfP . ToxfF pgnfO{ s]jn vfg / nfpg dfq lbOGYof] . t/ sfd eg] laxfgb]lv a]n's};Dd efF8f dfemg], 3/ ;kmf ug]{, n'uf w'g], dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ :s"n;Dd k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . ToxfF pgn] /ftlbg ufnL unf}h ;'Gg'kb{Yof] . ;fgf—;fgf] uNtLdf klg s'6fO vfg' kb{Yof] . To; 3/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg hfFbf pgnfO{ klg ToxL :s"ndf k9g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . To;}n] pgL dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :s'n k'u]kl5 plk|m+b} sIfflt/ uPsf] b[Zo lgl/x cfFvfn] x]l//xGy] . ladf/L ePsf] a]nf;d]t pgn] sfdaf6 km';{b kfpFb}g lyP .
46 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] l:ylt ;fdfGotof afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu sfdsf] sfof{jlw / sfo{:yn tf]lsPsf] x'Fb}g . /f]huf/bftfn] h] sfd hltv]/ hxfF u/ eG5g ToxL sfd elgPsf] 7fpF / ;dodf ug'{kb{5, h'g lbg jf /ftsf] ;dodf klg x'g;S5 . a+unfb]z, O08f]g]l;of, kfls:tfg / lkmlnlkG;sf afn>ldsx¿n] cf};t !% 306feGbf a9L ;do;Dd sfd ug]{ ub{5g . g]kfnnufot k|foM b]zx¿df pgLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df vfgf ksfpg], efF8f dfemg], /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/sf n'uf sk8fdf cfO/g nufpg], s'rf] nufpg], e'O+{ k'5g], lsgd]n ug]{, /f]huf/bftfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{, vftf, lstfasf] emf]nfx¿ af]lslbP/ :s'n;Dd nfg] / Nofpg] sfd cflb . s'g} ;do km';{b eof] eg] klg aflx/ hfg], ;fyLx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug]{ cg'dlt kfpFb}gg . k|foM u/]/ k|d'v rf8kj{x¿df dfq 3/ hfg] cg'dlt kfpg] u5{g . ;'Tg], vfg] ;jfndf klg /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] eGbf lgDg :t/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/G5 . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] vfg] vfgfeGbf tNnf] :t/sf] vfgf vfg lbOG5 . vfgf vfg] a]nfdf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] vfO;s]kl5 dfq p;nfO{ vfg cg'dlt lbOG5 . pgLx¿sf] k|fo lglZrt ;'Tg] :yfg x'Fb}g, efG5f3/ jf /f]huf/bftfsf] afnaflnsf ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] e'O{+df ;'tfOG5 .
473/]n' afn>d kl/ro kfFr afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d != afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] k[i7e"ld ;g !(!$ b]lv !(!*;Dd ePsf] k|yd ljZjo'4sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] wghgsf] Iflt / k|fs[lts ljgfzn] ljZjd} eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u¥of] . o'4df ljikmf]l6t ad, af?b, uf]nL / w'jfFn] ;a}eGbf a9L afnaflnsfnfO{ g} l;sf/ agfof] . o;}n] eljiodf o; k|sf/sf] o'4sf] eoaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]ufpg / pgLx¿sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd ;]e b lrN8«]g km08 o'=s]=sL ;+:yflksf PUn]G6fOg h]jn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofOg . o;nfO{ ;g !(@# df afnarfp cGt/f{li6«o o'lgogn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqsf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;nfO{ æh]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqÆ klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;g !(@$ df lnu ckm g]zG;n] o; h]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ kfl/t u/L cf}krfl/s ¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . ;g !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f kfl/t ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] sfd u¥of] . o:t} ;g !(%( df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f k|ltkflbt !) a'Fb] afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj–3f]if0ffkqn] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg] clwsf/ / afnljsf;sf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbof] . o;kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(&( nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afnjif{sf] ¿kdf dgfof] . o;sf] bz jif{kl5 cyf{t ;g !(*( gf]e]Da/ @) tfl/vdf /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t u/L afnclwsf/sf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ km8sf] df¥of] . To;}u/L !(() df ;DkGg afnaflnsf;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ;Da4 /fi6«x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu /fli6«o sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu" ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] .
48 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g @))) df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cGt/utsf æ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg afn b]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0fÆ;DaGwL b'O{j6f P]lR5s ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . ;g @))! df o;n] æafnaflnsfsf] nflu h'6f}+Æ eGg] cfxjfg ub}{ æafnaflnsfsf] nflu ljZjJofkL cleofgÆ ;+rfng u¥of] . ;g @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] ljz]if a}7s -UNGASS_ n] o; bzssf nflu afnaflnsf;DaGwL gof‘ ljZjJofkL nIo / sfo{;"rL agfof], h;nfO{ æafnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] ljZjÆ eGg] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . @= afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw @=! afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g !(*( sf] gf]e]Da/ @) df kfl/t u/]sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ljZjel/s} d'n'sx¿sf] nflu afnclwsf/;DaGwL Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;femf ;Demf}tf kq xf] . afnaflnsfx¿ ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf hGd]– x's]{ klg pgLx¿sf] cwf/e"t cfjZostf eg]sf] dfof, ddtf, ;dembf/L, ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo lzIff / kf]if0f g} x'g . To;}n] k|To]s /fHon] cfkmgf efjL ;Gtltsf] pHjn eljiosf] nflu ljz]if rf;f] /fv"g eGg] p2]Zon] of] dxf;lGwsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf @) ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ @ b]lv cf}krfl/s ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df lgMzt{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g @))! ;Dddf !(! j6f /fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g . cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf kfng ug'{kb{5 . dxf;lGwdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;/n 9+un] a'emgsf nflu rf/ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefhg ul/P tfklg oL ;a} ;d"xsf clwsf/x¿ Ps cfk;df gª df;' h:t} 5'6ofpg gldNg] / cGt/lge{/ 5g . oL rf/ ;d"xx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M s= afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ afFRg kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . ue{df cfPb]lv g} ;'/Iff kfpg' tyf ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/af6 afnaflnsfn] ;'/lIft lsl;daf6 hGdg kfpg'kb{5 .
493/]n' afn>d kl/ro hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/, ;'/lIft cfjf;, :j:y jftfj/0f, ;kmf kfgL, vf]k tyf k|fylds pkrf/nufotsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yfnufotsf clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . v= ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s afnaflnsfn] e]befj, afn>d, zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/, ckx]ngf, pTkL8g Pj+ hf]lvdo'Qm sfd tyf o'4df ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ l:ylt, cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavg / afa'–cfdfaf6 cnlUug'kg]{ nufotsf l:yltaf6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg'kb{5 . ckfË tyf 6'x'/f afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g'kg]{ nufotsf clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . u= ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf ;fy{s lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg], dgf]/~hg, v]n / cf/fd ug]{, cfdfafa'sf] ;dfg dfof ddtf kfpg], plrt :jf:Yof]krf/nufotsf plrt hLjg:t/sf nflu rflxg] Pj+ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, g}lts, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . 3= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ o; ;d"xleq afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg], afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ gLlt lg0f{ox¿df cfkmgf] s'/f ;'gfjfO ug]{ / ;f] ljrf/sf] sb/ ul/g'kg]{, /rgfTds sfo{, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk tyf hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf lagf /f]s6f]s / lagf e]befj ;xefuL x'g kfpg], cf:yfcg';f/sf] wd{df ;+nUg x'g], s'g} klg s'/fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg / cleJoQm ug{, ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng jf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] nufotsf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] ckgfPsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] lgDg rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . log} rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfhdf eP u/]sf sfdx¿ afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf 5g ls 5}gg eg]/ hfFRg ;lsG5 .
50 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro != e]befj/lxt dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ cg';f/ ;a} afnsflnsfnfO{ e]befj tyf kIfkft gul/sg ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ pm jf p;sf afa'cfdf, cleefjssf] hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{ /fhg}lts jf cGo cf:yf, /fli6«o, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklt, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . @= afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt wf/f # cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf nflu ul/g] k|To]s sfo{x¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿, cbfnt, k|zf;lgs lgsfo, ljwflosf nufot ;a}n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfds'/f ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . #= bL3{ hLjg / ljsf; wf/f ^ n] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] oyf;Dej a9LeGbf a9L k|of; ug'{kb{5 . $= afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ wf/f !@ n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg'kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/ kl/kSjtfcg';f/ To;nfO{ plrt dfGotf klg lbOg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;dfhsf] Ps cleGg c+u dfgL ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ wf/f ! M /fli6«o sfg'gn] afNofj:yfsf] Go"gtd pd]/ gtf]lslbP;Dd !* jif{d'lgsf ;a}nfO{ afnaflnsf dflgg]5 . wf/f @ M k|To]s afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj jf kIfkftlagf ;a} clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ kfpg eGg] s'/f /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .
513/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f #,$ M cbfntx¿n,] sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] jf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n] afnaflnsfsf ljifodf sf/afxL ubf{ afnsflnsfsf ;jf]{Qd lxtx¿k|lt k|fylds Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . afnaflnsfsf] dfdnfdf ljj]sk"0f{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{5 . wf/f ^ M k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ 5 . ctM /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] clwstd /Iff / ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f &,* M k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ gfpF / /fli6«otf kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ x'g]5 . wf/f !),!! M afnaflnsfsf] sNof0fsf nflu of]Uo clwsf/Lx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] b]zsf] l;dfgfleq jf aflx/ e|d0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbP/ kl/jf/sf] k'gld{ngsf nflu ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f ^, @^, @& M afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pg] a9fpg] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L afa'cfdfsf] x'G5 . t/ /fHox¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf] nflu plrt ;xof]u h'6fOlbg'k5{ / lzz'–:ofxf/;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 . wf/f !(, #$, #^ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ of}gb'Jo{jxf/ jf zf]if0fnufot zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf, x]nfaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f @), @! M /fHox¿n] 6'x'/f tyf pk]lIft afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;'xf‘pbf] j}slNks x]/rfxsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{k'q jf wd{k'qL /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ ljj]s k'¥ofO{ lgodj4 kfg'{ kg]{ wd{lktf jf wd{dftfn] afns jf aflnsf hlGdPsf] d'n'saf6 cGoq n}hfg rfxG5g eg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf sfg'gL dfGotf ;'lglZrt kfg]{ cGt/f{li6«o lgodkqx¿ tof/ kfg{'kg]{5 . wf/f @# M ckfËtf ePdf afnaflnsfn] ljz]if pkrf/, lzIff / x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f @$ M :jf:Yonfe ug]{ clwsf/ afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]usf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿, :jf:Yo lzIff / afnd[To'b/ 36fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbP/ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;]jf / x]/rfx af/]df ;'lglZrt kfg'{kg]{5 . wf/f @*, @( M k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ agfpg'kg]{5 . x/]s lgod sfg'gn] afnaflnsfsf] cl:tTjsf] ;Ddfg /fVg'kb{5 . lzIff, afnaflnsfdf ;dembf/L, zflGt / ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf a9fpg] / ;+/If0f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
52 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f #! M afnaflnsfn] cf/fd lng] / v]Ng] ;do kfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;f+:s[lts tyf ;[hgzLn lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ljgfe]befj ;dfg cj;/x¿ kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f !$, #) M cNk;+Vos hfltsf / :jb]zL d"nsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmg} ;+:s[lt, wd{ / efiff lgjf{w ¿kn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f #@ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s zf]if0faf6 / dhb'/L ug{af6 tyf lzIffdf afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd jf pgLx¿sf :jf:Yo / sNof0fdf xfgL k'¥ofpg] sfdaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f ## M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nfu" kbfy{sf] u}/sfg'gL k|of]uaf6 / nfu" kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ / cf];f/–k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;l/s x'gaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f #% M afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f / cf];f/–k;f/ ug{] sfd lgd"{n ug{ ;a}vfn] k|oTgx¿ ul/g'kg]{5 . wf/f #&, $) M !* jif{ k'Ug'eGbf cl3 ul/Psf ck/fwx¿df d[To'b08 jf cfhLjg sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbOg' x'Fb}g . y'gfdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:sx¿af6 cnu /flvg'kg]{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ oftgf lbg'x'‘b}g . lgd{d of ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g'x'Fb}g . afnlaHofOF;DaGwL d'2fx¿ lsgf/f ug{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f #* M s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q ;]gfdf egf{ ug{ / n8fO‘df k|ToIf efu lng nufpg' x'Fb}g . ;z:q d'7e]8 rn]sf] 7fpFdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f #( M b'Jo{jxf/, x]nf ef]Ug' k/]sf jf y'gfdf k/]sf afnaflnsfn] k'gM :jf:Yo nfe / k'gM k|lt:yfkgsf nflu plrt Jojxf/ / k|lzIf0f kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ M /fHox¿n] jo:sx¿ tyf afnaflnsf b'j}nfO{ dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt afnclwsf/x¿af/] Jofks ¿kdf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 . dxf;lGwsf /fHokIfx¿n] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] @ jif{kl5 klxnf] / To;kl5 x/]s % jif{df dxf;lGwcg'¿k ePsf tyf x'g g;s]sf sfd–sf/jfxL;DaGwL k|ltj]bg bz hgf ljz]if1x¿ ePsf] ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf a'emfpg'kg]{5 .
533/]n' afn>d kl/ro 5 afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ s_ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] @% d] @))) df æafnaflnsfsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df ;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ tyf afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0fÆ ;DaGwL afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf b'O{ j6f ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] oL ;lGwkqx¿df ;g @))) d} k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 . != ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ M !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+3if{df ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg] . /fli6«o ;z:q bndf :j]lR5s ;+nUgtfsf] pd]/ a9fpg] / !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ /fli6«o ;z:q bndf ;+nUg u/fpg ljz]if ;'/Iff ckgfpg'kg]{, cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{, ;}lgs ;]jfdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhd]jf/Laf/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ of] jf:tjd} :j]lR5s x'g'kg]{ . /fHosf] ;z:q bnafx]s s;}n] klg !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ ;z:q sf/afxLdf ;+nUg u/fpg gkfpg] u/L ;a} cfjZos pkfo ckgfpg] .
54 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro @= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0f;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ M afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrqnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg] . #= /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* ;g !(&# /fHon] afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ sfo{ lglZrt ug{ tyf /f]huf/Ldf jf sfddf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ tf]Sg tyf sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;;Fu ldNg] u/L k|ultzLn ¿kdf a9fpFb} n}hfg tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o gLlt cjnDag ug]{5g . -wf/f !_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ clgjfo{ lzIff k"/f ubf{ k'Ug] pd]/eGbf sd x'g]5}g . ;fy} of] pd]/sf] xb s'g} klg cj:yfdf !% jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g . -wf/f @=#_ cfly{s, z}lIfs ;'ljwf kof{Kt ljsl;t gePsf] o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«n] ;DalGwt /f]huf/bftf tyf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ePdf ltgLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L ;'?df Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ sfod ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f @=$_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]s]sf x/]s kIf /fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]Sg'sf sf/0f / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf cfkm"n] k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ kl/Tofu ug{ tf]lsPsf] ldlt v'nfpg'kb{5 . /f]huf/L jf sfo{sf] k|s[lt jf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ kl/l:yltn] sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iff jf g}ltstf vt/fdf kg{;Sg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfo{ /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ !* jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g . g]kfnn] ;g !((& d] #) df o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
553/]n' afn>d kl/ro $= lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*@ – h'g !, ;g !((( dxf;lGwn] !* jif{d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm >ddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M != bf;Tj jf ;f] ;/xsf ;a} :j¿kx¿, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, cf];f/k;f/, C0f aFw'jf, afFwf>d, ;z:q ;+3if{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] clgjfo{ jf ha/h:tL egf{nufot s'g} klg ha/h:tL jf clgjfo{ >d . @= b]xJofkf/, clZnn lrq0f jf k|bz{gx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f . #= u}/ 'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f . $= afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff jf g}ltstfdf xfgL k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sfo{x¿ . % =cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] l;kmfl/; g+= !() o;n] lgDg sfo{x¿nfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M != zf/Ll/s, dgf]j}1flgs / of}gb'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg] sfo{ @= hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg, vt/gfs prfO jf aGb :yfgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ #= vt/gfs oGqx¿, pks/0fx¿ / cf}hf/x¿;Fusf] sfo{ jf ux|f}+ jhgx¿ xft}n] ;+rfng jf cf];f/k;f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{ $= c:j:Yo jftfj/0fdf ul/g] sfo{, cToflws tfk, Wjlg, sDkgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ %= sl7g aGb]hdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{, nfdf] ;do;Dd ug'{kg]{, /ftdf ug'{kg]{ sfo,{ y'gfdf /fv]/ ul/g] sfo{ .
56 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro o; dxf;lGwsf] tTsfn sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] cToGt v/fa jf hf]lvdo'Qm >dsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] lgd"{ngsf nflu /f]huf/bftf, 6]«8 o'lgognufot;Fu k/fdz{ u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ tyf >lds afnaflnsfsf] /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ ;fdflhs k'gP{sLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, pgLx¿sf] nflu lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff / Joj;flos tflnd pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ h:tf bfloTj klg k|i6 tf]s]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df ljz]iftM slnnf afnaflnsfx¿, vf;u/L aflnsfx¿ hf]lvddf kg]{ cb[Zo >dIf]qx¿ h:t} 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo ljz]if cj:yfdf /x]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ s'/f klg pNn]v 5 . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g @))) sf] hgj/Ldf cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . v_ If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿ blIf0f Pl;ofsf g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg, e"6fg, >Ln+sf / dflNbE; u/L & j6f b]zx¿sf] sf7df08f}df @))@ hgj/L % df ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf nflu Pp6f tyf o; If]qdf JofKt /x]sf] b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ck/fwsf] lj?4 csf]{ u/L hDdf b'O{ j6f ;fs{ dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf lyP . oL If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿n] o; If]qsf] afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . oL dxf;lGwdf ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M != blIf0f Pl;ofdf afnaflnsfsf] lxt k|j4{g ug]{ If]qLo k|fjwfgsf] lglDt ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@ /fHokIfx¿n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj, b'?kof]u, pk]Iff, zf]if0f, oftgf jf tNnf]:t/sf] Jojxf/, cf];f/k;f/ / lx+;faf6 /fli6«o sfg'gx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=s_ hf]lvdk"0f{ tyf xfgLsf/s >ddf afnaflnsfsf] k|j]znfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ / ;fs{ If]qaf6 abgfd afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ gjf}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_ /fHokIfx¿n] afn>lds pknAw u/fpg vf]Hg] kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k|fylds txsf cj;/x¿sf] pknAwtf tyf ;xof]ufTds ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;~hfnnufotsf ax'd'vL /0fgLlt cg';/0f ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_
573/]n' afn>d kl/ro @= b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/k;f/ lgif]w ug{ tyf o;lj?4 n8gsf nflu ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@ dxf;lGwcGtu{tsf s;'/x¿sf] 5fglag, ;f]wvf]h, ;'g'jfO{ jf cGo k|lqmofsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ /fi6«nfO{ a[xt ¿kdf kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf k'¥ofpg]5g . -wf/f ^_ olb s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/;DaGwL ;'k'b{uLof]Uo s;'/x¿nfO{ ;'k'b{uL ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] v08df ;'k'b{uL ug{ ;lsg] . ;'k'buL{ x'g g;Sg] l:ylt cfPdf cg'/f]w k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf] sfg'gcg';f/ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] nflu ;Ifd clwsf/L;dIf k]z ug]{ . -wf/f &_ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf cf];f/k;f/ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df låkIfLo ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f *=$_ of] sfo{ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu /fHo kIfx¿n] cf];fk;f/df ;+nUg lgsfo, ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf af/]df lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ug]{, bnfnx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf Pjd hldg, hn jf xjfOdfu{sf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf s;'/bf/x¿sf] cf}+7f5fk, tl:j/, sfd ug]{ tl/sf, k|x/L sfof{nosf] clen]v / cleof]usf clen]vx¿ cfbfg—k|bfg ug]{ -wf/f *=%_ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿s]f :yfgLos/0f kl/efiff cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gx¿sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf nflu kIf /fi6«n] ;+j}wflgs, k|zf;lgs tyf gLltut txdf cfjZos sfg'gx¿ th'{df ug'{kb{5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo sfg'gdf :yflkt dfkb08cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL pkrf/sf ;a} pkfox¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ b]zsf] ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg'gx¿df ;dfj]z ug'{ jf tL sfg'gx¿sf] cfwf/df gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfdnfO{ g} cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] :yfgLos/0f elgG5 .
