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Circulatory system of human

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RameshPandi4

The document discusses the circulatory system and blood circulation in humans. It defines circulation as the movement of body fluids like blood and lymph through the body. It describes the closed circulatory system in vertebrates which involves blood flowing within blood vessels and not exiting them. The major components of circulation are identified as the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. In humans, the four-chambered heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the left side and deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the right side. The mechanisms of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and body tissues are also summarized.

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Dr. T. RAMESH Assistant Professer of Zoology Vivekananda College Tiruvedakam, Madurai Tamil Nadu CIRCULATION
Circulation Types of Circulatory System Circulatory Organs Circulatory Media Mechanism of Blood Circulation in Man Outline
 Circulation- The movement of body fluids (Blood and Lymph) from one parts of the body to other parts  Cardiovascular or Vascular system Transport- Nutrients and O2 to the cells, CO2 and Excretory products from the cells Prevent- Infection of Microorganisms Regulate- Body Temperature Involves- in Osmoregulation Introduction Depiction of the heart, major veins and arteries
William Harvey William Harvey (1578–1657) Nationality: British Education: University of Cambridge Contribution: The father of modern physiology, was the first researcher to discovery the circulation of blood through the body.
The animal possess two types of circulation 1.Open Type Circulation i. Blood comes out of the blood vessels ii. The internal organ directly bathed in the blood Example. Leeches, Molluscs, Arthropods 2. Closed Type Circulation i. Flow of blood inside the blood vessels ii. It does not come out of the blood vessels Example. Vertebrates Types of Circulation
Flow of blood in various Circulatory system Open circulatory Heart Artery Blood sinus Vein Closed circulatory Heart Artery Capillaries Vein
Major Components • Pump (heart) – Continuously circulates blood • Network of tubes – Arteries- blood away from heart – Veins- blood back to the heart – Capillaries – connective link of arterioles and venules • Blood – Fluid that fills the circulatory system
Heart TYPES OF HEART 1 Pulsatile heart 2 Tubular heart 3 Chambered heart 4 Accessory heart 5 Myogenic heart 6 Neurogenic heart Heart is the central muscular pumping organ Six kinds of heart
Chambered Heart Two chambered- Example - Fishes Three chambered – Example- Amphibians, Reptiles Four chambered – Example- Mammals
Human Heart • The human heart has four chambers – Left and right ventricle – Left and right atrium • The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body • while the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed by the hemoglobin carrying red blood cells
Hydrolymph Nematodes, Rotifers Haemolymph Arthropods, Molluscs Lymph Some vertebrates Blood Many of the vertebrates Circulatory Media
Human Blood It is a fluid tissue Reddish colour It is made to flow by the pumping action of the heart Adult human consist 5 litres of blood  Components -Plasma and Formed elements
Blood Plasma It is a liquid portion of blood Out of 5 litre 3.5 litre is plasma 90 % of water and 10 % of Organic and inorganic substances (glucose, enzymes, hormones, minerals etc.,) 200-300 g of plasma proteins – Total volume of blood
Formed Elements There are three types of cellular elements RBC- Erythrocytes (5 million/mm3) WBC- Leucocytes (7000/ mm3) Platelets
RBC Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) Non Nucleated, Biconcave Disc Adult Male- 5 million/mm3 & Female 4.5 million/mm3 Developed from the Bone marrow Lifespan-120 days / Renewed 0.83 % / day
RBC Protein & Non-Protein 4 Molecules Haem+1 molecules of Globin= Haemoglobin
WBC White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) Leucocytes- Leucos- Colour less, Cyton- Cell Nucleated and amoeboid, but no heamoglobin Developed in bone marrow, Adult 7000 /mm3 Lifespan is longer than the RBC WBC -Group Cells Volume Function Granulocytes Neutrophils 70 % Phagocytosis Eosinophils 1-4% Destruction Basophils 0-4% Anticoagulation Agranulocytes Lymphocytes 25-30% Monocytes 5-10 % Engulf the bacteria
Circulatory system of human
Platelets Oval to spherical in shape, size- 2-3mm. Total cell 250, 000-450,000 mm3 Lifespan is 9-15 days It initiate the blood clotting and repair the capillaries
Mechanism of circulation
Respiration Respiration External nostrils or Mouth Nasal cavity Internal nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Alveolar sac/ Air Sac CO2 Capillary O2 Air Sac RBC Exchange of gases in Alveolus
Tissue Respiration Interchange of Gases in the tissues It is also a internal respiration Cells take up O2 from haemoglobin and the blood from the cells Capillary RBC Cells O2 CO2
Mechanisms Absorption of Nutrients Absorption of nutrients was occurred at the digestive system Place of nutrients is exchange - Small Intestine Small Intestine Glucose Blood Vessels Intestine cells with Na+ Receptors
Man contains 150-250 mg / 100 ml of blood In children the cholesterol level is low. It gradually increases with age Above the normal is called- Hyper and Low Hypo cholesterolaemia Hyper cholestrolaemia-leads deposition of cholesterol on arteries Blood Cholesterol level
Blood sugar • Sugar is in the farm of Glucose •Normal healthy man consists 100 mg/ 100 ml of blood • Hyperglycemia – Above the normal •Hypoglycemia- Below the normal •Control- Insulin Glycogenesis- Converted into glycogen, stored at Liver muscles Lipogenesis- Converted into fat, stored at Adipose tissues Glycogenolysis- Converted Glycogen into Glucose, Fall of Glucose Gluconeogenesis- Absence of Glycogen, other farm is converted into Glucose Glycolysis- Excess of sugar used for Kerbs cycle
Heart Failure “The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the body’s requirement is called heart failure” 1. Low output heart failure 2. High output heart failure 3. Backward heart failure 4. Forward heart failure 5. Congestive heart failure 6. Left ventricular heart failure 7. Right ventricular heart failure
Heart Failure “The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the body’s requirement is called heart failure” 1. Coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, causes decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. If the arteries become blocked or severely narrowed, the heart becomes starved for oxygen and nutrients. 2. Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes suddenly blocked, stopping the flow of blood to the heart muscle. 3. Cardiomyopathy. Damage to the heart muscle from causes other than artery or blood flow problems, such as from infections or alcohol . 4. Conditions that overwork the heart. Conditions including high blood pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or heart defects present at birth can all cause heart failure. In addition, heart failure can occur when several diseases or conditions are present at once.
