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Concept of health and disease

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Nc Das
Nc Das

The document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and prevention. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It describes positive health and the good health triad. Determinants of health are defined as predisposing factors that influence community health, including host factors like age and genetics, and environmental factors. Risk factors are attributes associated with disease development. The document outlines dimensions of health and wellness, and defines disease using the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes the natural history of disease and levels of prevention from primordial to treatment. Gordon's 1987 classification system for preventive interventions is also mentioned.

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CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASEDR. N. C. DAS
CONCEPT OF HEALTH1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.(WHO 1948)2. Operational definition of Health by WHO – a condition or quality of the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the organism in given conditions, genetic or environmental. 
HEALTH AND WELBEINGPositive health – it implies the notion of perfect health in body and mind. It cannot become a reality, it always remain a dream because everything in our life is subject to change.“Wellness is a multidimensional state of being describing the existence of positive health in an individual as exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being.”
Good health TriadA combination of above three conditions defines the good health
Determinants of HealthIlnessPreventionTreatmentHealthLevel-ICOMMUNITY—Level-IIWALSHA 1988FOUNDATION—LEVEL_III
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHDeterminants are defined as those predisposing factor, which influence the health of a particular community.1.Host factor (intrinsic)- Host is ‘soil’ and disease agent is ‘seed’. Host predisposing factors are:-i)It includes age, sex, ethnicity, biological characteristics such as genetic factors, blood groups, etc, ii)Socio-economic factors such as status, education, occupation, stress, etc iii)Life style such as personality traits, drugs, alcohol, smoking, behavior patterns 
2.Environmental factors (extrinsic)- It is complex and defined as all that which is external to individual human host, may be living or non living and with which he is in constant interaction. Environment of man is divided into three components – physical, biological and psychological.
3.Risk factors- Defined as an attribute or exposure that is significantly associated with the development of the disease.
Risk factors are often suggestive, ie, presence of a risk factor does not imply that the disease will occur, and in its absence diseases will not occur.
Risk factors may be causative (eg, smoking for CA lung), contributory (lack of physical exercise for CHD) or predictive (eg, illiteracy for prenatal mortality).RISK FACTORS
Dimensions of healthHealth is multidimensional- mainly physical, mental and social(also spiritual, emotional, vocational, political, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental, philosophical, educational, nutritional, curative and preventive dimensions). PHILOSOPHICALPOLITICALVOCATIONALSPRITUALEMOTIONALMENTALHEALTHCULTURALENVIRONMENTALSOCIO_ECONOMICPHYSICALPROMOTIVEPREVENTIVECURATIVE
DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTHSOURCE: INTERNATE
6 DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTH & WELL BEING1.PhysicalA healthy body maintained by good nutrition, regular exercise, avoiding harmful habits, making informed decisions about health and seeking medical assistance when necessary.2.EmotionalThe ability to understand your own feelings, accept your limitations, achieve emotional stability and become comfortable with your emotions.3.SpiritualThe sense that life is meaningful and has a purpose; the ethics, values and morals that guide us and give meaning and direction to life.
DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTH& WELL BEING 4.IntellectualA state in which your mind is engaged in lively interaction with the world around you. It involves continued learning, problem solving and creativity.5.EnvironmentalIt reflects the fact that personal health depends on the health of the planet. Environmental wellness also requires learning aout and protecting yourself against environmental hazards. b6.SocialThe ability to relate well to others, both within and outside the family unit. It encourages contributing to a healthy community by supporting a healthy living environment and initiating better communication with others.
Dimensions of WellnessWellness is a multidimensional state of the existence of positive health in an individual . It is exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being.Social WellnessOccupational WellnessSpiritual WellnessPhysical WellnessIntellectual WellnessEmotional WellnessEnvironmental WellnessFinancial WellnessMental WellnessMedical Wellness
 WHO Dimensions of Health And WELNESS1.Overall good health and wellness are inter-dependent on five dimensions, namely physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual. 2.These good health parameters have been set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. 3.Our body and mind are tuned to send us signals for any nonfunctional activity, generally called as symptoms. 4.It's important to read and understand them in time, to ensure balance of mind, spirit and bodyWHO
CONCEPT OF DISEASESICKNESSILLNESSDISEASE PROCESSDISEASE
Sickness is a state of social dysfunction. Likes to remain away from social activities.
Illness is a subjective state of person who feels aware of not being well with evident sign and symptoms.
Disease is maladjustment (Physiological/ Psychological of the human being to its environment.)Epidemiological TriadO2AgentDISEASEFIREHostFuelEnvironmentIgnition(Stage of Equilibrium)The concept of disease is based on the concept of fire. Fire occurs when there is a interaction between these above factors.Similarly disease process starts, when there is an interaction between ‘Agents’, Hosts and Environment.
a) biologicalBacterium, virus, fungi, protozoa etcClassification of factors of triad of epidemiologyb) NutritionalIron deff, Iodine deff, high fluoride- etc cholestrolc) PhysicalHeat, Frost, Humidity, Altitude sound, electrifyd) ChemicalEndogenous- lime acid, calcium, oxalates Exogenous- Allergens, insecticidef) MechanicalFriction, accident, traumag) HereditaryPolycystic disease, sickle cell, thallacesemiah) Social Poverty. Illiteracy, alcohol drug abuse.Agent FactorsHost Factor:Age, sex, race, religion, behavior, believes and practices. Environmental Factor: Physical, Social, Climatic, Economic Biological.
Natural History of DiseaseENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONAGENT HOSTPre-pathogenesisStrong ImmunityIn effective does of agentEnvironment UnsuitableSicknessPathogenesisEffect NeutralizedSign & SymptomStatus of EquilibriumIllnessDiagnosis & TreatmentRecoveryChronic StageDisabilityDeath
Concept of PreventionPrevention is always better than cure. As per the natural history of disease, epidemiology has derived 4 levels of prevention of Disease.Level of prevention
Disease PreventionPrimordial Prevention: It is a new concept emerging out, where efforts are made to prevent emergence development of risk factor, through change of food habits, smoking, exercise, naturopathy and yoga.Health Promotion: Through Health education, nutritional intervention, life style behavioral changes, regular exercisesSpecific Protection: Through Immunization, Chemo-prophylosis, Nutritional Supplements, Pollution free environment carcinogen noise control and standardization of consumer product control accidentEarly diagnosis and Prompt treatment: Regular Health Checkup of community,check up of children pregnant mothers and elder people. Health checkup of high risk groups like smokers, obese alcoholic sedentary worker and factory worker.Disability Limitation: Through proper exercise physio and occupation therapy. Corrective, plastic surgery to improve mobility.Rehabilitation: - Mental and Physical makeup to become productive.Occupational therapy depending on the nature and extend of disability.Establishing independence and status in the society
Preventive medicine strategies are classified into the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. In addition, the term "primal prevention" has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well-being and prevent risk factors in any long-term health consequences.Source: Wikipedia