58 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|lqmof dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;ef, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf If]qLo txdf :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfåf/f kfl/t x'g] ub{5 . kfl/t ug]{ bf}/fgdf jf kfl/t eO;s]sf dxf;lGw, k|n]v, P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df kIf /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 x:tfIf/ x'g] ub{5 . o;/L dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ eg]sf] ;DalGwt dxf;lGwnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . o;/L x:tfIf/ x'g'eGbf cufl8 dxf;lGwsf] ;+/rgf / To;leq ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df uxg cWoog dgg ul/G5, ljz]if1x¿åf/f ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . /fi6«n] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 kIf /fi6«n] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosf cyf{t ;+;bn] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] dxf;lGwnfO{ b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;f] dxf;lGw b]zsf] sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] ub{5 . o;kl5 dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+;bn] sfg'g agfpg] ub{5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f eP klg geP klg cg'df]bg ul/;lsPsf] dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ug'{kb{5 . sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cg'udg÷d"NofÍg ug]{ / dxf;lGwdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq ;DalGwt ;ldltdf lgoldt k|ult k|ltj]bg;d]t k]z ug'{kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotf x'g] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq tyf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] kfl/t u/]sf /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+= !#*, lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+= !*@, l;kmfl/; g+= !() nufot g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf ;Dk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotfk|fKt 5 . ;a} dxf;lGw jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf cGo sfg'gx¿df :yflkt eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ . ta dfq kIf /fi6«n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" u/]sf] dflgG5 .
593/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;ft 3/]n' afn>d / xfd|f] /fli6«o gLlt lgod s= g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ cg';f/ g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" x'G5 . olb /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf aflemPsf xb;Dd ;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ g} nfu" x'G5 . v= afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'gx¿ != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& s;}nfO{ klg afFwf jf bf; t'Nofpg jf OR5flj?4 sfddf nufpg gkfOg] - wf/f @) pkwf/f !_ gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] -wf/f @) pkwf/f @_ afnaflnsfnfO{ zf]if0f x'g glbg pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] /Iff lglDt /fHon] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 -wf/f @^ pkwf/f *_ cgfy afnaflnsf, c;xfo dlxnf, j[4, ckfË / czQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu /fHon] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -wf/f @^ pkwf/f (_ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] df}lns xscGt/ut ePsf lgDg clwsf/x¿ ;a}n] lagfe]befj pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g .
60 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f !!– ;dfgtfsf] xs pd]/, wg tyf hftkftsf] cfwf/df sf]xL klg 7"nf] / ;fgf] x'Fb}g . wd{, j0f{ tyf ln+u, hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df s;}n] s;}nfO{ klg e]befj ug{ kfpFb}g . ;dfg sfd ug]{nfO{ ;dfg Hofnf lbg'kb{5 . dlxnf / k'?if eg]/ e]befj ug{x'Fb}g . wf/f !@ – :jtGqtfsf] xs af]n]/ jf n]v]/ cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . lagfxftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . ;+3 ;++:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf clw/fHoel/ cfjt–hfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf k];f, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf wf/f !*– ;+:s[lt tyf lzIff;DaGwL xs k|To]]s ;d'bfo -hflt, hghflt_ nfO{ cfkmg]f efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . k|To]s hghfltn] cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfkmgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;+rfng ug{ klg kfpFb5g . wf/f !(– wd{;DaGwL xs x/]snfO{ cfkm"n] dfGb} cfPsf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] xs 5 . wf/f @)– zf]if0flj?4sf] xs dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg, afFwf agfpg jf To:t} s'g} lsl;dsf] OR5flj?4sf] sfddf nufpg kfOFb}g .
613/]n' afn>d kl/ro gfafnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg x'‘Fb}g . s;}n] klg gfafnsnfO{ snsf/vfgf jf vfgLdf jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . wf/f @@ – uf]klgotfsf] xs s'g} klg JolQmNffO{ p;sf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, kqfrf/ jf ;"rgf uf]Ko /fVg] xs x'G5 . h:t}M x'nfsaf6 cfPsf] s;}sf] lr7L vf]Ng ;/sf/ ;d]tn] klg kfpFb}g . wf/f @#– ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf oL xsx¿ pNn+3g ePdf pkrf/ kfpgsf nflu kLl8t kIfnfO{ cbfnt hfg] clwsf/ 5 . @= afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* !^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u];DdnfO{ afnaflnsf dflgPsf] 5 . x/]s afnaflnsfsf] gfd /flvlbg'k5{, hGdbtf{ sfod ug'{kb{5 . olb hGdldlt kQf gnfu]df To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ kfNg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] lrlsT;ssf] /fo lnO{ hGdldlt sfod ul/lbg'kb{5 . 5f]/f, 5f]/L, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL, ljjfxcl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf] eGg] h:tf cfwf/df s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfk|lt qm'/ jf oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ x'Fb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ ?= %))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afa' kQf gnfu]sf afnaflnsfn] afa'–afh]sf] gfdn]Vg' kg]{ 7fpFdf cfdf / cfdfsf] afa'sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ kfpg]5g . !) jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ck/fw u/] pgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfUg] sfddf nufpg jf d'8g x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? #))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dlxgf s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
62 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ b]jL b]jtfsf] gfddf r9fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? !),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf % jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ cg}lts k];fdf nufpg xFb}g, o; p2]Zon] kmf]6f] lvRg, k|sfzg ug{, rl/qdf cf3ft kg]{ 36gf ljj/0f k|sfzg ug{, nfu" cf}ifw tyf gzfn' kbfy{sf] laqmL ljt/0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? !),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{ s}b jf b'j} ;hfo tyf nfu"–kbfy{;DaGwL eP yk % jif{;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g]5 . Psf3/df sf]xL gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu afnsNof0f clwsf/L jf k|=lh=c=n] ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm ug'{ jf afnu[xdf /fVg'kb{5 . afnsNof0fsf nflu s]Gb«Lo :t/df Ps s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . To:t} cfjZos ;+Vofdf afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . a]jfl/;] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fVg afnsNof0f u[xx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . s;'/sf] cleof]u nfuL y'gfdf a:g'kg]{, s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf, nfu" cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf nfu]sf, 3/–kl/jf/af6 efuL lx+8g], cg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQm;Fu /x]sf jf lghsf] cf>odf a:g'kg]{ cflb afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg afn;'wf/u[xsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;':t dgl:yltsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;':t dgl:ylt s]Gb«sf] ;+rfng ul/g]5 . afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf sfg'g Joj;foL geP;Dd afnaflnsfsf] d'2fsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] d'2f x]g{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g ul/g], ;f] geP;Dd k|To]s lhNnf cbfntdf afnOhnf; u7g ul/g]5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsf jfbL jf k|ltjfbL ePsf] d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfafxL lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
633/]n' afn>d kl/ro ph'/L s;n] lbg] < dfly elgPsf ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ug]{sf lj?4df afnaflnsfsf tkm{af6 lghsf] afa', cfdf, ;+/Ifs / xsjfnfn] ph'/ lbg;S5 . P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;'/;DaGwL d'2f h'g;'s} JolQm jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ph'/Laf6 rNg] 5 . ph'/L sxf“ lbg] < afncbfnt u7g ePsf] eP afncbfntdf geP lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L lbg ;lsg]5 . ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] < s;'/ ePsf] u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leqdf lbg'kb{5 . t/ ablgotk"j{s afnssf] ;DklQ a]rlavg u/]sf]df hlxn];'s} klg / afnsnfO{ cg}lts sfddf nufPsf]df ;f] sfd eP u/]sf] eP u/]sf] ldltn] # jif{;Dd gfln; nfUg;S5 . t/ hlt l9nf] u¥of] plt ck/fwL pDsg;Sg], k|df0fx¿ gfl;g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{kb{5 . #= afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ sf k|fjwfgx¿ s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f tyf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o gLlt / of]hgf th'{df ug{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu kxn ug]{ sfd of] s]GbL«o afn sNof0f ;ldltn] ub{5 . o;df ;dflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿dWo] ;d]taf6 ;b:o /xg] u/L a9Ldf @! hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g . ;ldltsf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ¿kdf Ps hgf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsn] sfd ug]{5g . lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps–Ps j6f lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt /xg] 5 . o;df k|d'v
64 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿, afnaflnsfsf] xslxt;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿ /xg]5g . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f / pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo gLlt / of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltdf k7fpFg]5 . o;sf ;fy} o;n] lhNnfdf afnaflnsfsf xslxtsf nflu ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o;b]lv afx]s lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf /xg] u/L Ps hgf afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf, a]jfl/;] afnsnfO{ /fVgsf] nflu afnsNof0f u[xsf] :yfkgf, sfg'g adf]lhd s}bdf /fVg'kg]{ afns jf 3/af6 efuL lx8g], afn laHofO{df nfu]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu afn;'wf/ u[x, cfdfafa' sf]xL gePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cgfyfno jf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb« cflbsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L afnsNof0f u[x, afn;'wf/ u[x cgfyfno tyf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb«df a:g] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt lzIff, Joj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{, pgLx¿sf] ljj/0f /fVg'kg]{, >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] ljj/0f lbg'kg]{, afnaflnsfsf] gfd /fVg] / hGd btf{ ug]{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg k7fpg'kg]{ h:tf sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yf afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%! n] u/]sf] 5 . $= afn>d -lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{_ P]g @)%^ !$ jif{ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ /ftdf -;fFem ^ ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd_ sfddf nufpg x'‘b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] ^ 306f / xKtfsf] #^ 306feGbf a9L sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . nuftf/ # 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd / xKtfsf] ! lbg ljbf lbg'k5{ . pQm lj>fdsf] ;do / ljbfsf] lbgsf] kfl/>lds s§f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . olb o;sf] kfngf gu/L sfd nufPdf ? %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{, em'SofO{, 8/ qf;, k|nf]eg, bjfjdf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj?4 >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . OR5f ljkl/t sfddf nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
653/]n' afn>d kl/ro !^ jif{;Ddsf s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ xNsf vfnsf] sfddf dfqnufpgkb{5 . hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . s;}n] o:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfdx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g M xf]6]n, h'jf3/, /]i6'/fF, af/, kbofqf, kj{tf/f]x0f cflb ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fox¿Ù k|of]uzfnf, sfo{zfnf, kz'jwzfnf, zLte08f/ cflb ;]jfd"ns Joj;fox¿Ù ;fj{hlgs kl/jxg / lgdf{0f Joj;fox¿Ù r'/f]6, la8L agfpg], un}+rf a'Gg], /+ufpg,] 5fnf k|zf]wg ug]{, l;d]G6 pTkfbg, Koflsª ug]{, ;nfO{, ljikmf]6s kbfy{ pTkfbg / laqmL, dlb/f, ljo/ k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg, ls6gfzs cf}iflw pTkfbg, t]n pTkfbg, kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng k|zf]wg, /a/ l;Gy]l6s, Knfli6s, l;;f, kf/f];Fu ;DalGwt cflb sfo{x¿Ù hn>f]t, sf]Onf, k|fs[lts t]n jf Uof;, afof]Uof;nufotsf phf{ k}bf ug{] / To;sf] k|;f/0f / ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿Ù vfgL, vlghkbfy{sf] pTvgg, k|zf]wg, ljt/0f ;DalGwt sfo{x¿Ù l/S;f, 7]nfuf8f, sl6ª d]l;g, hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg / w]/} prfOdf r9L ug'{kg]{ sfo{, /f;folgs kbfy{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ x'g] sfo{x¿ cflb . pNn]lvt hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf ug]{ Joj:yfksn] ;f]sf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{5 . ;f] glbPdf ! dlxgf;Dd s}b / ?= #))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . s'g} k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg k/]df ;DalGwt >d sfof{no jf tf]lsPsf] cGo lgsfo jf clwsf/L / afnaflnsfsf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . o;f] gu/]df @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . k|lti7fgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg'cl3 >d sfof{no dfkm{t lrlsT;såf/f sfd ug{;Sg] of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{5 . ;f] glnPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg] k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfsf] kmf]6f];lxt tf]lsPsf] ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]]{5 .
66 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|lti7fgn] >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lnË, j0f,{ wd{, hfthfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gu/L ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds lbg'kb{5 . ;f] glbPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd ug'{kg]{5 . pd]/;DaGwL ljjfb ePdf hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqsf] pd]/nfO{ jf:tljs pd]/ dflgg]5 / ;f] gePdf lrlsT;såf/f :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/L lglZrt ul/g]5 . >d sfof{nox¿n] ;do–;dodf k|lti7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 / o; P]gljkl/t afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufOPsf] kfOPdf To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ d'Qm u/L cleefjssf] lhDdf lbOg]5 . cleefjs, ;+/Ifs gePdf afnsNof0f u[xdf /flvg] / o;;DaGwL vr{ k|lti7fgn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . P]gsf Joj:yfx¿ pNn+3g ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 >d sfof{nox¿n] k|lti7fgsf] ;'ljwf /f]Ssf ug]{ cfjZos sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg]5 . ph'/L s;n] lbg] < afnssf] cleefjs jf ;+/Ifs, k|li7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ sd{rf/L, ;DalGwt Onfsfsf k|x/L, ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf, k|lti7fg :t/sf] 6]«8 o'lgog, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf . ph'/L sxf“ lbg] < ;DalGwt >d sfof{nodf . ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] < P]gljkl/t sfo{ eP u/]sf] ldltn] ! jif{leqdf t/ ph'/L ug{ l9nf] u/] k|df0f gfl;g tyf cleo'Qmx¿ pDsg;Sg] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{k5{ .
673/]n' afn>d kl/ro sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf cj/f]wx¿ != kx'Frsf] cefj ul/aLsf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg cfTdxLgtfsf] sf/0faf6 zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf afn>dsf kLl8t kIfx¿n] sfg'gsf] dfWodaf6 Gofo kfpg] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . ul/aLn] ubf{ cbfntsf] 9f]sf 9S9Sofpg g;Sbf kLl8t kIfx¿ cGofo ;x]/ a:g afWo 5g . To:t} kof{Kt ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df g} ;xh / ;/n sfg'gL Goflos ;+/rgfx¿ gx'Fbf klg w]/} dflg;x¿ s]lGb|s[t tyf emGeml6nf] cbfntL k|s[ofdf hfg ?rfpFb}gg . @= r]tgfsf] sdL clzIffsf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ag]sf sfg'gsf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] cefj 5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿, afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf cleefjs, /f]huf/bftfnufot cfd ;d'bfox¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;r]t 5}gg . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf lnOg] tyf :jLsf/ ul/g] ul/Psf] 5}g . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ;DkGg ju{af6 ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ul/Psf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'g agfpg] txaf6 klg 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/Psf] b]lv+b}g . o;} sf/0f w]/} nfdf] ;dokZrft ag]sf] afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ df klg 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ;d]6g g;s]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . afn>ldsx¿dfly 7"nf] cGofo eO/x] tfklg ltgLx¿sf] lj?4sf d'2fx¿ sd} dfq kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . h:t} s}of}+ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] 3/df & b]lv !$ jif{d'lgsf s}of}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ sfo{/t /x] klg o;sf af/]df st}af6 cfjfh p7g] u/]sf] kfOFb}g . #= k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgfsf] sdL /fHon] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d pGd"ng ug{ tyf afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ ePsf 5g tL ;a} ;x/sf ;+ul7t If]qdf dfq s]lGb«t 5g . $= ckof{Kt sfg'gx¿ afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{ ljlzi6 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f t ePsf] 5 t/ of] sfg'gn] s]jn ;+ul7t k|lti7fgx¿df /x]sf] afn>dnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . afn>ds} 7"nf] lx:;f /x]sf] c;+ul7t If]q h:t} afnuf]7fnf tyf 3/]n' wGbf ug{sf nflu Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] afn>dnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g . o;/L of] l;Ëf] If]q pk]lIft x'g' eg]sf] o; If]qdf sfo{/t afn>ldsx¿sf] ;d:ofk|lt cfFvf lrDng' xf] .
68 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro %= k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] cefj ljleGg sfg'gx¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] xs / lxtsf nflu w]/} lsl;dsf k|fjwfgx¿ eP klg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt tyf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afn>d;DaGwL tYo ;+sng ug]{ clwsf/ tyf st{Jo /x] tfklg To;nfO{ sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ tyf sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . >f]t ;fwgsf] cefjdf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, >d sfof{nox¿ afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmn x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . ^= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof lgs} eP klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToGt sd 5 . >f]t ;fwgsf] cefjsf sf/0f sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] tyf slxn] ltgLx¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cefjn] ubf{ Ps} k|s[lt / p2]Zosf sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f] nufgL x'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . &= /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf jf OR5fzlQmsf] sdL /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO/x]sf 5}gg, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k afn>d;DaGwL ;d:of k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts k|ltj4tflagf afnclwsf/ sfof{Gjog x'g] s'/f ;+ej 5}g . *= ;z:q ;+3if{ /fHo kIf / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL kIfaLr ljBdfg ;z:q ;+3if{sf sf/0faf6 pTkGg kfl/jfl/s ljrngn] ubf{ Psflt/ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g] / s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g eg] csf{lt/ /fHosf] d"n Wofg ljb«f]xL kIfnfO{ bafpgkl§ nfu]sf] x'gfn] 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] ;d:of cf]em]ndf kl//x]sf] 5 . (= 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] Wofg k'Ug g;Sg' 6]«8 o'lgogx¿ d"ntM dhb'/x¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] ;+ul7t zlQmx¿ x'g . pgLx¿n] sf/vfgf tyf ;+ul7t If]qx¿df sfo{/t dhb'/x¿ dfq xf]Og c;+ul7t If]qdf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu klg cfjfh p7fpg'kb{5 . g]kfndf ePsf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] ;+ul7t If]qsf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu cfjfh
693/]n' afn>d kl/ro p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g . t/ 3/]n' >d h:tf] c;+ul7t If]qdf pgLx¿sf] Wofg k'lu/x]sf] b]lv+b}g . pgLx¿sf] ;+ul7t zlQmn] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] v08df 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] 3/]n' >dnfO{ lgoldt / sfg'g;+ut agfpgsf nflu 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . !)= wfld{s ;f+:s[lts lgsfosf] df}gtf wd{ eg]sf] c;n sfd, c;n Jojxf/, c?sf] enf] ug]{ s'/f xf] eg] kfk eg]sf] c?nfO{ zf]if0f ug'{, c?sf] dgdf rf]6 k'Ug] lsl;dsf s'/fx¿ ug',{ d'vn] Pp6f t/ Jojxf/n] csf]{ s'/f ug'{ g} xf] . wfld{s b[li6n] x]bf{ klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9g], v]Ng], cf/fd ug{] clwsf/af6 al~rt u/L bf; h:tf] agfP/ sfddf bnfpg' pko'Qm s'/f xf]Og . o:tf uDeL/ ;jfnx¿df wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts lgsfox¿sf] Wofg k'u]sf] b]lv+b}g . xf], cK7of/f]df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] 3/df NofO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ k9g], v]Ng] nufotsf cj;/x¿ lbg], 5f]/f5f]/L h:t} Jojxf/ ug]{, pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] xNsf lsl;dsf sfdx¿ u/fpg] sfd wd{ g} xf] . o;}n] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|lti7fg, lgsfo tyf o;df k|ltli7t JolQmTjx¿n] o:tf lg:jfyL{ 9+uaf6 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿dfly ;befj, ;bJojxf/ ug]{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / pgLx¿dfly x'g] zf]if0f, bdg, qm'/ Jojxf/sf] lj?4df dflg;x¿df hfu/0f Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df o:tf ;+:yf tyf JolQmTjx¿n] 7"nf] k'0o sdfpg ;S5g .