Tips for Heart Care Quit smoking now. Twelve months after quitting, your increased risk of dying from heart disease will be half that of a continuing smoker. Improve your diet. Include wholegrain cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts in your diet and lower your risk of heart disease. Exercise regularly. Walk briskly for 30 minutes a day and reduce your risk of heart attack by one third. Maintain your friendships. People with supportive friendship networks are at less risk of heart disease. Eat more fish. Oily fish like tuna, sardines or salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and will boost your good cholesterol. Switch your chocolate choice. Switch from milk chocolate to dark chocolate. When eaten in moderation, dark chocolate is good for your heart. Limit your alcohol. It is recommended you limit yourself to no more than two standard glasses of alcohol a day if you are a man, or one glass a day if you are a woman. Avoid salty and high sodium foods. Don’t add salt when preparing or eating your meals. Have a diabetes test. Uncontrolled diabetes can damage your artery walls and contribute to heart disease. Make fitness fun. Choose activities that combine exercise and socialising like pilates, water aerobics, dancing, cycling or yoga.
References Arumugam, N. and Mariakuttian A. (2013) Animal Physiology, Saras publication, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu India pp. 558. Pranav Kumar and Usha Mina (2011) Life Science Fundamentals and Practice. Part II. Pathfinder Academy, New Delhi, India. Pp-588.
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Circulatory system of human

  • 1. Dr. T. RAMESH Assistant Professer of Zoology Vivekananda College Tiruvedakam, Madurai Tamil Nadu CIRCULATION
  • 2. Circulation Types of Circulatory System Circulatory Organs Circulatory Media Mechanism of Blood Circulation in Man Outline
  • 3.  Circulation- The movement of body fluids (Blood and Lymph) from one parts of the body to other parts  Cardiovascular or Vascular system Transport- Nutrients and O2 to the cells, CO2 and Excretory products from the cells Prevent- Infection of Microorganisms Regulate- Body Temperature Involves- in Osmoregulation Introduction Depiction of the heart, major veins and arteries
  • 4. William Harvey William Harvey (1578–1657) Nationality: British Education: University of Cambridge Contribution: The father of modern physiology, was the first researcher to discovery the circulation of blood through the body.
  • 5. The animal possess two types of circulation 1.Open Type Circulation i. Blood comes out of the blood vessels ii. The internal organ directly bathed in the blood Example. Leeches, Molluscs, Arthropods 2. Closed Type Circulation i. Flow of blood inside the blood vessels ii. It does not come out of the blood vessels Example. Vertebrates Types of Circulation
  • 6. Flow of blood in various Circulatory system Open circulatory Heart Artery Blood sinus Vein Closed circulatory Heart Artery Capillaries Vein
  • 7. Major Components • Pump (heart) – Continuously circulates blood • Network of tubes – Arteries- blood away from heart – Veins- blood back to the heart – Capillaries – connective link of arterioles and venules • Blood – Fluid that fills the circulatory system
  • 8. Heart TYPES OF HEART 1 Pulsatile heart 2 Tubular heart 3 Chambered heart 4 Accessory heart 5 Myogenic heart 6 Neurogenic heart Heart is the central muscular pumping organ Six kinds of heart
  • 9. Chambered Heart Two chambered- Example - Fishes Three chambered – Example- Amphibians, Reptiles Four chambered – Example- Mammals
  • 10. Human Heart • The human heart has four chambers – Left and right ventricle – Left and right atrium • The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body • while the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed by the hemoglobin carrying red blood cells
  • 12. Human Blood It is a fluid tissue Reddish colour It is made to flow by the pumping action of the heart Adult human consist 5 litres of blood  Components -Plasma and Formed elements
  • 13. Blood Plasma It is a liquid portion of blood Out of 5 litre 3.5 litre is plasma 90 % of water and 10 % of Organic and inorganic substances (glucose, enzymes, hormones, minerals etc.,) 200-300 g of plasma proteins – Total volume of blood
  • 14. Formed Elements There are three types of cellular elements RBC- Erythrocytes (5 million/mm3) WBC- Leucocytes (7000/ mm3) Platelets
  • 15. RBC Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) Non Nucleated, Biconcave Disc Adult Male- 5 million/mm3 & Female 4.5 million/mm3 Developed from the Bone marrow Lifespan-120 days / Renewed 0.83 % / day
  • 16. RBC Protein & Non-Protein 4 Molecules Haem+1 molecules of Globin= Haemoglobin
