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Classification of joints

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Farhan Ali
Farhan Ali

Joints are classified structurally based on how bones connect and functionally based on degree of movement. Structural types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Fibrous joints allow little movement, cartilaginous more than fibrous but less than synovial. Synovial joints have the most mobility and include ball-and-socket, hinge, and gliding joints. Functionally, joints are synarthrosis (no movement), amphiarthrosis (slight movement), and diarthrosis (varied movement like flexion). Key parts of joints are articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

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Classification of joints
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS DR. Zafar Qurashi
DEFINITION  A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.  Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION  Fibrous/Immovable Fibrous/Immovable bones are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. The fibrous joints are further divided into three types
 Cartilaginous Cartilaginous are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
 Synovial Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder.
FIBROUS JOINTS • 1. Sutures or synostoses are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial).
FIBROUS JOINTS • 2. Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), but not to such degree as synovial joints.
FIBROUS JOINTS • 3. Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Primary cartilaginous joints - Known as "synchondroses". Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, sometimes occurring between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age. These joints usually allow no movement, or minimal movement in the case of the manubriosternal and first manubriocostal joints.
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum, and the "growth plates" between ossification centers in long bones.
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Secondary cartilaginous joints - Known as "symphyses". Fibrocartilaginous joints, usually occurring in the midline. Examples in human anatomy would be the intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis. Articulating bones at a symphasis are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a thick, fairly compressable pad of fibrocartilage between them.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS  Synovial Synovial joint  Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder. These are further classified into ball and socket joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, and gliding joints.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS  Ball and Socket - such as the shoulder or the hip and femur.  Hinge - such as the elbow.  Pivot - such as the radius and ulna.  Condyloid (or ellipsoidal) - such as the wrist between radius and carpals, or knee  Saddle - such as the joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals.  Gliding - such as between the carpals.
1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT
Classification of joints
2. SADDLE JOINT
3. CONDYLOID JOINT
4. PIVOT JOINT
5. HINGE JOINT
Classification of joints
6. PLANE JOINT
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  Synarthrosis  Amphiarthrosis  Diarthrosis
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  1. Synarthrosis Synarthroses permit little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. They can be categorised by how the two bones are joined together:  A.Synchondroses are joints where the two bones are connected by a piece of cartilage.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  B. Synostoses are where two bones that are initially separted eventually fuse together, essentially becoming one bone. In humans the plates of the cranium fuse together as a child approaches adulthood. Children whose craniums fuse too early may suffer deformities and brain damage as the skull does not expand properly to accommodate the growing brain, a condition known as craniostenosis.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  2. Amphiarthrosis Amphiarthroses permit slight mobility. The two bone surfaces at the joint are both covered in hyaline cartilage and joined by strands of fibrocartilage. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  3. Diarthroses Permit a variety of movements (e.g. flexion, adduction, pronation). Only synovial joints are diarthrodial. They can be divided into six classes:  Ball and Socket - such as the shoulder or the hip and femur.  Hinge - such as the elbow.  Pivot - such as the radius and ulna.  Condyloid (or ellipsoidal) - such as the wrist between radius and carpals, or knee  Saddle - such as the joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals.  Gliding or plane- such as between the carpals.
BIOMECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION  Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into simple and compound, depending on the number of bones involved, and into complex and combination joints:
BIOMECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION  Simple Joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg. shoulder joint, hip joint)  Compound Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces (eg. radiocarpal joint)  Complex Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or meniscus (eg. knee joint)
ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Anatomical The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups:  articulations of hand  wrists  elbows  axillary articulations  sternoclavicular joints  vertebral articulations  temporomandibular joints  sacroiliac joints  hip joints  knee  articulations of foot
TERMS RELATING TO JOINT MOVEMENTS  Extension Increasing the angle. In the anatomical position everything is extended.  Hyperextension To increase the angle beyond the anatomical position.  Flexion Decreasing the angle.  Plantar Flexion To point the toe.  Dorsiflexion Pulls the toes up.  Abduction Moving a limb away from the trunk of the body.
TERMS RELATING TO JOINT MOVEMENTS  Adduction Moving a limb toward the trunk of the body.  Rotation Movement of a bone around an axis.  Circumduction Circular movement of the distal end of a limb.  Supination The palm in the anatomical position (palms forward).  Pronation Palms backward.  Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward.  Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward.
PARTS OF A JOINT  A). Articular Cartilage  B). Synovial (joint) cavity  C). Articular Capsule  D). Synovial Fluid.  E). Reinforcing Ligaments  F). Fatty Pads or Articular Discs  G). Bursae Flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid. Function to reduce friction  H).Tendon Sheath A bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subject to friction.
PARTS OF A JOINT
PARTS OF A JOINT
FACTORS INFLUENCING JOINT STABILITY  A). The shape of articular surfaces.  B). Ligaments  C). Muscle Tone
Classification of joints