70 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro cf7 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lgDg sfdx¿ ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 M lgs[i6 afn>d pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ug]{ bL3{sfnLg pkfox¿ != gLlt lgdf{0f s= ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/ax¿sf] nflu /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ . v= >d zlQmsf nflu Go"gtd Hofnf gLlt lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / nfu" eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ . @= sfg'gL ;+/rgf s= hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] lj?4df b08gLo / ;zQm sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ / ag]sf sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . v= 3/]n' >ldssf] Hofnf b/ sfod ug]{, 3/]n' afn>dcGt/ut sfdsf] cjlw, k|s[lt cflbsf] af/]df lglZrt lgod sfg'g agfpg] . u= afn>d;DaGwL lgod sfg'g nfu" ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=; cflbnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] u/L sfg'g agfpg] .
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook
Child domestic labor handbook

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Child domestic labor handbook

  • 3. 33/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|sfzsM ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_
  • 4. 4 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|sfzs ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+ . www.cwish.org.np ;jf{lwsf/ © M ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/ df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ ;Nnfxsf/ M zflGt clwsf/L ;+of]hg M ldng w/]n n]vg M /d]zs'df/ kf}8]n / a]bk|;fb ;fksf]6f ;xof]uLx¿ M k"0f{snf zdf{, o'j/fh l3ld/], k|ltzf b]jfg, dbg lzjfsf]6L / ;'jf; vltj8f z'4fz'l4 M ;'efj yfkf k|yd k|sfzg M h'g @))% k|sflzt ;+Vof M %)) k|lt ISBN : 99946-816-3-X lk|—k|]; / 5kfO M 6fOD; ls|ozg k|sfzg ;xof]u M afn>d cGTosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfo{s|d, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfof{no nlntk'/ g]kfn .
  • 5. 53/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljZje/ sl/a @$ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ ljljwvfn] >ddf ;+nUg eO{ cfkmgf] afnfkg latfpg afWo 5g . oLdWo] clwstd afnaflnsfx¿ c;+ul7t jf cw{;+ul7t If]qsf] >ddf ;+nUg 5g . afn>d xfd|f] ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kf6f] xf], h;n] dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg p7fpF5 . 3/]n' afn>d o:t} afn>dsf] If]qx¿dWo] Ps k|d'v >d If]q xf] . g]kfndf klg %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;++nUg eO{ hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfn] afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df c;/ t u5{ g} ;fy} ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} w]/} kl5 ws]Nb5 / lg/Gt/ ul/aLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpFb5 . t;y{ klg o; 3/]n' afn>d k|yfsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 . 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f tyf 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] k|yfs} cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L kIfx¿af6 w]/} k|oTgx¿ ul/g' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf >L %sf] ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/ sf] afn>d cGTo ug{ ;doa4 sfo{s|d nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 / 3/]n' afn>d o; sfo{s|dsf] Ps k|d'v nlIft ;d"x klg xf] . 3/]n' afn>ddf c;fWo} sd k|oTgx¿ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sf/0f eg]sf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ a'emg] / o;df x:tIf]k ug{ cfjZos ;Lk tyf cg'ejsf] sdL klg xf] eGg] nfUb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;lj; -;dfh ;]jftyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf_ n] 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo ljz]ift gu/kflnsfx¿ / cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ p4]Zon] ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf]df ;j{k|yd t l;lj;nfO{ xflb{s awfO tyf wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . oL lgb]{lzsfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTo tyf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d cGTosf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿ljr ;dembf/L a9fO{ 3/]n' afn>d lgjf/0f ug{ k|fSsyg
  • 6. 6 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro pTk|]l/t ug]{5 / cfjZos sfo{s|dx¿ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . oL lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] k|sfzg g]kfndf afn>dlj?4sf] cleofgdf Ps sf];]9'++uf ;flat x'g]5 eGg] klg czff /fv]sL 5' . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df b]vfk/]sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ cf}+NofO{ k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df l;lj;n] cfufdL lbgdf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g tyf k'gM k|sfzg ub}{ hfcf]; eGg] klg z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' . cGtdf l;lj;nufot 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0flj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+3;+:yf÷AolQmx¿nfO{ o; lgb]{lzsf kmnbfoL x'g]5 eGg] k"0f{ ljZj:t 5' . wGojfb . ldlt @))%, @& h'g n}nf 6}Udf] /]•L lgb]{zs cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfo{no nlntk'/ g]kfn
  • 7. 73/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljZjdf @$ s/f]8eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] lttf] oyfy{leq afFlr/x]sf xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljio / To;n] emNsfpg] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] jt{dfg tyf eljio b'j} cToGt} uDeL/ / lrGtfhgs b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg aL; nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g h;dWo] ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf ;+nUg /xL cfkmgf] hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g . o;/L lgs[i6 afn >ddf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿df ;jf{lws ;+Vof 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf ;x/L If]qdf dfq %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGgvfn] lx+;f, zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ vKg afWo eO/x]sf 5g / klg o:tf] cj:yfdf yf]/} dfq ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf Wofg k'/ofpg ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] eO/x]sf k|of;x¿df klg sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvG5g . o; cj:yfdf 3/]n' >ddf cf7 aif{eGbf a9L ;do sfo{/t /xL nfdf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] klg xfdLn] cfkmgf cg'ejx¿ ljleGg ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;f6f;f6 ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ cfufdL lbgdf o; If]qdf x'g] ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s"g . oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ xfd|f] ;+:yf ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ n] 3/]n' afn>d / x:tIf]ksf pkfox¿ ljifoleq ljleGg sfo{lgb]{lzsfx¿ t}of/ u/]sf] 5 / To;} cGtu{t of] æ3/]n' afn>d kl/roÆ k':ts oxfFx¿dfem k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ cToGt} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . xfdL cfzf ub{5f}+ xfd|f] of] k|of; 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu cjZo g} ;fy{sl;4 x'g]5 / o;sf nflu y'k|} kf7sx¿n] o;df n]lvPsf pkfox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{x'g]5 . cfef/
  • 8. 8 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro of] k':ts t}of/ kfg{ cxf]/fq ldx]gt ug'{x'g] /d]z kf}8]n tyf a]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{ xfdL wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ . ;fy} o;df z'4fz'l4 x]l/lbg] ;'efj yfkf, o;sf] n]—cfp6 l8hfOgsf sfd ug'{x'g] 6fOD; ls|ozgsf ;'j0f{ efO / o;df cfjZos lrqx¿ agfO{ ;3fpg'x'g] /fhg sfkmn], k[YjL >]i7 / pbo efO{nfO{ xfdL w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5f}+ . o; k':ts k|sfzg ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gk|lt xfdL cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxfG5f}+ . cGtdf o; k':ts lgdf{0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf ;3fpg'x'g] l;lj;df cfj4 ;Dk"0f{ efOalxgLx¿ tyf sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . of] k':ts xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; xf], t;y{ xfdL] o;df ;Defljt sdL / q'l6x¿sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] xfdL oxfFx¿sf] ;'emfj, k|ltls|ofsf] af6f] x]l/ /x]sf x'g]5f}+ . wGojfb zflGt clwsf/L cWoIf
  • 9. 93/]n' afn>d kl/ro ljifo;"rL e"ldsf ! afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff # afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld ( 3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿ @% 3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf #& afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d $# afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ $( 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ ^& 3/]n' afn>ddf x:tIf]k ug]{ dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ *%
  • 10. 10 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro e"ldsf g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] bz jif{eGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 eg] o;sf P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df ;d]t ;xdlt JoQm u/]]sf] klg aiff{}+ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d nufotsf dxf;lGwx¿df k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og tL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ nfu" ug{] qmddf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* / afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ / afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ h:tf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t cfO;s]sf 5g . t/ csf{lt/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]n, dgf]/~hgaf6 al~rt x'Fb} 3/sf] rf/ lbjf/leq sf]lrP/ zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf xhf/f}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ si6;fWo hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq xf]Og s}of}+n] t kl/jf/s} nflu ;d]t cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ sfddf cfˆgf slnnf xftx¿ nufpg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . ;dfhn] eg] o; lsl;dsf] afn>dnfO{ ;xh / :jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . ^÷& jif{b]lv g} cfdfafa'b]lv la5f]l8P/ csf{sf] 3/df a;]/ cfˆgf afNofj:yfsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO{ zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf ul/g] sfd jf:tjd} hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d xf] . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf] b'ikl/0ffd cToGt 3fts x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg', 3/]n' afn>dsf] lj?4df ;r]tgtf clej[l4 ug{' tyf lgs[i6 cj:yfdf /x]sf afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ NofpFb} 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ lbzflt/ cufl8 a9g' cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . oxL cfjZostf dx;'; ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf l;lj;n] o; k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df Pp6f cleofg ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} cleofg cGtu{t ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df of] 3/]n' afn>d;DaGwL wf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
  • 11. 113/]n' afn>d kl/ro Ps afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] < ;fdfGotM afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGG]f ljifo gf}nf] h:tf] gnfUg] ePklg afNofj:yfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ km/s ;Gbe{df km/s 9+un] lnOg] ul/G5 . of] s'/f afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf e"ldsfx¿ / k|f}9n] afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/df e/ kb{5 . afNofj:yfsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ;Gbe{, :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o txdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . o4lk ;fdfGotof afnljsf;sf cfwf/e"t r/0f / cfjZostfx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g . k|foM ;a} b]zx¿df pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ afnaflnsfsf] sfg'gL kl/efiff ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L o; kl/efiffn] gful/ssf] ef]6 xfNg;Sg] pd]/nfO{ klg k|ltlalDat u/]sf] x'G5 . o;b]lv afx]s o;n] k|foM h;f] ljjfx ug{ of]Uo pd]/, of}g;Dks{ /fVg;Sg], ;]gfdf egf{ x'g;Sg], h:tf s'/fx¿ klg k|ltlalDat u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] afNofj:yfnfO{ kl/jf/ / k|f}9;Fusf] ;DaGw, ljjfx ug]{ cj:yf, cfly{s bfloTjsf] tx, lzIffsf] tx, ;]gfdf egf{sf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/, dtbfg h:tf sfg'gL clwsf/ u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko ;d'bfox¿df pQ/bfloTj axg ug'{ gk/]sf] sf/0fn] pd]/ k'u]sf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ afNoj:yfd} /x]sf] 7flgG5 . h:t}M Pp6f ;DkGg kl/jf/sf s'g} klg sfd gnufOsg k'Nk'NofP/ x'sf{OPsf, hjfg 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ afnaflnsf g} 7fGg] ub{5g . To;}u/L ljkGg kl/jf/sf ;fgf pd]/sf 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkmgf afa'cfdfnfO{ sfddf ;/;xof]u ug{sf nflu sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g eg] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ k|f}9 7flg/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L afNofj:yfnfO{ a'emg] ;jfndf km/s km/s ;f]rfOx¿ x'G5g . To;}n] afNo cj:yf eg]sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ljsf;sf] cj:yf dfq geO{ ;fdflhs x}l;ot klg xf] .
  • 12. 12 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf] klg pd]/ g} xf] . lsgeg] cGo s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff ug{sf nflu k|i6 ¿kdf k|ltljlDjt ePsf] b]Vg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] /fli6«o cGt/f{l{i6«o ¿kdf klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pd]/sf] cfwf/df g} kl/eflift ug]{ ul/Psf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] u/]sf] kl/efiff M afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] !* jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . t/ dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gn] Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . o; cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffn] afnaflnsfsf] afNofj:yfnfO{ clwstd ¿kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] clwstd lxtsf nflu Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cg'df]bg ul/Psf] dxf;lGw xf] . clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ;a}n] o;df ePsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kl/efiff M afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L >d P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afns eg]sf] 5 . To;} u/L d'n'sL P]g tyf ;+ljwfgn] klg !^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf] JolQmnfO{ gfaflnu 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf dtbfg ug]{ Go"gtd pd]/ eg] !* aif{ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t k|lzIfs, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿n], /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o ;Dk"0f{ kl/efiffnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 / /fli6«o kl/efiffnfO{ cfwf/ agfOg'kb{5 . afnljsf;sf r/0fx/¿ afNofj:yfnfO{ x]g]{, a'emg] b[li6sf]0f km/s—km/s ePklg ;fdfGotM afnaflnsfsf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf r/0fx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g . ;a} gjhft lzz'x¿ hlGdPkl5 Ps} lsl;dsf r/0fx¿ kf/ ub{} k|f}9 cj:yfdf k'Ug] ub{5g . h:t}M
  • 13. 133/]n' afn>d kl/ro afd] ;g'{eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf, afd] ;g]{ cj:yf, 6's'6's' lx8g] cj:yf, s]6fs]6L cj:yf, lszf]/ cj:yf clg o'jf cj:yf . afnljsf;sf x/]s r/0fx¿df kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj / e"ldsf km/s–km/s x'G5 . t/ x/]s r/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . olb pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePgg eg] pgLx¿sf] ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfsf] :jefljs tyf :j:y ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kfb{5 . /fli6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, >d P]g cflbn] !^ jif{d'lgsf] dfgjnfO{ afnaflnsf eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff !* jif{eGbf d'lgsf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g . dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf dfgjnfO{ klg afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . ;Demg} kg]{ s'/f afnaflnsf dfgj x'g . afNofj:yf dfgj ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0f xf] . hGd]b]lv !* jif{;Dd zf/Ll/s dfgl;s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ljsf; xF'b} u/]sf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g .
  • 14. 14 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro xl/ / ;f]d -xl/ / ;f]d ;fyL–;fyL x'G5g . af6fdf Pscfk;df s'/f ub}{ lx8g] qmddf_ xl/M ;fFRrL cl:t ltd|f] 3/df b]v]sf] Pp6L ;fgL *÷( jif{sL km'RrL sf] xF < ;f]dM Tof] s]6L d]/L >LdtLsf] ;fdfGo gftf nfUg] s]6L xf] . Hofb} ul/a / 5f]/f5f]/L w]/} ePsf] sf/0fn] p;sf] kl/jf/df laxfg a]n'sf 5fs 6fg{ wf}–wf} 5 . To;} x'gfn] kl/jf/sf] af]em xNsf ul/lbg p;nfO{ d]/f] ;;'/fnLn] dsxfF k7fOlbPsf x'g . xl/M ;fFRrL ltdL t afn>dsf] lj?4df sfd ug]{ ;+:yfdf sfd u5f}{, JolQmut ¿kdf klg ltdL afn>dsf] ;zQm lj/f]wL klg t xf} lg, xf]Og / < ;f]dM xf], jf:tjdf d afn>dsf] lj/f]wL g} x'F . t/ pm afn>lds xf]Og lsgls p;n] sfd u/]afkt xfdLn] s]xL klg ltg{' kb}{g . d]/L >LdtL Hofb} sdnf] dgsL l5g . c?sf] b'Mv k6Ss} b]Vg ;lSbgg . cl:tsf] kfnL dfOtL uPsf] a]nf pgLx¿sf] b'Mv b]Vg g;s]/ NofPsL x'g . xl/M d}n] p;nfO{ efG;fsf]7fdf efF8fs'F8f dfemb}, s'rf] nufpFb} u/]sf] b]v]sf] lyPF . ;f]dM xf], :jefj}n] p;n] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ 3/sf] sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp u5]{ .
  • 15. 153/]n' afn>d kl/ro xl/M s] pm :s'n hfG5] t < ;f]dM cxF, :s'n t hfGg . xl/M Tof] gfgLn] /flt slt ah];Dd sfdwGbf u5]{ t < ;f]dM yf]/} hfxfg 5 . w]/} ;do;Dd sxfF ug'{k5{ / . ToxL /flt !) ah];Dd t xf] lg . xl/M km'RrLsf] lgwf/df Pp6f 6'6'Nsf] klg b]v]sf] lyPF . s] ePsf] xF < ;f]dM Tof] vf; s]xL xf]Og, To;} lbg laxfg sfd ug{ clns l9nf] u/L eg]/ d]/L >LdtLn] o;f] Ps yKk8 xfGbf n8]/ lgwf/df 6'6'Nsf] p7]sf] xf]] . larf/ ug'{xf]; != dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 s] a'emg'eof] < @= xl/n] cfkm"nfO{ ;3fpgsf nflu NofOPsL aflnsf afn>lds xf] ls xf]Og < s;/L < #= xf], eg] s:tf] lsl;dsf] afn>d xf] < of] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d xf] ls xf]Og < $= o:tf] lsl;dsf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ tkfO{+ x¿sf] 3/, 8]/f jl/kl/ klg 5g ls < %= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s;nfO{ eGg] < ^= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] < &= cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k9fO, :jf:Yo glau|g] u/L cfkmgf] 3/df ul/g] sfdwGbf l;sfpg], u/fpg] sfo{ afn>d xf] jf xf]Og < lsg <
  • 16. 16 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro b'O{ afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld >d s] xf] < >d eg]sf] dflg;n] ljz]if u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ cyjf s]xL sdfpgsf nflu ul/g] sfd xf] . >d cfly{s k|of]hgsf] nflu tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . >dsf] d"No x'G5 . of] pTkfbgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . >d zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s b'j} lsl;dsf] x'G5 . afn>d s] xf] < afn>dsf nflu If]qLo sfo{;d"x -cf/8An'hL–l;Pn_n] u/]sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfåf/f pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, g}lts tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ u/L tyf pgLx¿sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] u/L ul/g] sfd g} afn>d xf] . afnsfd s] xf] < afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ u/L pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, ;Lkx¿ l;Sg l;sfpgsf nflu tyf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L cfkmg} 3/df, jf ljBfnodf jf ;dfhdf u/fOg] sfd afn>d xf]Og . o:tf sfdx¿n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf clwsf/x¿dfly x:tIf]k ub}{gg .
  • 17. 173/]n' afn>d kl/ro afnsfd / afn>ddf km/s afn>d afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub{5 . afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0faf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf] plrt sb/ ul/+b}g . afnsfd afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub}{g . afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf z]fif0faf6 ;'/lIft x'G5g . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf] plrt sb/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d eg]sf] s] xf] < lgDg k|s[ltsf sfdx¿ hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq kb{5g M ;fgf] pd]/, nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] sfd, ux|f}+ ef/L p7fpg] sfd w]/} sfd lagf bfd jf yf]/} bfd g lzIff g cf/fd Psf]xf]/f] / lbSsnfUbf] sfd sfdsf] nflu vt/gfs jftfj/0f, ha/h:tL ug'{kg]{ sfd x/avt lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf /x]/ ug'{kg]{ sfd of}gzf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg] l:ylt bL3{ hLjgdf c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf aFw'jf afn>d afn;}Godf egf{ of}gJofkf/, nfu"cf}ifw pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/df nufOg] sfd
  • 18. 18 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' >d s] xf] < t]>f] JolQmsf] 3/df uP/ jo:s jf sfd ug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿af6 /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf ul/g] 3/leqsf sfdx¿nfO{ g} 3/]n' >d elgG5, h;leq 3/ ;kmf ug]{, eft ksfpg] efF8f dfemg], n'uf w'g], ldnfpg], k6ofpg], kfgL cf];fg]{, cfO/g nufpg], 3/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] cflb sfdx¿ kb{5g, h;nfO{ /fHosf] sfg'gn] /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] klg x'g;S5 . dlxnf / k'?ifaLr /x]sf] c;dfgtf tyf k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhsf] sf/0fn] 3/]n' >ddf a9L dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf 5g . dflys} sf/0fn] 3/]n' >dnfO{ dlxnf :jo+n] g} ædlxnfx¿n] ug]{ sfdÆ, æc?eGbf ;'/lIft sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6n] jo:sx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d u}/sfg'gL sfd xf]Og . of] sfdnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ xf]Og a? lgoldt jf sfg'g;Ddt agfpg'kb{5 . o;}n] jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿n] >d;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ h:t} >dsf] sfof{jlw, tna, ladf, :jf:Yof]krf/, k]G;g, labf, cf/fd / tflndsf] cj;/, ;+u7g ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf, sfdsf] nflu lnlvt ;Demf}tf ug{ kfpg'kg]{ h:tf clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] clwsf/ 5 . t/ c;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] r'gf}tLx¿ w]/} 5g . jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿ klg a]rlavgdf kg]{, ha/h:tL sfd ug{ afWo x'g'kg]{ cyjf C0f ltg{sf nflu afFwf >lds aGg'kg]{, dlxnfx¿sf] ;jfndf oL nufotsf cltl/Qm of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg'{kg]{ hf]lvdx¿ x'g] ub{5g . 3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] < sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{ g} 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 . s:tf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d eGg] < sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/eGbf sd pd]/sf jf ;f] pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿ bf;, bf;h:tf] Jojxf/ jf afFwf >d, ha/h:tL >d, a]rlavg tyf of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{jxf/df k/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, g}ltstfdf uDeL/ lsl;dsf] c;/ kg]{ cj:yfdf t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 .