  • 17. WBC White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) Leucocytes- Leucos- Colour less, Cyton- Cell Nucleated and amoeboid, but no heamoglobin Developed in bone marrow, Adult 7000 /mm3 Lifespan is longer than the RBC WBC -Group Cells Volume Function Granulocytes Neutrophils 70 % Phagocytosis Eosinophils 1-4% Destruction Basophils 0-4% Anticoagulation Agranulocytes Lymphocytes 25-30% Monocytes 5-10 % Engulf the bacteria
  • 19. Platelets Oval to spherical in shape, size- 2-3mm. Total cell 250, 000-450,000 mm3 Lifespan is 9-15 days It initiate the blood clotting and repair the capillaries
  • 21. Respiration Respiration External nostrils or Mouth Nasal cavity Internal nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Alveolar sac/ Air Sac CO2 Capillary O2 Air Sac RBC Exchange of gases in Alveolus
  • 22. Tissue Respiration Interchange of Gases in the tissues It is also a internal respiration Cells take up O2 from haemoglobin and the blood from the cells Capillary RBC Cells O2 CO2
  • 23. Mechanisms Absorption of Nutrients Absorption of nutrients was occurred at the digestive system Place of nutrients is exchange - Small Intestine Small Intestine Glucose Blood Vessels Intestine cells with Na+ Receptors
  • 24. Man contains 150-250 mg / 100 ml of blood In children the cholesterol level is low. It gradually increases with age Above the normal is called- Hyper and Low Hypo cholesterolaemia Hyper cholestrolaemia-leads deposition of cholesterol on arteries Blood Cholesterol level
  • 25. Blood sugar • Sugar is in the farm of Glucose •Normal healthy man consists 100 mg/ 100 ml of blood • Hyperglycemia – Above the normal •Hypoglycemia- Below the normal •Control- Insulin Glycogenesis- Converted into glycogen, stored at Liver muscles Lipogenesis- Converted into fat, stored at Adipose tissues Glycogenolysis- Converted Glycogen into Glucose, Fall of Glucose Gluconeogenesis- Absence of Glycogen, other farm is converted into Glucose Glycolysis- Excess of sugar used for Kerbs cycle
  • 26. Heart Failure “The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the body’s requirement is called heart failure” 1. Low output heart failure 2. High output heart failure 3. Backward heart failure 4. Forward heart failure 5. Congestive heart failure 6. Left ventricular heart failure 7. Right ventricular heart failure
  • 27. Heart Failure “The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the body’s requirement is called heart failure” 1. Coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, causes decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. If the arteries become blocked or severely narrowed, the heart becomes starved for oxygen and nutrients. 2. Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes suddenly blocked, stopping the flow of blood to the heart muscle. 3. Cardiomyopathy. Damage to the heart muscle from causes other than artery or blood flow problems, such as from infections or alcohol . 4. Conditions that overwork the heart. Conditions including high blood pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or heart defects present at birth can all cause heart failure. In addition, heart failure can occur when several diseases or conditions are present at once.
  • 28. Tips for Heart Care Quit smoking now. Twelve months after quitting, your increased risk of dying from heart disease will be half that of a continuing smoker. Improve your diet. Include wholegrain cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts in your diet and lower your risk of heart disease. Exercise regularly. Walk briskly for 30 minutes a day and reduce your risk of heart attack by one third. Maintain your friendships. People with supportive friendship networks are at less risk of heart disease. Eat more fish. Oily fish like tuna, sardines or salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and will boost your good cholesterol. Switch your chocolate choice. Switch from milk chocolate to dark chocolate. When eaten in moderation, dark chocolate is good for your heart. Limit your alcohol. It is recommended you limit yourself to no more than two standard glasses of alcohol a day if you are a man, or one glass a day if you are a woman. Avoid salty and high sodium foods. Don’t add salt when preparing or eating your meals. Have a diabetes test. Uncontrolled diabetes can damage your artery walls and contribute to heart disease. Make fitness fun. Choose activities that combine exercise and socialising like pilates, water aerobics, dancing, cycling or yoga.
  • 29. References Arumugam, N. and Mariakuttian A. (2013) Animal Physiology, Saras publication, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu India pp. 558. Pranav Kumar and Usha Mina (2011) Life Science Fundamentals and Practice. Part II. Pathfinder Academy, New Delhi, India. Pp-588.