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Classification of joints

  • 3. DEFINITION  A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.  Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones
  • 4. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION  Fibrous/Immovable Fibrous/Immovable bones are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. The fibrous joints are further divided into three types
  • 5.  Cartilaginous Cartilaginous are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
  • 6.  Synovial Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder.
  • 7. FIBROUS JOINTS • 1. Sutures or synostoses are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial).
  • 8. FIBROUS JOINTS • 2. Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), but not to such degree as synovial joints.
  • 9. FIBROUS JOINTS • 3. Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
  • 10. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
  • 11. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Primary cartilaginous joints - Known as "synchondroses". Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, sometimes occurring between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age. These joints usually allow no movement, or minimal movement in the case of the manubriosternal and first manubriocostal joints.
  • 12. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum, and the "growth plates" between ossification centers in long bones.
  • 13. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS  Secondary cartilaginous joints - Known as "symphyses". Fibrocartilaginous joints, usually occurring in the midline. Examples in human anatomy would be the intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis. Articulating bones at a symphasis are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a thick, fairly compressable pad of fibrocartilage between them.
  • 14. SYNOVIAL JOINTS  Synovial Synovial joint  Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder. These are further classified into ball and socket joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, and gliding joints.
  • 15. SYNOVIAL JOINTS  Ball and Socket - such as the shoulder or the hip and femur.  Hinge - such as the elbow.  Pivot - such as the radius and ulna.  Condyloid (or ellipsoidal) - such as the wrist between radius and carpals, or knee  Saddle - such as the joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals.  Gliding - such as between the carpals.
  • 16. 1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT
  • 24. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  Synarthrosis  Amphiarthrosis  Diarthrosis
  • 25. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  1. Synarthrosis Synarthroses permit little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. They can be categorised by how the two bones are joined together:  A.Synchondroses are joints where the two bones are connected by a piece of cartilage.
  • 26. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  B. Synostoses are where two bones that are initially separted eventually fuse together, essentially becoming one bone. In humans the plates of the cranium fuse together as a child approaches adulthood. Children whose craniums fuse too early may suffer deformities and brain damage as the skull does not expand properly to accommodate the growing brain, a condition known as craniostenosis.
  • 27. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  2. Amphiarthrosis Amphiarthroses permit slight mobility. The two bone surfaces at the joint are both covered in hyaline cartilage and joined by strands of fibrocartilage. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous.
  • 28. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION  3. Diarthroses Permit a variety of movements (e.g. flexion, adduction, pronation). Only synovial joints are diarthrodial. They can be divided into six classes:  Ball and Socket - such as the shoulder or the hip and femur.  Hinge - such as the elbow.  Pivot - such as the radius and ulna.  Condyloid (or ellipsoidal) - such as the wrist between radius and carpals, or knee  Saddle - such as the joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals.  Gliding or plane- such as between the carpals.
  • 29. BIOMECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION  Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into simple and compound, depending on the number of bones involved, and into complex and combination joints:
  • 30. BIOMECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION  Simple Joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg. shoulder joint, hip joint)  Compound Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces (eg. radiocarpal joint)  Complex Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or meniscus (eg. knee joint)
  • 31. ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Anatomical The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups:  articulations of hand  wrists  elbows  axillary articulations  sternoclavicular joints  vertebral articulations  temporomandibular joints  sacroiliac joints  hip joints  knee  articulations of foot
  • 32. TERMS RELATING TO JOINT MOVEMENTS  Extension Increasing the angle. In the anatomical position everything is extended.  Hyperextension To increase the angle beyond the anatomical position.  Flexion Decreasing the angle.  Plantar Flexion To point the toe.  Dorsiflexion Pulls the toes up.  Abduction Moving a limb away from the trunk of the body.
  • 33. TERMS RELATING TO JOINT MOVEMENTS  Adduction Moving a limb toward the trunk of the body.  Rotation Movement of a bone around an axis.  Circumduction Circular movement of the distal end of a limb.  Supination The palm in the anatomical position (palms forward).  Pronation Palms backward.  Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward.  Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward.
  • 34. PARTS OF A JOINT  A). Articular Cartilage  B). Synovial (joint) cavity  C). Articular Capsule  D). Synovial Fluid.  E). Reinforcing Ligaments  F). Fatty Pads or Articular Discs  G). Bursae Flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid. Function to reduce friction  H).Tendon Sheath A bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subject to friction.
  • 35. PARTS OF A JOINT
  • 36. PARTS OF A JOINT
  • 37. FACTORS INFLUENCING JOINT STABILITY  A). The shape of articular surfaces.  B). Ligaments  C). Muscle Tone