  • 19. 193/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>dsf] k[i7e"ld 3/]n' afn>d ;+;f/s} k|frLgtd k]zf xf] . k/Dk/fut ¿kn] g} afnaflnsfx¿ o; k]zfdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g, h;sf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf ;+;f/el/ k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf; x'g'eGbf cufl8sf ;dfhdf dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu vfBfGg pTkfbg, kfgL / OGwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfdsf] ef/ lgs} af]lemnf] x'g] uYof]{] . afnaflnsfx¿ :jefj}n] cfkmgf cfdfx¿nfO{ o:tf sfdx¿df ;3fpg] ub{y] . To;a]nfb]lv clxn];Dd klg of] qmd hf/L 5 . o;}n] o; k|s[ltsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfGo lzIff bLIffs} ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf] 5 . ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/x¿ Psn kl/jf/df ablnFb} uP h;n] ubf{ 3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof klg sd x'Fb} uP . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu c? JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u lng yfn] . of] qmd xfn;Dd klg hf/L 5 . w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿ hxfF lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] sdL, Go"g cfDbfgL cflbsf] sf/0faf6 w]/} kl/jf/x¿ ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s]xL cfDbfgL ug{] pkfosf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] l:ylt / csf{lt/ s]xL ;DkGg 3/ kl/jf/sf dflg;x¿sf] 3/df 3/fo;L sfdwGbf ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;sf] vfFrf] eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIfsf] cfjZostfsf] d]naf6 3/]n' >d Pp6f k]zfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fb} uof] . c;dfg 9+un] ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;n] cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] dfu / k"lt{ kIfnfO{ cem a9fpg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c?sf] 3/df cGo sfdsf] ;fy} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufpg yflnPsf] kfOG5 . bf;bf;Lx¿ bf;dflnssf lghL ;DklQ ePsf]n] bf;bf;Lsf ;f/f kl/jf/n] g} dflnssf] OR5fcg';f/ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb«zdz]/sf] kfnfdf sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf t ;dfKt eof] t/ dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ug]{ zf]if0f ;dfKt ePg, s]jn o;sf] ¿k dfq ablnof] . kmn:j¿k sd}of, xlnof k|yf h:tf k|yfx¿ rngdf cfP . o; k|yfdf hldGbf/sf] 3/df sd}of a:g]n] p;sL >LdtL, 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ ;a}nfO{ hldGbf/sf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;]jfdf nufpg' kb{Yof] . 5f]/fx¿ uf]7fnf a:g] / cfdf tyf 5f]/Lx¿ rflx+ sdn/L eP/ hldGbf/sf] 3/sf] 3/wGbf ug{'kb{Yof] . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fn ;fpg @ df sd}ofx¿ d'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . t/
  • 20. 20 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro xlnof k|yf, aFw'jf >d k|yf, u}jf/, e};jf/ a:g] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] k|rngsf] ;fy} 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] rng sfod} 5 . hldGbf/sf] 3/df a;]sf xnLn] cfly{s b'/fj:yfsf sf/0f cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ af]em sd ug{sf nflu c?sf] 3/df /flvlbg] ub{5g . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+Vofsf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf km}lnPsf] ul/aL g} cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ d"n s/0f ag]sf] 5 . o:t} ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] lj:yfkg tyf lj>[+vlnt kfl/jfl/s l:yltn] klg 3/]n' afn>d pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] k|s[lt M 3/]n' afn>d;DaGwL ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] afn>d c;+ul7t If]qdf x'G5 hals snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, xf]6]nnufot cGo :yfgx¿df k|of]u ePsf afn>dsf] cfd dflg;x¿sf] ;Dks{df /x]sf]n] ;a}sf] hfgsf/Ldf x'G5 t/ 3/]n' afn>d aGb 3/leq ul/g] x'gfn] o;af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g ePsf] xf], h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbf cgf}krfl/s k]zf ePsf]n] o; If]qdf sfo{/t >ldsx¿sf] tYofÍ vf]lh+b}g . 3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g . sfd ug{sf nflu /flvPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} lxtsf nflu dflnsn] bofdfofsf] e/df /flvPsf] h:tf] cy{ nfUg] u/L k|:t't ul/g] x'gfn] dflnsnfO{ /f]huf/bftf / sfd ug]{nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g . 3/]n' >dsf] sfo{:yn JolQmut 3/leq x'g] x'gfn] sf/vfgf tyf o:tf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] t'ngfdf o; k|sf/sf] afn>ddf s'g} ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] b[li6 kl//x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;}n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] cg'udg ug]{ cfjZostf g} dx;'; ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . cfd ¿kdf !@ b]lv !& jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o; >ddf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 t/ s}of}+ afn>ldsx¿ &÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv o; If]qdf sfo{/t x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ tNnf] txsf] >dsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . h'g s'/f unt xf] . /f]huf/bftf / afn>ldssf] kIfaLr df}lvs ;Demf}tf x'G5, sfof{jlw, s]–s] sfd ug]{ / cf/fd sltv]/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df s'g} lglZrttf x'Fb}g . ;j{dfGo * 306] sfof{jlw oxfF nfu" ePsf] x'Fb}g .
  • 21. 213/]n' afn>d kl/ro clwsf+z 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k"0f{sfnLg >ddf ;+nUg x'G5g, k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ dflnssf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf x'G5g / ;fx|} sd :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf x'G5g cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ km';{bsf] ;do cToGt sd x'G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . clwsf+z w]/}h;f] cfdfafa'n] s]6Ln] 3/sf] sfd ug}{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ub{5g . To;}n] ljZjdf sl/a () k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>lds s]6Lx¿ /xg] u/]sf 5g . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]dfly of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s]6Lx¿ zfGt :jefjsf x'G5g, sfd 5f]8]/ efUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/g] ePsf]n] s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] ul/G5 . sfdsf] k|s[ltsf sf/0fn] o:tf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ sd pd]/sf, kLl8t, k9g] cj;/af6 al~rt / cfTdanxLgtfsf] l;sf/ ePsf x'G5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k JolQmTj ljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf ePsf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tna lbOFb}g, lbP klg Hofb} sd dfqfdf lbOg] ul/G5 . tna lbOP klg ;f] tna afn>ldsn] k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k|foM u/]/ vf; Onfsf, jf hftLo ;d"xaf6 NofOg] ul/G5 . o;/L NofOPsf afn>ldsx¿dfly /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ ub{5g . vfg]s'/fx¿df ul/g] e]befjn] s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g] ;Defjgf k|an x'G5 . k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/aLrsf] ;DaGw 6'6]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fyL agfpg] cyjf ;fyL;+uL;Fu p7a; ug]{, v]Ng] cj;/ Hofb} sd dfq kfPsf x'G5g . 3/]n' sfdwGbfsf nflu s'g} ljz]if tflndsf] h?/L kb}}{g, ;fdfGo /]vb]vdf cEof; ub}{ l;Sb} hfg ;lsG5 . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ xNsf lsl;dsf] sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf] x'gfn] o; sfddf nfUg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf gx]/L ;xof]uL afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 .
  • 22. 22 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' sfdwGbfcGt/ut sfd ug]{ ;do / k|s[lt Psgf;sf] x'Fb}g . o; k|sf/sf] >dnfO{ ;dfhn] ;xh ¿kn] :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>d bf;Tjsf] cfw'lgs ¿k xf] . o;df afnaflnsfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . 3/]n' >ddf hLjg g} latfP klg cGo ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt gx'g] x'gfn] eljiodf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s]jn el/of, s'NnL h:tf an k|of]u u/]/ ug]{ t/ cfDbfgL rflxF sd x'g] lsl;dsf sfdx¿ dfq ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . k|foM h;f] /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]/]sf x'Fb}gg . pgLx¿nfO{ >d ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . p;leq pTkfbgzLn Ifdtf ePsf]n] hlt;Sbf] a9L pkef]u ug]{ ;f]rfO x'G5 . o;}n] pgLx¿dfly cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]sfpg] ul/G5 . 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf hLp Hofg hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ x'g] ub{5g . xft sf6g], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg] h:tf b'3{6gfx¿ x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>dsf nflu s;}s;}n] wd{k'q, wd{k'qL ;d]t /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>daf/] yk hfgsf/L bf;k|yf h:t} cEof; s]xL /f]huf/bftfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ bf; ;/x Jojxf/ ub{5g . pgLx¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ JolQmut ;DklQ 7fGb5g . s'g} k|sf/sf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ l:ylt x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/af6 sxL+ hfg lbOFb}g . pgLx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/sf s'g} vf; :yfgx¿ h:t} efG;f3/afx]s cGoq hfg] cg'dlt x'Fb}g . 3/sf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/ gePsf] a]nf afn>ldsx¿ gefu"g eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ 3/sf] sf]7f jf lglZrt If]qdf aGb ul/G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /xg] 3/]n' afn>lds / /f]huf/bftfaLrsf] ;DaGw sfd tyf ;]jfsf nflu dfq x'G5 . tna gfd
  • 23. 233/]n' afn>d kl/ro dfqsf] x'G5 jf lbOFb}g . afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf klg k/]sf x'g;S5g . pgLx¿ C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>ddf nfu]sf x'G5g jf o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ha/h:tL >d ug{ afWo agfOG5 . /ftlbg 8/ qf;df afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 . ufnLunf}h s'6lk6 tyf qm'/ Jojxf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] /f]huf/bftfx¿af6 ;–;fgf uNtLx¿df klg ufnL s'6fO vfg'kb{5 . o; qmddf sltko afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tftf] j:t'n] 8fldlbg], tftf] kfgL vGofOlbg] h:tf qm'/ oftgfx¿ klg lbOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/f /f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/n] :jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf x'G5g . w]/}h;f] o:tf oftgfx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/sf dlxnfaf6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . lsgls 3/]n' wGbfsf] af/]df /]vb]v ug]{ lhDdf dlxnfsf] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgx¿af6 yfxf ePcg';f/ afn>ldsx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] oftgf cfkmgf] kl/jf/df x'Fbf slxNo} b]v]sf x'Fb}gg . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gfd lauf/]/ af]nfpg], xf]Rofpg], x]Kg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ t ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnPsf x'G5g . of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . sxL+–sxL+ s]6fx¿dfly klg o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . Pn ;fNef8f]/df ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg ^^=$ k|ltzt s]6Lx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] s'/f atfPsf 5g . To:t} xfd|f] b]zdf klg !$ k|ltzteGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfk"mx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf] atfPsf 5g . /f]huf/bftf / afn>ldsx¿aLrsf] zlQm ;DaGwsf] sf/0f s]6Lx¿dfly 3/sf jo:s dflg;x¿af6 o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . jo:sx¿ s]6Lx¿eGbf 7"nf / alnof x'g] ePsf]n] 7"nfx¿n] ug]{ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] 8/qf;sf] sf/0f klg s]6Lx¿n] afWo eP/ ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf x'G5g . s]6Lx¿dfly ul/g] of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{axf/ /f]huf/bftfsf 3/sf k'?ifx¿sf] cltl/Qm, 3/df cfpg] kfx'gfx¿af6, jNnf3/ kNnf3/lt/sf jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 klg x'g;S5 . o:t} sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] nflu eg]/ 5'§} 3/ agfPsf x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf c? 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{axf/ x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
  • 24. 24 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro o; qmddf s]6Lx¿n] ue{ af]Sg] l:ylt klg cfpg;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf /f]huf/bftfn] pgLx¿nfO{ 3/af6 lgsflnlbg] / slxn]sfFxL ;8sdf cfpg afWo x'g] l:ylt klg l;h{gf x'G5 . lsgls ue{ af]s]sf] v08df To:tf s]6Lsf] cfkmgf] kl/jf/n] klg pgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgL of}g Jofkf/df ;+nUg x'g afWo x'g'kg]{ kl/j]z tof/ x'G5 . zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ¿kn] ue{wf/0f ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; geO;s]sf] l:yltdf ha/h:tL ue{ af]Sbf of}g /f]ux¿ ;g{ ;Sg] tyf nfh, 8/, ck/fwaf]wsf] sf/0f dfgl;s ¿kdf ljlIfKt x'g;Sg] / csfn d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf;d]t x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg 3/]n' >ddf nufpg] p2]Zon] afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps 7fpF, ufpF, jf b]zaf6 csf]{ 7fpF, ;x/ jf b]zdf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ul/G5 eg] Tof] a]rlavgdf k/]sf] l:ylt xf] . ljz]if u/L ufpFaf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu ;x/df n}hfg] ul/G5 . ;x/df x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfusf] sf/0f ufpF3/af6 afnaflnsfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g . a]rlavg Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ef/tlt/, a+unfb]zaf6 kfls:tfg, c/a d'n'sx¿lt/ clk|msL d'n'sx¿ a]lgg, a'ls{gf kmf;f], Sofd?g, cfOe/L sf]i6, u'Ogf, 3fgf, dfnL, gfOh]l/ofnufotsf d'n'sx¿ Ps csf]{df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]laog d'n'sx¿sf afnaflnsf cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf d"ntM 3/]n' afn>ds} nflu a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o'/f]k]nL d'n'slt/ klg 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] dfu ePsf]n] ljleGg b]zx¿sf ;}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg 9+uaf6 a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df kg]{ u/]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf x'g] cGo hf]lvdx¿ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; g+= !() cg';f/ 3/ tyf cGo ;kmfOsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] /;fogx¿sf] plrt 9+un] k|of]u ug{ ghfGbf, 3/leq tyf
  • 25. 253/]n' afn>d kl/ro au}+rflt/ k|of]u ul/g] sltko cf}+hf/ tyf d]lzgx¿ rnfpg ghfGbf jf 3/]n' afn>ldssf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf ;/;dfgx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ b'36{gf x'g;Sg] ;+efjgf k|z:t x'G5 . efG;f3/leq xfjf lgsf;sf nflu /fd|f] k|aGw jf EoflG6n];g gePsf] l:ylt x'g;S5 . o;af6 sf]7fsf] tfkqmd a9g uO{ z/L/nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf lr;f]df sfd ug{'kg]{ x'g;S5 . oL ;a} cj:yfx¿nfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] c:j:ys/ :yfgsf] ¿kdf 7fg]sf] / o:tf] 7fpFdf sfd ug]{ s'/fnfO{ JolQmsf] clwsf/dflysf] pNn+3gsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o:t} lzIffaf6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] s'/faf6 afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ bL3{sfnLg gsf/fTds k|efjsf] sf/0f afn>ldsx¿sf] efjL lk+9L;Dd;d]t ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf km:g;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . 3/]n' afn>dsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿ 3/]n' afn>dsf sf/0fx¿ kl/jf/sf] ul/aL÷a]/f]huf/L tyf afn ul/aL, clzIff, cr]tgf, 3/]n' afn>ddf x'g] hf]lvdk|ltsf] cgle1tf s'g} ljz]if tflnd grflxg] / ;fdfGo l;sfOaf6 g} l;Sg ;lsg] ;:tf] >d ;lhnf];Fu nufpg ;lsg] >d÷ljb|f]x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf a9bf] hg;+Vof ;z:q ;+3if{÷;fdflhs c;'/Iff÷lj:yfkg c;dfg ;fdflhs ljsf; ;j{;'ne tyf u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] cefj kfl/jfl/s lx+;f kfl/jfl/s ljrng÷ljof]u ;x/L /demdsf] cfsif{0f
  • 26. 26 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;x/L Jo:ttf 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg' ;fdflhs OHht / k|lti7fsf] ljifo aGg' u|fdL0f If]qsf s'nLgx¿ / ;x/jf;Lx¿df a9]sf] ;'ljwfef]uL k|j[lQ ;fdflhs lnËe]b k|efjsf/L sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cefj 3/]n' afn>dsf kl/0ffd lzIffaf6 al~rt afnaflnsf s'kf]lift afnaflnsf cToGt ;fg} pd]/b]lv sfddf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ afWotf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgdf a[l4 :jtGqtf u'dfpg] l:ylt of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ afnfkg pkef]u ug{] cj;/ gkfpg] cfTdanxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf; cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]Sg'kg]{ tyf nfdf] ;dofjlw;Dd sfd ug'{kg]{ l:ylt JolQmut klxrfg la;{g] l:ylt ufnLunf}h tyf zf/Ll/s lx+;fsf] l;sf/ rf]6k6s tyf b'3{6gf x'g] ;Defjgf afnclwsf/af6 al~rt afnaflnsf bf;k|yf h:t} cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf cbIf gful/s pTkfbg
  • 27. 273/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>daf6 l;lh{t ul/aLsf] s'rqm g]kfndf 3/]n' >dsf] k|efj PlzofnL d'n'sx¿df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / afn>d pGd"ngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfOPncf]–cfOk]s_n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d pGd"ng ug{sf] nflu ;doj4 sfo{qmd nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;d]6g] sfd u/]sf] 5, ;fy} o;n] aFw'jf afn>lds / afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . cfOPncf]–cfOk]sn] ;g @))! df g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}df P ¥oflk8 Pl;:d]G6 ;e]{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;e]{sf] qmddf /fhwfgLsf] * j6f j8fnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, afn>ldsx¿ nufot k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGt/jftf{, cjnf]sg / @ xhf/, @ ;o #& j6f 3/df 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd u/L tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';Gwfgcg';f/ oL 3/x¿df $ ;o @) hgf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ k|To]s % j6f 3/dWo] Pp6fn] afn>ldsx¿ /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f cg';Gwfgn] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . k|foM wgf8o 3/x¿n] ! hgf k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n' >lds /fVg] u/]sf 5g . ;du|df eGbf /fhwfgL sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsfdf dfq !% jif{d'lgsf sl/a @@ xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . g]kfndf !* jif{d'lgsf 3/]n' >ldsx¿ s'n *# xhf/ /x]sf 5g . tLdWo] sl/a $@ xhf/ ^ ;o &$ hgf !$ jif{ jf ;f] d'lgsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g .
  • 28. 28 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro b g]kfn ¥oflk8 Pl;:d]G6n] !* jif{d'lgsf #&* hgf afnaflnsfsf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fcg';f/ tLdWo] @ ltxfO !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿ sfddf ;+nUg 5g . o;af6 g]kfndf !) b]lv !$ jif{s} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' >ddf k|j]z ub{5g eGg] kfOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]n] tna gkfPsf] / cfwfeGbf a9L s]6fx¿ ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f g]kfndf s]6Lsf] t'ngfdf s]6fx¿sf] a9L 8'nlkm/ ug{ kfpg] l:ylt xf] . clwsf+z cfdfafa' / cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/LnfO{ e/;s 3/d} /fVg ?rfpF5g . o4lk 3/]n' afn>d ePsf ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df ls t Pp6f dfq cleefjs of t cfdf of afa' ePsf] kl/jf/ jf afnaflnsfsf] sdfOdf e/ kg]{ kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . t/ sf7df08f}df ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgcg';f/ &@ k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldssf cfdfafa' b'j} lhpFb} /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . afn>ddf k7fpg] clwsf+z 3/x¿df $ b]lv ^ hgf;Ddsf] hfxfg 5 . @% k|ltzt kl/jf/;Fu c? sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf 5g . o;/L afnaflnsfx¿ ;fg} pd]/df >ddf k|j]z ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa' e"ldlxg x'g', hUuf hldg ePklg kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} yf]/} x'g' / kl/jf/ C0fdf 8'Ag' /x]sf 5g . g]kfndf @)%^ ;fn ;fpgdf sd}of k|yfnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff ul/of] t/ klg Tof] k|yf /x]sf 7fpFx¿df w]/} afnaflnsf cfkmgf cfdfafa'n] lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf nflu 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf al;/x]sf 5g . o4lk sd}of kl/jf/sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf k|j]z ug'{ cufj} ljBfno egf{ ePsf] s'/f atfOP tfklg tLdWo] Ps ltxfO -h;dWo] cfwf hlt s]6Lx¿_ n] kl/jf/n] rnfPsf] v]tLdf sfd ug{ ;'? u/]sf 5g . o;/L v]tLkftLdf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt afnaflnsf n]vk9 ug{ hfGb}gg / !) k|ltztn] d'l:snn] n]vk9 ug{ ;S5g . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf w]/} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/sf] t'ngfdf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df vfgf, ;'tfOnufotsf s'/fx¿ /fd|f] ePsf] atfPsf 5g . o;n] pgLx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'g'sf] sf/0f 3/df ePsf] cefju|:t hLjg xf] eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 . km]l/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds eP/ a:g' kbf{ PSnf]kgfsf] dx;'; ug'{kg]{, cToflws sfdsf] rfk, ufnL unf}h s'6lk6 tyf lgs[i6 Pj+ lx+;|s lsl;dsf] b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] s'/f pgLx¿n] atfPsf lyP, h;n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ s'/f lglZrt 5 .
  • 29. 293/]n' afn>d kl/ro zf/Ll/s c;/ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo] #&$ hgfn] lbgdf !@ 306feGbf a9L ;do sfd ug'{ k/]sf] s'/f atfP . of] pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] cToGt uDeL/ Pj+ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] cj:yf xf] . 3/]n' afn>ldsn] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df w]/}h;f] efF8f dfemg] / c? efG;fdf ul/g] sfdx¿ kb{5g . oL sfdx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ul//xg' kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psfx¿dWo] @& k|ltztn] cyf{t !)# hgfn] sfd ug]{ qmddf pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf], cfuf]n] kf]n]sf] s'/f atfPsf lyP . tLdWo] ($ hgfn] cfkm" klxn] a;]sf] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]sf lyP . o;/L 5f]8g'sf] sf/0f /f]huf/bftfx¿n] a9L bk]6g] u/]sf]n] ubf{ xf] eGg] s'/f atfPsf lyP . o;qmddf w]/} k|d'v ;"rsx¿n] 3/]n' >ddf s]6Lx¿dfly of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] s'/f atfP . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf oL hf]lvdx¿sf] dfqf a9b} uO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] ¿k lng;Sg] ;Defjgf hlxNo} /xG5 . dgf]j}1flgs c;/ 3/]n' >daf6 afnaflnsfdfly kg]{ c;/ s]jn zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodfly dfq kg]{ geO{ o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df klg ulx/f] rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . ;+j]ufTds ljsf; x/]s JolQmsf] l;h{gfTds / :j:y hLjg latfpgsf] nflu cTofjZos x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf afnaflnsfdWo] ^* k|ltztn] pgLx¿ PSnf] dx;'; u/]sf] atfP . vf;u/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df pgLx¿n] cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/, ;fyLefO ;a}hgf cnu eP/ dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ s;};Fu klg eGg gkfO{ u'lD;P/ a:g' kbf{ ;fx|} b'Mv dx;'; u/]sf] atfP . o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] lg/fzf / c;xfo cj:yfn] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 . cg';Gwfgn] !) hgfdWo] ( hgf afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ cfpg :jtGq ePklg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf x]bf{ clwsf+zn] o;/L 3/ kl/jf/;Fu e]6g kfpFb}gg . o;sf sf/0fx¿df 3/ 6f9f x'g], cfOhfO ug{ vr{ nfUg] h:tf s'/fx¿ klg /x]sf 5g . oltdfq xf]Og sltko glhs} 3/ x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] klg cfkmgf] 3/ hfg kfPsf x'Fb}gg . o;/L pgLx¿ 3/ hfg gkfpg'sf cGo sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa'n] /f]huf/bftfaf6 lnPsf] C0f klg xf] . C0f aGwgdf k/]sf afn>ldsx¿n] o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgfdWo] &# hgfn] pgLx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf nflu :jtGq gePsf] s'/f atfP . tL dWo]
  • 30. 30 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro $! hgfn] o;/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf] nflu cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ s'/f atfP . tnasf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgn] #&* dWo] !$% hgfn] tna kfpg] u/]sf] / tna kfpg] 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] &( k|ltztn] pgLx¿sf] tna cfdfafa'n] nfg] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . afnljsf;dfly kg]{ k|efj afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;dfly 3/]n' afn>dn] kfg]{ c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&*dWo] s]jn !@# hgf afnaflnsfn] dfq :s'n hfg] u/]sf] kfOof] . :s'n hfg] u/]sfdWo] ** hgf k|fylds txdf !! hgf lgDg dfWolds txdf / Ps hgf dfq dfWolds txdf k9g] u/]sf] kfOof] . ljBfno egf{ x'g] s]6Lx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} sd cyf{t s]jn !^=# k|ltzt / s]6fx¿sf] ;+Vof $^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k9g,] ;x/ hfg kfpg], hLjgsf] k"j{tof/L ug{sf] nflu ;'/lIft sfd tyf ;fg} pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf nufpgsf] nflu 3/]n' afn>d pko'Qm ePsf] atfOP tfklg of] afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ ljsf;sf] nflu uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ k];f xf], h;n] ul/aLsf] b'irqmnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 tyf l;Ëf] ljsf;sf] ultdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{5 . 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfox¿÷;+:yfx¿ 3/kl/jf/, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, d"NodfGotf P]g÷sfg'g /f]huf/bftf÷>lds ;+u7g /fhgLlts bn lzIff gLlt ;+3÷;+:yf cfly{s gLlt ;+rf/ dfWod /fHo
  • 31. 313/]n' afn>d kl/ro tLg 3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿ cfsif{0fsf tTjx¿ != c;dfgtfsf] kl/0ffdaf6 pTkGg ePsf] s'nLgtf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf ;x/Ls/0fsf] qmddf ePsf] c;dfg cfly{s ljsf;n] ;dfhdf x'g] / gx'g] aLrsf] ;fy} ul/a / dWod ju{aLrsf] vf8n cem km/flsnf] agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . o;af6 3/aflx/ ul/g] sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ ckx]ngfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{, ;f] sfd ubf{ k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] ;f]lrG5 . k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] tyf t'R5 7flgPsf] 3/]n' >daf6 cfkm" klG5g] / lj:tf/} t]>f] JolQmaf6 u/fpg] k|j[lQn] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]/ uPsf] xf] . o;}u/L n}lËs c;dfgtfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f dlxnfx¿df ePsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/aflx/sf] /f]huf/Ldf cfkm" ;+nUg /xg] / 3/leqsf] wGbf ug{ cGo ul/a dlxnf jf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufpg yflnPsf] 5 . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . sltko kl/jf/x¿df 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] sfdnfO{ cfjZostfeGbf klg ;fdflhs k|lti7f, ;fg ;f}st b]vfpg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf klg lnOg yflnPsf]n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9b} uPsf] 5 . @= wd{k'qsf] gfddf afn>lds /flvg' sltko 3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ug{ afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gSsnL wd{k'q jf k'qL agfP/ klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L
  • 32. 32 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;dfhdf 6'x'/f c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o;/L æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ /fVg] ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;DkGg kl/jf/sf JolQmx¿n] æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ sf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L pgLx¿sf] kfngkf]if0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf lng] t/ Jojxf/df eg] tL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd u/fpg] klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L gSsnL tl/sfaf6 afn>d /fVg] k|lqmofn] klg 3/]n' afn>d km:6fpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L Pp6} b]zleq eP u|fdL0f e]uaf6 ;x/L kl/jf/x¿df / ul/a b]zaf6 wgL b]zx¿df wd{k'q wd{k'qL agfP/ n}hfg] rng 5 . o; k|sf/n] wd{k'q k'qL /flvPsf sltko afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"dfly eO/x]sf] zf]if0f vKg g;s]/ a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 efuL ;8s afnaflnsf ePsf klg pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ sltko JolQmx¿n] jf:tljs ¿kd} wd{k'q wd{k'qLsf] ¿kdf ckgfO{ /flvPsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf klxn] cfkmgf] kl/jf/df /xFbfeGbf klg /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'uL Pp6f of]Uo ;Ifd JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ klg kfpg ;lsG5 . #= ;:tf] >d 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9g'sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f ;:tf] >d eP/ klg xf] . jo:sx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf /fVbf a9L tna lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . otf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfdfafa';Fu df}lvs ;Demf}tf u/L yf]/} k};fdf sfd nufpg ;lsG5 . sltkonfO{ t tna} glbOsg vfg / ;fwf/0f n'ufkmf6f] dfq lbP/ sfddf nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cem C0f ltg]{ ;t{df /flvPsf] 5 eg] t emg C0fsf] Jofh dfq ltg{sf] nflu klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf nufpg] ul/G5 . $= ;lhnf] >d÷ljb«f]x ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt afnaflnsfx¿ ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf]n] kmsfP/ sfddf nufpg,] geP xKsfPsf] e/df sfddf nufpg ;lsG5 t/ otf jo:s >ldsx¿ eg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] nflu af]Ng;Sg] ePsf]n] /f]huf/bftfx¿nfO{ xKsfP/ sfddf nufpg t'ngfTds ¿kn]
  • 33. 333/]n' afn>d kl/ro sl7g x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"dfly hlt;'s} sfdsf] af]em nflbP klg, tna glbP klg ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] jo:sx¿;Fu ljb«f]x ug{ 8/fpF5g / /f]huf/bftfn] o:tf] l:yltsf] e/k'/ kmfObf p7fPsf x'G5g . %= cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fVg kfOg]÷s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg' gkg]{ 3/]n' afn>lds /fVgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftf / afn>lds jf p;sf cleefjs;Fu s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg'kg]{ emGem6 x'Fb}g . s'g} lgoddf afFlwg'kg]{ afWotf x'Fb}g . clxn];Ddsf] cEof;df cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLs} e/df 3/]n' afn>lds /flvg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|]fT;fxgsf tTjx¿ ^= ;dfhsf] dlxnf / aflnsfx¿k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] / csf{s} ;]jfdf hLjg latfpg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno k7fOFb}g . k7fOxfn] klg :s'nsf] k9fO k"/f gu/L aLr}df lgsflnG5 . o;sf] ;fy} 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu ;fdfGo ;fIf/ agfpg] p2]Zon] dfq k9fOg] ul/G5 . 5f]/Lx¿ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] x'gfn] 5f]/Lx¿dfly ul/g] nufgLaf6 dfOtL 3/sf] nflu s'g} kmfObf gx'g,] kmfObf eP klg nf]Ug]s} 3/nfO{ kmfObf x'g] b[li6n] x]l/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/LnfO{ cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp ug{sf] nflu k7fOG5 . o;}n] k|foM h;f] 5f]/Lx¿ cfdf;Fu} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nflu/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L k9g gkfPkl5 5f]/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf ljsNkx¿ ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g . pgLx¿n] afFRgsf] nflu c?dfly e/ kg'{kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . 5f]/Lx¿n] kl/jf/sf] cfo cfh{gsf nflu of]ubfg lbg ;Sb}gg To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf] af]emsf] ¿kdf x]g{ yflnG5 . Psflt/ pgLx¿ cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t x'Fb}gg, csf{lt/ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;fIf/ gx'gfn] cfkmgf clwsf/dfly lyrf]ldrf] x'Fbf klg r'krfk nfu]/ a:g afWo x'G5g . ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ul/gfn] Pp6f kl/jf/df af]emsf] ¿kdf /x]sL 5f]/L csf]{ kl/jf/df ;fg]{ ul/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/Lx¿ k|foM h;f] 3/leqs} sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf x'g . o;/L ;fg} pd]/b]lv jo:s / k|f}9 x'g] a]nf;Dd klg cfdfx¿ 3/leqs} sfddf clNem/x]sf x'G5g . ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} 3/]n' afn>dlt/ ws]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL s'/f g} ;+;f/el/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToflws x'g'sf] sf/s tTj aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
  • 34. 34 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro &= 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu k"j{tof/Lsf] ¿kdf lnOg' ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ ljjfx u/]/ c?sf] 3/df hfg'kg]{ / ToxfF uP/ 3/leqsf] sfdwGbf ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f ;f]lrg] ePsf]n] 3/]n' >dnfO{ sltko kl/jf/x¿n] s]6Lx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm tflndsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf 5g . o;/L 3/]n' >dnfO{ æhLjgs} k"j{tof/LÆ sf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf]n] sltko s]6Lx¿nfO{ :s'naf6 lgsfn]/ eP klg 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf] klg kfOG5 . ljZjsf e/v/} dfq cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] af6f]df cufl8 a9]sf b]zx¿df wgL kl/jf/df of]Uo s]6f] kfOG5 eGg] cfzn] klg s]6Lx¿ 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfs{lift x'gk'U5g . o;/L klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . * 3/]n' sfdsfhnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]l/g' clwsf+z b]zdf 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf JofVof ul/G5 . w]/}h;f] cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/L eP/ hlGdPkl5 3/sf] wGbf ug}{ kb{5, o;sf] lasNk 5}g eGg] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g . 3/]n' sfd c? sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;/n / ;xh sfd ePsf]n] of] dlxnfx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm 5 eGg] ul/G5 . sltko b]zsf /f]huf/bftfx¿ s]6L jf dlxnfx¿n] 3/]n' sfd -3/leqsf] sfd_ pQd lsl;daf6 ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] s]6f jf k'?ifn] ug'{eGbf klg s]6L jf dlxnfn] ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g . sltko w]/} bfh'efO ePsf] kl/jf/df bfh'efOn] lbbL jf alxgLnfO{ d'vn] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]/] klg Jojxf/df eg] 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd nufpg] ub{5g . dlxnf :jo+n] klg 3/]n' >dnfO{ ædlxnfx¿sf] sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . afn>ldssf cfdfx¿ cfkmgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >ddf g} k7fpg rfxG5g . sltko >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ub}{ sfd ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >d g} ug{ ?rfpF5g . To;}u/L >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbf l;sfpgsf nflu klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm";Fu} /fv]/ klg 3/]n' >d ug]{ ub{5g, h;af6 cfdfn] cfkm"kl5 cfkmg} 5f]/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sfd b]cf]; eGg] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgL cfdfsf] kl5kl5 nfUbfnfUb} k9g] cj;/ u'dfpg k'Ub5g . o;/L cfdfsf] kl5 lx+8bf–lx+8b} afnaflnsfx¿ *÷( jif{s} pd]/df Pp6f cg'ejL 3/]n' afn>ldssf] sfd ug{;Sg] ePsf x'G5g .
  • 35. 353/]n' afn>d kl/ro sfG5L a:g]t lx/fsfhLsf] $ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . pgL / pgsL >LdtL sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f a}+sdf sfd ub{5g . pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ :s"n hfG5g . pgLx¿sf] 3/df laxfg a]n'sf ;3fpk3fp ug,]{ lbpF;f] 3/ s'g]{ sf]xL x'g] ePg . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ Pshgf dflg;sf] cfjZostf ePsf] dx;'; u/L g'jfsf]6 lhNnfl:yt lx/fsfhLsf] Pshgf ;fyLsf] ufpFaf6 !% jif{sL sfG5LnfO{ NofP . o;afkt lx/fsfhLn] sfG5Lsf a'afnfO{ dlxgfsf] ?= @)) .– lbg] eP . sfG5Lsf a'af k|To]s #÷$ dlxgfdf pQm ?= @)) .– lng cfpg] ug{ yfn] . sfG5L dflnssf] 3/df sfd ug'{kg]{ tyf lbpF;f] 3/ s'g'{kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f pgL :s'n hfg kfOgg . lx/fsfhLn] sfG5Ln] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]kl5 pgsf] lax] ubf{ nfUg] ;a} vr{ lbg] arg lbPsf 5g . lx/fsfhL klg sfG5Lsf] sfdk|lt ;Gt'i6 5g . sfG5L g'jfsf]6sf] cfkmgf] 3/df x'Fbf lbgel/ 3fF; bfp/f ug'{kg]{, kfgL Nofpg] h:tf sfdx¿ u/]klg pgn] cfwf k]6 dfq vfg kfpFlyg . lx/fsfhLn] sfG5LnfO{ cfkmg} 5f]/L ;'t]sf] sf]7fdf ;'tfpF5g . pgL / pgsL >LdtLn] sfG5Lk|lt /fd|f] Jojxf/ u5{g . sfG5L klg v';L g} b]lvG5] . t/ pgsf] Pp6} dfq u'gf;f] :s'n hfg gkfpg' /x]sf] 5 . pgL cfkmgf ufpFsf ;a} ;fyLx¿af6 cnlUug k'u]sL l5g . sf7df08f}df cfP/ pgn] s;}nfO{ klg ;fyL agfpg kfPsL 5}gg . pgnfO{ a]nf–a]nf 3/sf] ofbn] ;tfO/xG5 . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ != s] sfG5L 3/]n' afn>lds x'g < @= sfG5Lsf] syfdf afn>dsf] dfu / k"lt{ s;/L ePsf] 5 < #= sfG5Lsf u'gf;fx¿ s]–s] /x]5g < $= s] sfG5Ln] ug]{ sfd lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq kb{5 < $= sfG5Lsf] hLjgdf cem ;'wf/ Nofpg s]–s] ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 <
  • 36. 36 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro (= k/Dk/fut e]befj ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf sf/0f k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfd;d'bfoleqsf] Pp6f vf; ;d"x jf ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;dfhdf pRr ju{ 7fG5 / csf]{ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ lgDg ju{sf] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg e]befjsf sf/0f ;dfhdf hftLo e]befjsf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . hghflt ;d'bfo / blntx¿nfO{ tNnf] bhf{sf] dflg;sf] ¿kdf x]g]{, ufpFn]x¿nfO{ kfv] / ;x/jf;Lx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs, ;';DkGg / dflyNnf] bhf{sf ¿kdf x]g]{ k|j[lQ 5, h;n] ubf{ dflyNnf] ju{sf] 7flgg]x¿n] tNnf ju{ 7flgg]x¿sf kl/jf/af6 cfPsf dlxnf k'?if jf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] ub{5g . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t pRrtf / lgrtfsf] ljefhg sfod /x'~h]n;Dd k/Dk/fb]lv cfkm"nfO{ k|ltli7t 7fGg] dflyNnf] ju{n] u/]sf] 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfunfO{ ckx]lnt, pk]lIft ju{af6 k"lt{ x'g] sfd hf/L /xG5 . To;}n] 3/]n' afn>d hghftLo clwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g'kb{5 . !)= /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/g' . afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d kmfObfsf/L / pko'Qm k|sf/sf] >dsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ s'/fn] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} afns tyf aflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu /fVg] sfdn] c?sf] enf] lrtfpg], pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf p;sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg cem dfly p7]sf] 7flgG5 . o;}n] /f]huf/bftf :jo+n] d}n] u|fdL0f e]usf] ul/a, 7"nf] kl/jf/af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DkGg 3/df NofP/ pksf/ ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 . /f]huf/bftfn] cfkm"nfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ rflx/x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;/L 3/]n' afn>ddfly nufOPsf] pksf/sf] cfj/0fn] 3/]n' afn>d /fVg] sfdnfO{ k|>o lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tljs cy{df eg] /f]huf/bftfaf6 oxL æpksf/L sfo{Æ sf] cfj/0fdf ;:tf], ;xh afn>dsf] zf]if0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] sltko 3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ æ5f]/f]Æ æ5f]/LÆ eg]/ klg af]nfpg] u/]sf x'G5g . !!= kfl/jfl/s tyf afn ul/aL ul/aL eGgfn] kl/jf/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt dfq xf]Og sfd ug]{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLn] p;sf] nflu cfjZos vr{ wfGg g;Sg] l:ylt klg xf] . Go"g cfDbfgLsf] sf/0fn] kl/jf/n] xftd'v hf]g{ ;Sg] l:ylt;Dd klg
  • 37. 373/]n' afn>d kl/ro gx'g' / o;sf nflu C0fdf km‘:g'n] afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/sf] af]em aGg k'U5g h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfdfafa'n] j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ csf{sf] 3/df nu]/ /flvlbg] ub{5g . afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLaf6 kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:yltnfO{ clnslt eP klg dfly p7fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r /fVg] ul/G5 . ul/a x'g'sf] sf/0f s]jn cfly{s cefj dfq xf]Og, a? afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa'sf] sfd ug]{ bIftfsf] cefj klg xf] . lsgls cbIf dflg;sf] >d ahf/df laqmL x'Fb}g, eOxfn] klg ;f] Hofnfn] pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ x'Fb}g . !@= C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>lds /flvg' cfdfafa'n] ;fx'af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'slt/ o; k|sf/sf] rng /x]sf] 5 . cfO=Pn=cf]= n] dxf;lGw !*@ kfl/t u/L o; k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . C0f ltg{sf nflu 3/]n' afn>lds /fVbf g t afnaflnsf g p;sf] cleefjs s;}n] klg sfdsf] cj:yf jf Hofnfsf] nflu s'g} df]ntf]n ug{ ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfdfly cdfgjLo zf]if0f eP klg C0fLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/af6 x6fpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' afn>lds /f]huf/bftf -;fx'_ / cf;fdLaLrsf] r]kdf k/]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿ a]lrg k'u]sf x'G5g . cfzf yf? cfzf yf? kl/jf/sL aflnsf x'g . pgL pd]/n] !@ aif{ k'u]sL l5g . cfzf ut $ jif{b]lv sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t l5g . pgsf lktf pgL a;]s} 3/sf dflnssf] Pshgf wgu9Ll:yt gft]bf/sxfF xnL a;]sf 5g . pgL ;x/Lof æsdn/LÆ x'g . sdn/L eg]sf] klZrd g]kfnsf bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/lt/ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rn]sf] rng cGt/ut hldGbf/sxfF sfo{/t xnLsL 5f]/L x'g h;nfO{ hldGbf/sxfF lagf k};f 3/wGbfnufotsf sfd ug{sf nflu /flvPsf] x'G5 . cfzfsf b'O{ efO / Pshgf lbbL 5g . tLdWo] b'O{ hgf efOx¿ wgu9Ldf sfd ub{5g / alxgL rflx+ sf7df08f}d} sfd ul5{g t/ pgsf] alxgL;Fu b]ve]6 slxNo} x'Fb}g . cfzf laxfg % ah] pl75g, a9f/s'8f‘/ ul5{g clg 3/ k'l:5g . o;a]nfb]lv ;'? ePsf] pgsf] sfd /flt !) ah] efF8f dflem;s]kl5 ;dfKt x'G5 . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Ddsf] sfddf pgnfO{ s;}n] klg ;3fpg] ub}{gg .
  • 38. 38 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro pgL lg/If/ l5g . :s'n hfg] cj;/ pgn] slxNo} kfPsL 5}gg . cfkm"n] slt k};f tna kfpg] xf] eGg] af/]df klg pgnfO{ /fd|f] yfxf 5}g . tna yfxf geP klg e/v/} dfq pgn] afa'n] hldGbf/af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu cfkm"n] kfpg] tna klg s6f}tL x'g] u/]sf] s'/f sfsfaf6 ;'g]sL lyOg . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ != cfzfnfO{ lsg sdn/L elgPsf] xf] < @= syfdf pNn]lvt s'g rngn] s;/L 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 < #= cfzfdfly s] s:tf] k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] 5 < $= s] o; k|sf/sf] >d lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d xf] < %= cfzfsf s'g–s'g clwsf/x¿ pNn+3g ePsf 5g < !#= lzIffsf] cefj tyf u'0f:t/xLg lzIff / ;x/L lzIffsf] cfsif{0f ljZjsf w]/} efudf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno z'Nssf] sf/0f, ljBfno 6f9f ePsf] sf/0f :s'n hfg] dg ub}{gg . To;}u/L s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ u'0f:t/xLg lzIff, ljBfnodf x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ tyf lzIfsx¿ cg'kl:yt x'g] sf/0faf6 ljBfno 5f]8g] ub{5g . o;/L ljBfno 5f]8g] jf hfg dg gug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>dlt/ cfs{lift x'g] u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . k9g] OR5f k"/f ug{ klg kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsf÷lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ Pp6f ljsNksf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n] klg 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /flvPsf afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf] cleefjsnfO{ k9fOlbg] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] tflnd lbnfOlbg] arg lbPsf x'G5g . pgLx¿dWo] sltn] t ;fFRr} g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] cj;/ klg lbPsf x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] sfdwGbf l;WofPkl5 dfq o; k|sf/sf] tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] :jLs[t kfpF5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>ddf
  • 39. 393/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno hfFbf l9nf] k'Ug], clgoldt 9+un] :s'n hfg,] sIffsf] k9fOk|lt Wofg glbg] l:ylt eO/xG5 . s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ k9g]] k};f h'6fpg klg :s'n 5f]8L 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'gk'U5g . s]xL b]zx¿sf cleefjsx¿n] cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9g kfpF5g eGg] cfzfn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfu a9g] u/]sf] 5 . !$= afnaflnsf ;x/L /demdk|lt cfs{lift x'g' afnaflnsfx¿ ;x/df ePsf] /demdk|lt cfs{lift eP/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds x'g k'u]sf x'G5g . ul/a kl/jf/sf dfq xf]Og sltko ;DkGg, vfg nfpg k'Ug], 3/df /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf ufp‘lt/sf afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;x/df ePsf ;'ljwf, cj;/x¿af6 cfs{lift eO{ efu]/ jf ;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ ;x/lt/ cfPsf x'G5g . ;x/df afFRg] pkfo vf]Hb} sltko afnaflnsf cGttM 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'gk'U5g . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . !%= kfl/jfl/s lx+;f kfl/jfl/s lx+;f afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dlt/ ws]Ng] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . 3/df cefju|:t hLjg, w]/} hfxfg, ;f}t]gL dfdnf, / k'?ifjfbL ;fdGtL lrGtg tyf ;fdflhs lnËe]b cflbsf] sf/0faf6 3/kl/jf/df cfdfafa'aLr em}—emu8f x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] l;sf/ k|foM dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf x'g] ub{5g . ;w}+ 3/df o; k|sf/sf] em} emu8f x'g] afnaflnsfn] s'6fO vfO/xg'kg]{ l:ylt ePdf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/af6 efUg] / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu 3/]n' >dnufotsf >ddf nfUg] u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ k|z:t e]l6G5g . o;/L kfl/jfl/s lx+;fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dnufot >dsf cGo If]qlt/ hfg afWo agfO/x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . !^= ;z:q ;+3if{ b]zdf rln/x]sf] ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g k'u]sf 5g . xfd|f] b]zdf @)%@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rn]sf] lx+;fTds åGåsf sf/0f
  • 40. 40 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro w]/} afnaflnsfx¿sf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 eg] sltko cfdfafa'af6 la5f]l8g k'u]sf 5g . To:t} o'4df hah{:tL ;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg] eosf sf/0fn] klg s}og afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] ufpF 5f]8L ;'/lIft ;x/lt/ k:b5g / 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;xh} kfpg ;lsg] >d If]qsf] ¿kdf lnO{ cfkmgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g . o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf jf la5f]l8g k'u]sf clg ;x/ k;]sf s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ afFRgsf nflu 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g / 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{sf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5g . !&= Pr= cfO= le= ÷ P8; nufot k|f0f3fts ;?jf /f]usf] dxfdf/L Pr= cfO= le=÷P8;sf] dxfdf/L km}lnPsf b]zx¿df o; /f]usf] sf/0f s/f]8f+} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bzf}+ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f aGg k'u]sf 5g . o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf afnaflnsfx¿ afFRgsf nflu 3/]n' afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . clk|msfsf] ;xf/f If]qjl/kl/sf b]zx¿df cfh sl/a !@ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmgf cfdf jf cfdfafa' u'dfPsf 5g . xfn} ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ clk|msL b]zdf ePsf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo] clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿sf ls t Pshgf dfq afFr]sf], ls cfdfafa' b'j} g} d/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL P8; /f]usf] sf/0faf6 ePsf 6'x'/f6'x/Lx¿n] afFRgsf] nflu 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] pTkfbgdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . dgs'df/L zfx dxf]Q/Lsf] uf}zfnfdf km}lnPsf] sfnfhf/sf] dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0f dgs'df/L ;fg} x'Fbf pgsf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eof] . xh'/cfdf / sfsfsf] x]/rfxaf6 pgL / pgsf efOalxgLx¿ x's]{sf lyP . pgsf b'O{j6f efO tyf Pp6L alxgL lyP . b'O{j6f efOx¿dWo] Ps hgf kf]v/fdf / Ps hgf sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ uy]{ . alxgL rflx+ ;fg} ePsf]n] xh'/cfdf;Fu a:blyOg . pgL rflx+ lj/f6gu/sf] Pshgf pBf]ukltsxfF a;]sL lyOg . !# jif{sL dgs'df/Ln] :s'n hfg] tLa| dg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o:tf] cj;/ slxNo} kfOgg . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf !) ah];Dd efG;fs} wGbf ub}{ pgnfO{ 7Ls x'GYof] . efG;fsf] sfdaf6 km';{b kfPsf] a]nf n'uf w'g] tyf cGo ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . pgnfO{ c?sf] cfdfafa'n] 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ dfof u/]sf] b]Vbf pgnfO{ cfkmgf cfdfafa'sf] ;Demgfn] ;tfpFYof]
  • 41. 413/]n' afn>d kl/ro / c?n] gb]Vg] u/L n's]/ ?g] ub{lyg . pgnfO{ dlxgfjf/L ? @)) .– lbOg] ul/GYof] . Tof] klg dflnsn] xh'/cfdfnfO{ lbg] u/]sf] x'gfn] pgL Tof] k};f cfkm" rnfpg kfpFlbglyOg . dflnssf 5f]/fx¿af6 k6s–k6s of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{Yof] t/ pgsf] ph'/L ;'Gg] sf]xL lyPg . Psk6s cfkm"dfly ePsf] o:tf] Jojxf/sf] af/]df dflnSgL;Fu eGbf dflnSgLn] pN6} cfkmgf 5f]/fsf] kIf lnP/ dgs'df/LnfO{ huN6ofPsL lyOg . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ !=dgs'df/L s;/L 3/]n' afn>lds aGg k'lug < @= pgn] s]–s] sfdx¿ ug'{kb{Yof] < #= dgs'df/L] s]—s:tf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo lyOg < $= pgsf s]–s] clwsf/x¿ vf]l;Psf 5g < %= pgsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf s] s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsPnf < !*= 3/]n' >ddf /x]sf] hf]lvdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L gx'g' s'g} klg k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] kl5 afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ s'/f lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . kl/jf/ jf cleefjssf] x]/rfx gubf{ afnaflnsfx¿n] s] s:tf cK7of/fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ kl/jf/, cleefjs tyf jo:sx¿n] a]jf:tf ug]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ ;a} hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;xh 9+un] lng k'luG5 . 3/]n' >ddf k9g,] v]Ng] nufotsf clwsf/x¿af6 al~rt x'g], pd]/sf] t'ngfdf ux|f+} ;fdfg prfNg'kg]{, lagfcf/fd nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ubf{ cToflws ysfg x'g], a]lrOg ;Sg], of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg], rf]6k6s nfUg] nufotsf hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g . oL hf]lvdx¿nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s gln+bf cGo >dsf] t'ngfdf of] >dnfO{ ;xh, ;'/lIft, pQd >dsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfucg';f/ k"lt{ eO g} /xG5 . :jo+ s}of}+ s]6Lx¿n] pgLx¿n] /f]huf/L ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ g} klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] olb /f]huf/bftfn] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf g} c;n Jojxf/ u5{g, kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]b{5g, :s'n hfg] cj;/ lbG5g eg] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] hf]lvdsf] dfqf sd x'G5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'G5 .
  • 42. 42 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro rf/ 3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf 3/]n' afn>d k|ToIf ¿kdf g;'lgg], gb]lvg], 5l/P/ /x]sf], kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] >d xf] . o;}n] of] If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|foM 3/sf] rf/ kvf{nleq /x]/ sfd ug]{ x'gfn] afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg klg sl7g 5 . csf{lt/ 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf glnO{ :jefljs / ;fdfGo sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . ljZjdf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g < ljZjdf @ ca{eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g . cfO=Pn= cf]=sf cg';f/ o;sf] slt k|ltzt efu 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ sl7g 5 t/ h] eP klg o;sf] w]/}h;f] efu 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg ePsf !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g . O08f]g]l;ofsf] hfsftf{df dfq & nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ !* jif{d'lgsf 5g . xfO6Ldf @ nfv %) xhf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g . tLdWo] !) k|ltzt !) jif{d'lgsf 5g . k]?sf] /fhwfgL lndfdf sl/a ! nfv %) xhf/ afn>ldsx¿ 5g .
  • 43. 433/]n' afn>d kl/ro >Ln+sfdf ! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g . p?Uj]df !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf #$ k|ltzt afn>ldsx¿ 3/]n' sfddf nfu]sf 5g . a|flhndf % nfv %( xhf/ afnaflnsf 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g . e]g]h'Pnfdf sfo{/t >lds s]6Lx¿dWo] ^) k|ltzt >lds s]6Lx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g / pgLx¿sf] pd]/ !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf] /x]sf] 5 . s]Gofdf @ nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ /x]sf 5g . ef/tdf !$ jif{d'lgsf s'n afn>ldsdWo] @) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g . a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf # nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g . kfls:tfgdf @ nfv ^$ xhf/ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g . leotgfdsf] /fhwfgL xgf]Odf ePsf s'n 3/ ;+Vofdf k|To]s !)) j6f 3/dWo] Pp6fn] Ps hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf 5g . blIf0f clkm|sfdf !% jif{d'lgsf @) nfv *% xhf/ * ;o !$ hgf afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g . ljZj a}+sn] ;g !(&% df u/]sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ef/tdf !% nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] lyof] . cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ef/t, kfls:tfg, g]kfn / a+unfb]zdf lgs} ;fg} pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . oL b]zx¿df ^÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd nufO;lsPsf] x'G5 . yfONof08 / lkmlnlkG;df afn>ldssf] cj:yf zf]if0fo'Qm eP klg s]xL ;'wf/f]Gd'v 5 . lsgls tL b]zsf afn>ldsx¿ / /f]huf/bftfx¿aLr k|i6 ;dembf/L x'G5 .
  • 44. 44 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro g]kfndf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g < g]kfnsf ljleGg ;x/x¿df !* jif{d'lgsf s'n %% xhf/ ^%% 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf] tyf To;dWo] $@ xhf/ ^&$ 3/]n' afn>lds !$ jif{d'lgsf /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sf7df08f}+ ;x/df dfq} @!))) eGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' afn>dsf] cf};t cfo' !#=$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;aeGbf sd pd]/sf] afn>ldssf] pd]/ ^ jif{sf] 5 / pgLx¿dWo] (* k|ltzt cfkmgf kl/jf/sf ;fy a:b}gg . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lbgsf] !# b]lv !% 306f;Dd sfd ub{5g . (@ k|ltztn] laxfg & aHg'eGbf cl3b]lv g} sfd ;'? u5{g eg] (&=^ k|ltztn] ;ftfdf ;ft} lbg sfd ug'{kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] sl/a cfwfn] lagfkfl/>lds sfd ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx¿nfO{ kfl/>lds lbOPsf] 5 jf 5}g cyjf lgoldt ¿kdf kfl/>lds lbOPsf] 5 jf 5|}g eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ g} yfx 5}g . kfl/>lds kfO/x]sfx¿dWo] (& k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf sd kfpF5g / ^$=% k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] kfFr ;o ?lkofFeGbf sd kfp‘5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] $) k|ltztn] jif{sf] kfFr xhf/ ?lkofFeGbf sd tna kfpg] u/]sf 5g . 3/]n'[ afn>ldsdWo] cfwfn] pgLx¿sf dflnsn] pgLx¿nfO{ emkfg]{ u/]sf] jf lk6g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g . g]kfndf lgs[i6 :j¿kdf afn>d;DaGwL tYox¿ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfO{=Pn=cf] cfOk]s_ n] g]kfndf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>dsf ;ft If]qdf cfkmgf] ;xof]u s]lGb«t u/]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ldssf ¿kdf ;d]l6g'kg]{ cGo s}of} If]qx¿ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . oL If]qx¿df 3/]n' afn>ldssf cltl/Qm a]rlavg, un}+rf sf/vfgfx¿, vfgL÷OF6f e§fx¿ Pj+ 9'Ëf vfgLx¿, sjf8L ;Ísn, ;fdfg 9'jfgL tyf aFw'jf dhb'/L kb{5g .
  • 45. 453/]n' afn>d kl/ro g]kfndf @^ nfv afn>ldsx¿ 5g . % b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf @^ nfv afnaflnsf cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo 5g . % jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf @ nfv &( xhf/ afnaflnsf Hofnf dhb'/Ldf ;+nUg 5g . % jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ddf nufOPsf] 5 . k]df tfdfªsf] syf * jif{sf k]dfsf] 3/ kfFry/ xf] . k]dfsf a'afsf] ;DklQsf] gfddf Pp6f em'k|f] dfq lyof] . pgL ufpFd} hgjg u/]/ u'hf/f rnfpg] uby]{ . pgsf] a9L /S;L vfg] afgL klg lyof] . To;dfly ( hgfsf] kl/jf/ kfNg pgnfO{ sl7g eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;}n] kl/jf/sf] nfngkfng ug]{ af]em clnslt eP klg xNsf kfg{ pgsf a'afn] k]dfnfO{ sfd klg ug]{ / df}sf kfP k9g] klg eg]/ Ps hgf cfkmGtsf] ;fy nufO{ sf7df08f}+ k7fP . gft]bf/n] pgnfO{ sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f 3/df /flvlbP . /f]huf/bftfn] tL gft]bf/;Fu k]dfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] x]/larf/ ug]{ / pgsf] af/]df pgsf afa'cfdfn] s'g} klg lrGtf ug'{ gkg]{ s'/f atfP . ToxfF pgnfO{ s]jn vfg / nfpg dfq lbOGYof] . t/ sfd eg] laxfgb]lv a]n's};Dd efF8f dfemg], 3/ ;kmf ug]{, n'uf w'g], dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ :s"n;Dd k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . ToxfF pgn] /ftlbg ufnL unf}h ;'Gg'kb{Yof] . ;fgf—;fgf] uNtLdf klg s'6fO vfg' kb{Yof] . To; 3/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg hfFbf pgnfO{ klg ToxL :s"ndf k9g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . To;}n] pgL dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :s'n k'u]kl5 plk|m+b} sIfflt/ uPsf] b[Zo lgl/x cfFvfn] x]l//xGy] . ladf/L ePsf] a]nf;d]t pgn] sfdaf6 km';{b kfpFb}g lyP .
  • 46. 46 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] l:ylt ;fdfGotof afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu sfdsf] sfof{jlw / sfo{:yn tf]lsPsf] x'Fb}g . /f]huf/bftfn] h] sfd hltv]/ hxfF u/ eG5g ToxL sfd elgPsf] 7fpF / ;dodf ug'{kb{5, h'g lbg jf /ftsf] ;dodf klg x'g;S5 . a+unfb]z, O08f]g]l;of, kfls:tfg / lkmlnlkG;sf afn>ldsx¿n] cf};t !% 306feGbf a9L ;do;Dd sfd ug]{ ub{5g . g]kfnnufot k|foM b]zx¿df pgLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df vfgf ksfpg], efF8f dfemg], /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/sf n'uf sk8fdf cfO/g nufpg], s'rf] nufpg], e'O+{ k'5g], lsgd]n ug]{, /f]huf/bftfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{, vftf, lstfasf] emf]nfx¿ af]lslbP/ :s'n;Dd nfg] / Nofpg] sfd cflb . s'g} ;do km';{b eof] eg] klg aflx/ hfg], ;fyLx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug]{ cg'dlt kfpFb}gg . k|foM u/]/ k|d'v rf8kj{x¿df dfq 3/ hfg] cg'dlt kfpg] u5{g . ;'Tg], vfg] ;jfndf klg /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] eGbf lgDg :t/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/G5 . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] vfg] vfgfeGbf tNnf] :t/sf] vfgf vfg lbOG5 . vfgf vfg] a]nfdf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] vfO;s]kl5 dfq p;nfO{ vfg cg'dlt lbOG5 . pgLx¿sf] k|fo lglZrt ;'Tg] :yfg x'Fb}g, efG5f3/ jf /f]huf/bftfsf] afnaflnsf ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] e'O{+df ;'tfOG5 .
  • 47. 473/]n' afn>d kl/ro kfFr afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d != afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] k[i7e"ld ;g !(!$ b]lv !(!*;Dd ePsf] k|yd ljZjo'4sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] wghgsf] Iflt / k|fs[lts ljgfzn] ljZjd} eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u¥of] . o'4df ljikmf]l6t ad, af?b, uf]nL / w'jfFn] ;a}eGbf a9L afnaflnsfnfO{ g} l;sf/ agfof] . o;}n] eljiodf o; k|sf/sf] o'4sf] eoaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]ufpg / pgLx¿sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd ;]e b lrN8«]g km08 o'=s]=sL ;+:yflksf PUn]G6fOg h]jn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofOg . o;nfO{ ;g !(@# df afnarfp cGt/f{li6«o o'lgogn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqsf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;nfO{ æh]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqÆ klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;g !(@$ df lnu ckm g]zG;n] o; h]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ kfl/t u/L cf}krfl/s ¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . ;g !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f kfl/t ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] sfd u¥of] . o:t} ;g !(%( df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f k|ltkflbt !) a'Fb] afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj–3f]if0ffkqn] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg] clwsf/ / afnljsf;sf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbof] . o;kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(&( nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afnjif{sf] ¿kdf dgfof] . o;sf] bz jif{kl5 cyf{t ;g !(*( gf]e]Da/ @) tfl/vdf /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t u/L afnclwsf/sf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ km8sf] df¥of] . To;}u/L !(() df ;DkGg afnaflnsf;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ;Da4 /fi6«x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu /fli6«o sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu" ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] .
  • 48. 48 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g @))) df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cGt/utsf æ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg afn b]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0fÆ;DaGwL b'O{j6f P]lR5s ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . ;g @))! df o;n] æafnaflnsfsf] nflu h'6f}+Æ eGg] cfxjfg ub}{ æafnaflnsfsf] nflu ljZjJofkL cleofgÆ ;+rfng u¥of] . ;g @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] ljz]if a}7s -UNGASS_ n] o; bzssf nflu afnaflnsf;DaGwL gof‘ ljZjJofkL nIo / sfo{;"rL agfof], h;nfO{ æafnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] ljZjÆ eGg] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . @= afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw @=! afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g !(*( sf] gf]e]Da/ @) df kfl/t u/]sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ljZjel/s} d'n'sx¿sf] nflu afnclwsf/;DaGwL Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;femf ;Demf}tf kq xf] . afnaflnsfx¿ ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf hGd]– x's]{ klg pgLx¿sf] cwf/e"t cfjZostf eg]sf] dfof, ddtf, ;dembf/L, ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo lzIff / kf]if0f g} x'g . To;}n] k|To]s /fHon] cfkmgf efjL ;Gtltsf] pHjn eljiosf] nflu ljz]if rf;f] /fv"g eGg] p2]Zon] of] dxf;lGwsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf @) ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ @ b]lv cf}krfl/s ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df lgMzt{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g @))! ;Dddf !(! j6f /fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g . cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf kfng ug'{kb{5 . dxf;lGwdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;/n 9+un] a'emgsf nflu rf/ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefhg ul/P tfklg oL ;a} ;d"xsf clwsf/x¿ Ps cfk;df gª df;' h:t} 5'6ofpg gldNg] / cGt/lge{/ 5g . oL rf/ ;d"xx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M s= afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ afFRg kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . ue{df cfPb]lv g} ;'/Iff kfpg' tyf ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/af6 afnaflnsfn] ;'/lIft lsl;daf6 hGdg kfpg'kb{5 .
  • 49. 493/]n' afn>d kl/ro hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/, ;'/lIft cfjf;, :j:y jftfj/0f, ;kmf kfgL, vf]k tyf k|fylds pkrf/nufotsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yfnufotsf clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . v= ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s afnaflnsfn] e]befj, afn>d, zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/, ckx]ngf, pTkL8g Pj+ hf]lvdo'Qm sfd tyf o'4df ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ l:ylt, cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavg / afa'–cfdfaf6 cnlUug'kg]{ nufotsf l:yltaf6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg'kb{5 . ckfË tyf 6'x'/f afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g'kg]{ nufotsf clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . u= ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf ;fy{s lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg], dgf]/~hg, v]n / cf/fd ug]{, cfdfafa'sf] ;dfg dfof ddtf kfpg], plrt :jf:Yof]krf/nufotsf plrt hLjg:t/sf nflu rflxg] Pj+ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, g}lts, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g . 3= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ o; ;d"xleq afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg], afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ gLlt lg0f{ox¿df cfkmgf] s'/f ;'gfjfO ug]{ / ;f] ljrf/sf] sb/ ul/g'kg]{, /rgfTds sfo{, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk tyf hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf lagf /f]s6f]s / lagf e]befj ;xefuL x'g kfpg], cf:yfcg';f/sf] wd{df ;+nUg x'g], s'g} klg s'/fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg / cleJoQm ug{, ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng jf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] nufotsf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] ckgfPsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] lgDg rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . log} rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfhdf eP u/]sf sfdx¿ afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf 5g ls 5}gg eg]/ hfFRg ;lsG5 .
  • 50. 50 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro != e]befj/lxt dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ cg';f/ ;a} afnsflnsfnfO{ e]befj tyf kIfkft gul/sg ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ pm jf p;sf afa'cfdf, cleefjssf] hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{ /fhg}lts jf cGo cf:yf, /fli6«o, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklt, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . @= afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt wf/f # cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf nflu ul/g] k|To]s sfo{x¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿, cbfnt, k|zf;lgs lgsfo, ljwflosf nufot ;a}n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfds'/f ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . #= bL3{ hLjg / ljsf; wf/f ^ n] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] oyf;Dej a9LeGbf a9L k|of; ug'{kb{5 . $= afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ wf/f !@ n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg'kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/ kl/kSjtfcg';f/ To;nfO{ plrt dfGotf klg lbOg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;dfhsf] Ps cleGg c+u dfgL ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ wf/f ! M /fli6«o sfg'gn] afNofj:yfsf] Go"gtd pd]/ gtf]lslbP;Dd !* jif{d'lgsf ;a}nfO{ afnaflnsf dflgg]5 . wf/f @ M k|To]s afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj jf kIfkftlagf ;a} clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ kfpg eGg] s'/f /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .
  • 51. 513/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f #,$ M cbfntx¿n,] sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] jf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n] afnaflnsfsf ljifodf sf/afxL ubf{ afnsflnsfsf ;jf]{Qd lxtx¿k|lt k|fylds Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . afnaflnsfsf] dfdnfdf ljj]sk"0f{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{5 . wf/f ^ M k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ 5 . ctM /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] clwstd /Iff / ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f &,* M k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ gfpF / /fli6«otf kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ x'g]5 . wf/f !),!! M afnaflnsfsf] sNof0fsf nflu of]Uo clwsf/Lx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] b]zsf] l;dfgfleq jf aflx/ e|d0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbP/ kl/jf/sf] k'gld{ngsf nflu ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f ^, @^, @& M afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pg] a9fpg] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L afa'cfdfsf] x'G5 . t/ /fHox¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf] nflu plrt ;xof]u h'6fOlbg'k5{ / lzz'–:ofxf/;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 . wf/f !(, #$, #^ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ of}gb'Jo{jxf/ jf zf]if0fnufot zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf, x]nfaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f @), @! M /fHox¿n] 6'x'/f tyf pk]lIft afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;'xf‘pbf] j}slNks x]/rfxsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{k'q jf wd{k'qL /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ ljj]s k'¥ofO{ lgodj4 kfg'{ kg]{ wd{lktf jf wd{dftfn] afns jf aflnsf hlGdPsf] d'n'saf6 cGoq n}hfg rfxG5g eg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf sfg'gL dfGotf ;'lglZrt kfg]{ cGt/f{li6«o lgodkqx¿ tof/ kfg{'kg]{5 . wf/f @# M ckfËtf ePdf afnaflnsfn] ljz]if pkrf/, lzIff / x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f @$ M :jf:Yonfe ug]{ clwsf/ afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]usf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿, :jf:Yo lzIff / afnd[To'b/ 36fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbP/ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;]jf / x]/rfx af/]df ;'lglZrt kfg'{kg]{5 . wf/f @*, @( M k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ agfpg'kg]{5 . x/]s lgod sfg'gn] afnaflnsfsf] cl:tTjsf] ;Ddfg /fVg'kb{5 . lzIff, afnaflnsfdf ;dembf/L, zflGt / ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf a9fpg] / ;+/If0f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
  • 52. 52 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f #! M afnaflnsfn] cf/fd lng] / v]Ng] ;do kfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;f+:s[lts tyf ;[hgzLn lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ljgfe]befj ;dfg cj;/x¿ kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f !$, #) M cNk;+Vos hfltsf / :jb]zL d"nsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmg} ;+:s[lt, wd{ / efiff lgjf{w ¿kn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f #@ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s zf]if0faf6 / dhb'/L ug{af6 tyf lzIffdf afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd jf pgLx¿sf :jf:Yo / sNof0fdf xfgL k'¥ofpg] sfdaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f ## M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nfu" kbfy{sf] u}/sfg'gL k|of]uaf6 / nfu" kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ / cf];f/–k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;l/s x'gaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 . wf/f #% M afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f / cf];f/–k;f/ ug{] sfd lgd"{n ug{ ;a}vfn] k|oTgx¿ ul/g'kg]{5 . wf/f #&, $) M !* jif{ k'Ug'eGbf cl3 ul/Psf ck/fwx¿df d[To'b08 jf cfhLjg sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbOg' x'Fb}g . y'gfdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:sx¿af6 cnu /flvg'kg]{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ oftgf lbg'x'‘b}g . lgd{d of ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g'x'Fb}g . afnlaHofOF;DaGwL d'2fx¿ lsgf/f ug{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f #* M s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q ;]gfdf egf{ ug{ / n8fO‘df k|ToIf efu lng nufpg' x'Fb}g . ;z:q d'7e]8 rn]sf] 7fpFdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 . wf/f #( M b'Jo{jxf/, x]nf ef]Ug' k/]sf jf y'gfdf k/]sf afnaflnsfn] k'gM :jf:Yo nfe / k'gM k|lt:yfkgsf nflu plrt Jojxf/ / k|lzIf0f kfpg'kg]{5 . wf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ M /fHox¿n] jo:sx¿ tyf afnaflnsf b'j}nfO{ dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt afnclwsf/x¿af/] Jofks ¿kdf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 . dxf;lGwsf /fHokIfx¿n] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] @ jif{kl5 klxnf] / To;kl5 x/]s % jif{df dxf;lGwcg'¿k ePsf tyf x'g g;s]sf sfd–sf/jfxL;DaGwL k|ltj]bg bz hgf ljz]if1x¿ ePsf] ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf a'emfpg'kg]{5 .
  • 53. 533/]n' afn>d kl/ro 5 afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ s_ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] @% d] @))) df æafnaflnsfsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df ;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ tyf afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0fÆ ;DaGwL afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf b'O{ j6f ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] oL ;lGwkqx¿df ;g @))) d} k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 . != ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ M !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+3if{df ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg] . /fli6«o ;z:q bndf :j]lR5s ;+nUgtfsf] pd]/ a9fpg] / !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ /fli6«o ;z:q bndf ;+nUg u/fpg ljz]if ;'/Iff ckgfpg'kg]{, cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{, ;}lgs ;]jfdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhd]jf/Laf/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ of] jf:tjd} :j]lR5s x'g'kg]{ . /fHosf] ;z:q bnafx]s s;}n] klg !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ ;z:q sf/afxLdf ;+nUg u/fpg gkfpg] u/L ;a} cfjZos pkfo ckgfpg] .
  • 54. 54 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro @= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0f;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ M afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrqnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg] . #= /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* ;g !(&# /fHon] afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ sfo{ lglZrt ug{ tyf /f]huf/Ldf jf sfddf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ tf]Sg tyf sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;;Fu ldNg] u/L k|ultzLn ¿kdf a9fpFb} n}hfg tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o gLlt cjnDag ug]{5g . -wf/f !_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ clgjfo{ lzIff k"/f ubf{ k'Ug] pd]/eGbf sd x'g]5}g . ;fy} of] pd]/sf] xb s'g} klg cj:yfdf !% jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g . -wf/f @=#_ cfly{s, z}lIfs ;'ljwf kof{Kt ljsl;t gePsf] o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«n] ;DalGwt /f]huf/bftf tyf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ePdf ltgLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L ;'?df Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ sfod ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f @=$_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]s]sf x/]s kIf /fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]Sg'sf sf/0f / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf cfkm"n] k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ kl/Tofu ug{ tf]lsPsf] ldlt v'nfpg'kb{5 . /f]huf/L jf sfo{sf] k|s[lt jf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ kl/l:yltn] sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iff jf g}ltstf vt/fdf kg{;Sg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfo{ /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ !* jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g . g]kfnn] ;g !((& d] #) df o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
  • 55. 553/]n' afn>d kl/ro $= lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*@ – h'g !, ;g !((( dxf;lGwn] !* jif{d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm >ddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M != bf;Tj jf ;f] ;/xsf ;a} :j¿kx¿, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, cf];f/k;f/, C0f aFw'jf, afFwf>d, ;z:q ;+3if{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] clgjfo{ jf ha/h:tL egf{nufot s'g} klg ha/h:tL jf clgjfo{ >d . @= b]xJofkf/, clZnn lrq0f jf k|bz{gx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f . #= u}/ 'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f . $= afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff jf g}ltstfdf xfgL k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sfo{x¿ . % =cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] l;kmfl/; g+= !() o;n] lgDg sfo{x¿nfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M != zf/Ll/s, dgf]j}1flgs / of}gb'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg] sfo{ @= hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg, vt/gfs prfO jf aGb :yfgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ #= vt/gfs oGqx¿, pks/0fx¿ / cf}hf/x¿;Fusf] sfo{ jf ux|f}+ jhgx¿ xft}n] ;+rfng jf cf];f/k;f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{ $= c:j:Yo jftfj/0fdf ul/g] sfo{, cToflws tfk, Wjlg, sDkgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ %= sl7g aGb]hdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{, nfdf] ;do;Dd ug'{kg]{, /ftdf ug'{kg]{ sfo,{ y'gfdf /fv]/ ul/g] sfo{ .
  • 56. 56 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro o; dxf;lGwsf] tTsfn sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] cToGt v/fa jf hf]lvdo'Qm >dsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] lgd"{ngsf nflu /f]huf/bftf, 6]«8 o'lgognufot;Fu k/fdz{ u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ tyf >lds afnaflnsfsf] /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ ;fdflhs k'gP{sLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, pgLx¿sf] nflu lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff / Joj;flos tflnd pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ h:tf bfloTj klg k|i6 tf]s]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df ljz]iftM slnnf afnaflnsfx¿, vf;u/L aflnsfx¿ hf]lvddf kg]{ cb[Zo >dIf]qx¿ h:t} 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo ljz]if cj:yfdf /x]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ s'/f klg pNn]v 5 . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g @))) sf] hgj/Ldf cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . v_ If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿ blIf0f Pl;ofsf g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg, e"6fg, >Ln+sf / dflNbE; u/L & j6f b]zx¿sf] sf7df08f}df @))@ hgj/L % df ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf nflu Pp6f tyf o; If]qdf JofKt /x]sf] b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ck/fwsf] lj?4 csf]{ u/L hDdf b'O{ j6f ;fs{ dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf lyP . oL If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿n] o; If]qsf] afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . oL dxf;lGwdf ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M != blIf0f Pl;ofdf afnaflnsfsf] lxt k|j4{g ug]{ If]qLo k|fjwfgsf] lglDt ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@ /fHokIfx¿n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj, b'?kof]u, pk]Iff, zf]if0f, oftgf jf tNnf]:t/sf] Jojxf/, cf];f/k;f/ / lx+;faf6 /fli6«o sfg'gx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=s_ hf]lvdk"0f{ tyf xfgLsf/s >ddf afnaflnsfsf] k|j]znfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ / ;fs{ If]qaf6 abgfd afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ gjf}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_ /fHokIfx¿n] afn>lds pknAw u/fpg vf]Hg] kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k|fylds txsf cj;/x¿sf] pknAwtf tyf ;xof]ufTds ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;~hfnnufotsf ax'd'vL /0fgLlt cg';/0f ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_
  • 57. 573/]n' afn>d kl/ro @= b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/k;f/ lgif]w ug{ tyf o;lj?4 n8gsf nflu ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@ dxf;lGwcGtu{tsf s;'/x¿sf] 5fglag, ;f]wvf]h, ;'g'jfO{ jf cGo k|lqmofsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ /fi6«nfO{ a[xt ¿kdf kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf k'¥ofpg]5g . -wf/f ^_ olb s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/;DaGwL ;'k'b{uLof]Uo s;'/x¿nfO{ ;'k'b{uL ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] v08df ;'k'b{uL ug{ ;lsg] . ;'k'buL{ x'g g;Sg] l:ylt cfPdf cg'/f]w k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf] sfg'gcg';f/ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] nflu ;Ifd clwsf/L;dIf k]z ug]{ . -wf/f &_ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf cf];f/k;f/ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df låkIfLo ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f *=$_ of] sfo{ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu /fHo kIfx¿n] cf];fk;f/df ;+nUg lgsfo, ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf af/]df lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ug]{, bnfnx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf Pjd hldg, hn jf xjfOdfu{sf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf s;'/bf/x¿sf] cf}+7f5fk, tl:j/, sfd ug]{ tl/sf, k|x/L sfof{nosf] clen]v / cleof]usf clen]vx¿ cfbfg—k|bfg ug]{ -wf/f *=%_ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿s]f :yfgLos/0f kl/efiff cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gx¿sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf nflu kIf /fi6«n] ;+j}wflgs, k|zf;lgs tyf gLltut txdf cfjZos sfg'gx¿ th'{df ug'{kb{5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo sfg'gdf :yflkt dfkb08cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL pkrf/sf ;a} pkfox¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ b]zsf] ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg'gx¿df ;dfj]z ug'{ jf tL sfg'gx¿sf] cfwf/df gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfdnfO{ g} cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] :yfgLos/0f elgG5 .
  • 58. 58 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|lqmof dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;ef, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf If]qLo txdf :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfåf/f kfl/t x'g] ub{5 . kfl/t ug]{ bf}/fgdf jf kfl/t eO;s]sf dxf;lGw, k|n]v, P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df kIf /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 x:tfIf/ x'g] ub{5 . o;/L dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ eg]sf] ;DalGwt dxf;lGwnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . o;/L x:tfIf/ x'g'eGbf cufl8 dxf;lGwsf] ;+/rgf / To;leq ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df uxg cWoog dgg ul/G5, ljz]if1x¿åf/f ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . /fi6«n] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 kIf /fi6«n] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosf cyf{t ;+;bn] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] dxf;lGwnfO{ b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;f] dxf;lGw b]zsf] sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] ub{5 . o;kl5 dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+;bn] sfg'g agfpg] ub{5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f eP klg geP klg cg'df]bg ul/;lsPsf] dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ug'{kb{5 . sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cg'udg÷d"NofÍg ug]{ / dxf;lGwdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq ;DalGwt ;ldltdf lgoldt k|ult k|ltj]bg;d]t k]z ug'{kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotf x'g] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq tyf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] kfl/t u/]sf /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+= !#*, lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+= !*@, l;kmfl/; g+= !() nufot g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf ;Dk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotfk|fKt 5 . ;a} dxf;lGw jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf cGo sfg'gx¿df :yflkt eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ . ta dfq kIf /fi6«n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" u/]sf] dflgG5 .
  • 59. 593/]n' afn>d kl/ro ;ft 3/]n' afn>d / xfd|f] /fli6«o gLlt lgod s= g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ cg';f/ g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" x'G5 . olb /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf aflemPsf xb;Dd ;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ g} nfu" x'G5 . v= afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'gx¿ != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& s;}nfO{ klg afFwf jf bf; t'Nofpg jf OR5flj?4 sfddf nufpg gkfOg] - wf/f @) pkwf/f !_ gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] -wf/f @) pkwf/f @_ afnaflnsfnfO{ zf]if0f x'g glbg pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] /Iff lglDt /fHon] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 -wf/f @^ pkwf/f *_ cgfy afnaflnsf, c;xfo dlxnf, j[4, ckfË / czQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu /fHon] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -wf/f @^ pkwf/f (_ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] df}lns xscGt/ut ePsf lgDg clwsf/x¿ ;a}n] lagfe]befj pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g .
  • 60. 60 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro wf/f !!– ;dfgtfsf] xs pd]/, wg tyf hftkftsf] cfwf/df sf]xL klg 7"nf] / ;fgf] x'Fb}g . wd{, j0f{ tyf ln+u, hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df s;}n] s;}nfO{ klg e]befj ug{ kfpFb}g . ;dfg sfd ug]{nfO{ ;dfg Hofnf lbg'kb{5 . dlxnf / k'?if eg]/ e]befj ug{x'Fb}g . wf/f !@ – :jtGqtfsf] xs af]n]/ jf n]v]/ cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . lagfxftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . ;+3 ;++:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf clw/fHoel/ cfjt–hfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf k];f, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf wf/f !*– ;+:s[lt tyf lzIff;DaGwL xs k|To]]s ;d'bfo -hflt, hghflt_ nfO{ cfkmg]f efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . k|To]s hghfltn] cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfkmgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;+rfng ug{ klg kfpFb5g . wf/f !(– wd{;DaGwL xs x/]snfO{ cfkm"n] dfGb} cfPsf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] xs 5 . wf/f @)– zf]if0flj?4sf] xs dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg, afFwf agfpg jf To:t} s'g} lsl;dsf] OR5flj?4sf] sfddf nufpg kfOFb}g .
  • 61. 613/]n' afn>d kl/ro gfafnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg x'‘Fb}g . s;}n] klg gfafnsnfO{ snsf/vfgf jf vfgLdf jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . wf/f @@ – uf]klgotfsf] xs s'g} klg JolQmNffO{ p;sf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, kqfrf/ jf ;"rgf uf]Ko /fVg] xs x'G5 . h:t}M x'nfsaf6 cfPsf] s;}sf] lr7L vf]Ng ;/sf/ ;d]tn] klg kfpFb}g . wf/f @#– ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf oL xsx¿ pNn+3g ePdf pkrf/ kfpgsf nflu kLl8t kIfnfO{ cbfnt hfg] clwsf/ 5 . @= afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* !^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u];DdnfO{ afnaflnsf dflgPsf] 5 . x/]s afnaflnsfsf] gfd /flvlbg'k5{, hGdbtf{ sfod ug'{kb{5 . olb hGdldlt kQf gnfu]df To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ kfNg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] lrlsT;ssf] /fo lnO{ hGdldlt sfod ul/lbg'kb{5 . 5f]/f, 5f]/L, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL, ljjfxcl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf] eGg] h:tf cfwf/df s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfk|lt qm'/ jf oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ x'Fb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ ?= %))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afa' kQf gnfu]sf afnaflnsfn] afa'–afh]sf] gfdn]Vg' kg]{ 7fpFdf cfdf / cfdfsf] afa'sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ kfpg]5g . !) jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ck/fw u/] pgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfUg] sfddf nufpg jf d'8g x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? #))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dlxgf s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
  • 62. 62 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ b]jL b]jtfsf] gfddf r9fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? !),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf % jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ cg}lts k];fdf nufpg xFb}g, o; p2]Zon] kmf]6f] lvRg, k|sfzg ug{, rl/qdf cf3ft kg]{ 36gf ljj/0f k|sfzg ug{, nfu" cf}ifw tyf gzfn' kbfy{sf] laqmL ljt/0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? !),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{ s}b jf b'j} ;hfo tyf nfu"–kbfy{;DaGwL eP yk % jif{;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g]5 . Psf3/df sf]xL gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu afnsNof0f clwsf/L jf k|=lh=c=n] ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm ug'{ jf afnu[xdf /fVg'kb{5 . afnsNof0fsf nflu s]Gb«Lo :t/df Ps s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . To:t} cfjZos ;+Vofdf afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . a]jfl/;] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fVg afnsNof0f u[xx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . s;'/sf] cleof]u nfuL y'gfdf a:g'kg]{, s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf, nfu" cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf nfu]sf, 3/–kl/jf/af6 efuL lx+8g], cg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQm;Fu /x]sf jf lghsf] cf>odf a:g'kg]{ cflb afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg afn;'wf/u[xsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;':t dgl:yltsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;':t dgl:ylt s]Gb«sf] ;+rfng ul/g]5 . afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf sfg'g Joj;foL geP;Dd afnaflnsfsf] d'2fsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] d'2f x]g{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g ul/g], ;f] geP;Dd k|To]s lhNnf cbfntdf afnOhnf; u7g ul/g]5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsf jfbL jf k|ltjfbL ePsf] d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfafxL lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
  • 63. 633/]n' afn>d kl/ro ph'/L s;n] lbg] < dfly elgPsf ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ug]{sf lj?4df afnaflnsfsf tkm{af6 lghsf] afa', cfdf, ;+/Ifs / xsjfnfn] ph'/ lbg;S5 . P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;'/;DaGwL d'2f h'g;'s} JolQm jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ph'/Laf6 rNg] 5 . ph'/L sxf“ lbg] < afncbfnt u7g ePsf] eP afncbfntdf geP lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L lbg ;lsg]5 . ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] < s;'/ ePsf] u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leqdf lbg'kb{5 . t/ ablgotk"j{s afnssf] ;DklQ a]rlavg u/]sf]df hlxn];'s} klg / afnsnfO{ cg}lts sfddf nufPsf]df ;f] sfd eP u/]sf] eP u/]sf] ldltn] # jif{;Dd gfln; nfUg;S5 . t/ hlt l9nf] u¥of] plt ck/fwL pDsg;Sg], k|df0fx¿ gfl;g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{kb{5 . #= afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ sf k|fjwfgx¿ s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f tyf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o gLlt / of]hgf th'{df ug{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu kxn ug]{ sfd of] s]GbL«o afn sNof0f ;ldltn] ub{5 . o;df ;dflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿dWo] ;d]taf6 ;b:o /xg] u/L a9Ldf @! hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g . ;ldltsf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ¿kdf Ps hgf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsn] sfd ug]{5g . lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps–Ps j6f lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt /xg] 5 . o;df k|d'v
  • 64. 64 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿, afnaflnsfsf] xslxt;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿ /xg]5g . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f / pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo gLlt / of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltdf k7fpFg]5 . o;sf ;fy} o;n] lhNnfdf afnaflnsfsf xslxtsf nflu ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o;b]lv afx]s lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf /xg] u/L Ps hgf afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf, a]jfl/;] afnsnfO{ /fVgsf] nflu afnsNof0f u[xsf] :yfkgf, sfg'g adf]lhd s}bdf /fVg'kg]{ afns jf 3/af6 efuL lx8g], afn laHofO{df nfu]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu afn;'wf/ u[x, cfdfafa' sf]xL gePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cgfyfno jf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb« cflbsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L afnsNof0f u[x, afn;'wf/ u[x cgfyfno tyf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb«df a:g] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt lzIff, Joj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{, pgLx¿sf] ljj/0f /fVg'kg]{, >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] ljj/0f lbg'kg]{, afnaflnsfsf] gfd /fVg] / hGd btf{ ug]{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg k7fpg'kg]{ h:tf sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yf afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%! n] u/]sf] 5 . $= afn>d -lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{_ P]g @)%^ !$ jif{ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ /ftdf -;fFem ^ ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd_ sfddf nufpg x'‘b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] ^ 306f / xKtfsf] #^ 306feGbf a9L sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . nuftf/ # 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd / xKtfsf] ! lbg ljbf lbg'k5{ . pQm lj>fdsf] ;do / ljbfsf] lbgsf] kfl/>lds s§f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . olb o;sf] kfngf gu/L sfd nufPdf ? %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{, em'SofO{, 8/ qf;, k|nf]eg, bjfjdf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj?4 >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . OR5f ljkl/t sfddf nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
  • 65. 653/]n' afn>d kl/ro !^ jif{;Ddsf s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ xNsf vfnsf] sfddf dfqnufpgkb{5 . hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . s;}n] o:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfdx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g M xf]6]n, h'jf3/, /]i6'/fF, af/, kbofqf, kj{tf/f]x0f cflb ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fox¿Ù k|of]uzfnf, sfo{zfnf, kz'jwzfnf, zLte08f/ cflb ;]jfd"ns Joj;fox¿Ù ;fj{hlgs kl/jxg / lgdf{0f Joj;fox¿Ù r'/f]6, la8L agfpg], un}+rf a'Gg], /+ufpg,] 5fnf k|zf]wg ug]{, l;d]G6 pTkfbg, Koflsª ug]{, ;nfO{, ljikmf]6s kbfy{ pTkfbg / laqmL, dlb/f, ljo/ k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg, ls6gfzs cf}iflw pTkfbg, t]n pTkfbg, kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng k|zf]wg, /a/ l;Gy]l6s, Knfli6s, l;;f, kf/f];Fu ;DalGwt cflb sfo{x¿Ù hn>f]t, sf]Onf, k|fs[lts t]n jf Uof;, afof]Uof;nufotsf phf{ k}bf ug{] / To;sf] k|;f/0f / ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿Ù vfgL, vlghkbfy{sf] pTvgg, k|zf]wg, ljt/0f ;DalGwt sfo{x¿Ù l/S;f, 7]nfuf8f, sl6ª d]l;g, hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg / w]/} prfOdf r9L ug'{kg]{ sfo{, /f;folgs kbfy{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ x'g] sfo{x¿ cflb . pNn]lvt hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf ug]{ Joj:yfksn] ;f]sf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{5 . ;f] glbPdf ! dlxgf;Dd s}b / ?= #))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . s'g} k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg k/]df ;DalGwt >d sfof{no jf tf]lsPsf] cGo lgsfo jf clwsf/L / afnaflnsfsf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . o;f] gu/]df @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . k|lti7fgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg'cl3 >d sfof{no dfkm{t lrlsT;såf/f sfd ug{;Sg] of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{5 . ;f] glnPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg] k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfsf] kmf]6f];lxt tf]lsPsf] ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]]{5 .
  • 66. 66 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro k|lti7fgn] >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lnË, j0f,{ wd{, hfthfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gu/L ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds lbg'kb{5 . ;f] glbPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd ug'{kg]{5 . pd]/;DaGwL ljjfb ePdf hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqsf] pd]/nfO{ jf:tljs pd]/ dflgg]5 / ;f] gePdf lrlsT;såf/f :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/L lglZrt ul/g]5 . >d sfof{nox¿n] ;do–;dodf k|lti7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 / o; P]gljkl/t afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufOPsf] kfOPdf To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ d'Qm u/L cleefjssf] lhDdf lbOg]5 . cleefjs, ;+/Ifs gePdf afnsNof0f u[xdf /flvg] / o;;DaGwL vr{ k|lti7fgn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . P]gsf Joj:yfx¿ pNn+3g ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 >d sfof{nox¿n] k|lti7fgsf] ;'ljwf /f]Ssf ug]{ cfjZos sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg]5 . ph'/L s;n] lbg] < afnssf] cleefjs jf ;+/Ifs, k|li7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ sd{rf/L, ;DalGwt Onfsfsf k|x/L, ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf, k|lti7fg :t/sf] 6]«8 o'lgog, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf . ph'/L sxf“ lbg] < ;DalGwt >d sfof{nodf . ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] < P]gljkl/t sfo{ eP u/]sf] ldltn] ! jif{leqdf t/ ph'/L ug{ l9nf] u/] k|df0f gfl;g tyf cleo'Qmx¿ pDsg;Sg] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{k5{ .
  • 67. 673/]n' afn>d kl/ro sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf cj/f]wx¿ != kx'Frsf] cefj ul/aLsf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg cfTdxLgtfsf] sf/0faf6 zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf afn>dsf kLl8t kIfx¿n] sfg'gsf] dfWodaf6 Gofo kfpg] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . ul/aLn] ubf{ cbfntsf] 9f]sf 9S9Sofpg g;Sbf kLl8t kIfx¿ cGofo ;x]/ a:g afWo 5g . To:t} kof{Kt ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df g} ;xh / ;/n sfg'gL Goflos ;+/rgfx¿ gx'Fbf klg w]/} dflg;x¿ s]lGb|s[t tyf emGeml6nf] cbfntL k|s[ofdf hfg ?rfpFb}gg . @= r]tgfsf] sdL clzIffsf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ag]sf sfg'gsf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] cefj 5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿, afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf cleefjs, /f]huf/bftfnufot cfd ;d'bfox¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;r]t 5}gg . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf lnOg] tyf :jLsf/ ul/g] ul/Psf] 5}g . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ;DkGg ju{af6 ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ul/Psf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'g agfpg] txaf6 klg 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/Psf] b]lv+b}g . o;} sf/0f w]/} nfdf] ;dokZrft ag]sf] afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ df klg 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ;d]6g g;s]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . afn>ldsx¿dfly 7"nf] cGofo eO/x] tfklg ltgLx¿sf] lj?4sf d'2fx¿ sd} dfq kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . h:t} s}of}+ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] 3/df & b]lv !$ jif{d'lgsf s}of}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ sfo{/t /x] klg o;sf af/]df st}af6 cfjfh p7g] u/]sf] kfOFb}g . #= k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgfsf] sdL /fHon] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d pGd"ng ug{ tyf afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ ePsf 5g tL ;a} ;x/sf ;+ul7t If]qdf dfq s]lGb«t 5g . $= ckof{Kt sfg'gx¿ afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{ ljlzi6 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f t ePsf] 5 t/ of] sfg'gn] s]jn ;+ul7t k|lti7fgx¿df /x]sf] afn>dnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . afn>ds} 7"nf] lx:;f /x]sf] c;+ul7t If]q h:t} afnuf]7fnf tyf 3/]n' wGbf ug{sf nflu Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] afn>dnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g . o;/L of] l;Ëf] If]q pk]lIft x'g' eg]sf] o; If]qdf sfo{/t afn>ldsx¿sf] ;d:ofk|lt cfFvf lrDng' xf] .
  • 68. 68 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro %= k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] cefj ljleGg sfg'gx¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] xs / lxtsf nflu w]/} lsl;dsf k|fjwfgx¿ eP klg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt tyf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afn>d;DaGwL tYo ;+sng ug]{ clwsf/ tyf st{Jo /x] tfklg To;nfO{ sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ tyf sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . >f]t ;fwgsf] cefjdf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, >d sfof{nox¿ afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmn x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . ^= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof lgs} eP klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToGt sd 5 . >f]t ;fwgsf] cefjsf sf/0f sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] tyf slxn] ltgLx¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cefjn] ubf{ Ps} k|s[lt / p2]Zosf sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f] nufgL x'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . &= /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf jf OR5fzlQmsf] sdL /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO/x]sf 5}gg, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k afn>d;DaGwL ;d:of k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts k|ltj4tflagf afnclwsf/ sfof{Gjog x'g] s'/f ;+ej 5}g . *= ;z:q ;+3if{ /fHo kIf / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL kIfaLr ljBdfg ;z:q ;+3if{sf sf/0faf6 pTkGg kfl/jfl/s ljrngn] ubf{ Psflt/ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g] / s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g eg] csf{lt/ /fHosf] d"n Wofg ljb«f]xL kIfnfO{ bafpgkl§ nfu]sf] x'gfn] 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] ;d:of cf]em]ndf kl//x]sf] 5 . (= 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] Wofg k'Ug g;Sg' 6]«8 o'lgogx¿ d"ntM dhb'/x¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] ;+ul7t zlQmx¿ x'g . pgLx¿n] sf/vfgf tyf ;+ul7t If]qx¿df sfo{/t dhb'/x¿ dfq xf]Og c;+ul7t If]qdf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu klg cfjfh p7fpg'kb{5 . g]kfndf ePsf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] ;+ul7t If]qsf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu cfjfh
  • 69. 693/]n' afn>d kl/ro p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g . t/ 3/]n' >d h:tf] c;+ul7t If]qdf pgLx¿sf] Wofg k'lu/x]sf] b]lv+b}g . pgLx¿sf] ;+ul7t zlQmn] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] v08df 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] 3/]n' >dnfO{ lgoldt / sfg'g;+ut agfpgsf nflu 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . !)= wfld{s ;f+:s[lts lgsfosf] df}gtf wd{ eg]sf] c;n sfd, c;n Jojxf/, c?sf] enf] ug]{ s'/f xf] eg] kfk eg]sf] c?nfO{ zf]if0f ug'{, c?sf] dgdf rf]6 k'Ug] lsl;dsf s'/fx¿ ug',{ d'vn] Pp6f t/ Jojxf/n] csf]{ s'/f ug'{ g} xf] . wfld{s b[li6n] x]bf{ klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9g], v]Ng], cf/fd ug{] clwsf/af6 al~rt u/L bf; h:tf] agfP/ sfddf bnfpg' pko'Qm s'/f xf]Og . o:tf uDeL/ ;jfnx¿df wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts lgsfox¿sf] Wofg k'u]sf] b]lv+b}g . xf], cK7of/f]df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] 3/df NofO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ k9g], v]Ng] nufotsf cj;/x¿ lbg], 5f]/f5f]/L h:t} Jojxf/ ug]{, pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] xNsf lsl;dsf sfdx¿ u/fpg] sfd wd{ g} xf] . o;}n] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|lti7fg, lgsfo tyf o;df k|ltli7t JolQmTjx¿n] o:tf lg:jfyL{ 9+uaf6 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿dfly ;befj, ;bJojxf/ ug]{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / pgLx¿dfly x'g] zf]if0f, bdg, qm'/ Jojxf/sf] lj?4df dflg;x¿df hfu/0f Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df o:tf ;+:yf tyf JolQmTjx¿n] 7"nf] k'0o sdfpg ;S5g .
  • 70. 70 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro cf7 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lgDg sfdx¿ ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 M lgs[i6 afn>d pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ug]{ bL3{sfnLg pkfox¿ != gLlt lgdf{0f s= ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/ax¿sf] nflu /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ . v= >d zlQmsf nflu Go"gtd Hofnf gLlt lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / nfu" eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ . @= sfg'gL ;+/rgf s= hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] lj?4df b08gLo / ;zQm sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ / ag]sf sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . v= 3/]n' >ldssf] Hofnf b/ sfod ug]{, 3/]n' afn>dcGt/ut sfdsf] cjlw, k|s[lt cflbsf] af/]df lglZrt lgod sfg'g agfpg] . u= afn>d;DaGwL lgod sfg'g nfu" ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=; cflbnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] u/L sfg'g agfpg] .