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Concept of health and disease

  • 1. CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASEDR. N. C. DAS
  • 2. CONCEPT OF HEALTH1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.(WHO 1948)2. Operational definition of Health by WHO – a condition or quality of the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the organism in given conditions, genetic or environmental. 
  • 3. HEALTH AND WELBEINGPositive health – it implies the notion of perfect health in body and mind. It cannot become a reality, it always remain a dream because everything in our life is subject to change.“Wellness is a multidimensional state of being describing the existence of positive health in an individual as exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being.”
  • 4. Good health TriadA combination of above three conditions defines the good health
  • 6. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHDeterminants are defined as those predisposing factor, which influence the health of a particular community.1.Host factor (intrinsic)- Host is ‘soil’ and disease agent is ‘seed’. Host predisposing factors are:-i)It includes age, sex, ethnicity, biological characteristics such as genetic factors, blood groups, etc, ii)Socio-economic factors such as status, education, occupation, stress, etc iii)Life style such as personality traits, drugs, alcohol, smoking, behavior patterns 
  • 7. 2.Environmental factors (extrinsic)- It is complex and defined as all that which is external to individual human host, may be living or non living and with which he is in constant interaction. Environment of man is divided into three components – physical, biological and psychological.
  • 8. 3.Risk factors- Defined as an attribute or exposure that is significantly associated with the development of the disease.
  • 9. Risk factors are often suggestive, ie, presence of a risk factor does not imply that the disease will occur, and in its absence diseases will not occur.
  • 10. Risk factors may be causative (eg, smoking for CA lung), contributory (lack of physical exercise for CHD) or predictive (eg, illiteracy for prenatal mortality).RISK FACTORS
  • 11. Dimensions of healthHealth is multidimensional- mainly physical, mental and social(also spiritual, emotional, vocational, political, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental, philosophical, educational, nutritional, curative and preventive dimensions). PHILOSOPHICALPOLITICALVOCATIONALSPRITUALEMOTIONALMENTALHEALTHCULTURALENVIRONMENTALSOCIO_ECONOMICPHYSICALPROMOTIVEPREVENTIVECURATIVE
  • 12. DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTHSOURCE: INTERNATE
  • 13. 6 DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTH & WELL BEING1.PhysicalA healthy body maintained by good nutrition, regular exercise, avoiding harmful habits, making informed decisions about health and seeking medical assistance when necessary.2.EmotionalThe ability to understand your own feelings, accept your limitations, achieve emotional stability and become comfortable with your emotions.3.SpiritualThe sense that life is meaningful and has a purpose; the ethics, values and morals that guide us and give meaning and direction to life.
  • 14. DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTH& WELL BEING 4.IntellectualA state in which your mind is engaged in lively interaction with the world around you. It involves continued learning, problem solving and creativity.5.EnvironmentalIt reflects the fact that personal health depends on the health of the planet. Environmental wellness also requires learning aout and protecting yourself against environmental hazards. b6.SocialThe ability to relate well to others, both within and outside the family unit. It encourages contributing to a healthy community by supporting a healthy living environment and initiating better communication with others.
  • 15. Dimensions of WellnessWellness is a multidimensional state of the existence of positive health in an individual . It is exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being.Social WellnessOccupational WellnessSpiritual WellnessPhysical WellnessIntellectual WellnessEmotional WellnessEnvironmental WellnessFinancial WellnessMental WellnessMedical Wellness
  • 16.  WHO Dimensions of Health And WELNESS1.Overall good health and wellness are inter-dependent on five dimensions, namely physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual. 2.These good health parameters have been set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. 3.Our body and mind are tuned to send us signals for any nonfunctional activity, generally called as symptoms. 4.It's important to read and understand them in time, to ensure balance of mind, spirit and bodyWHO
  • 18. Sickness is a state of social dysfunction. Likes to remain away from social activities.
  • 19. Illness is a subjective state of person who feels aware of not being well with evident sign and symptoms.
  • 20. Disease is maladjustment (Physiological/ Psychological of the human being to its environment.)Epidemiological TriadO2AgentDISEASEFIREHostFuelEnvironmentIgnition(Stage of Equilibrium)The concept of disease is based on the concept of fire. Fire occurs when there is a interaction between these above factors.Similarly disease process starts, when there is an interaction between ‘Agents’, Hosts and Environment.
  • 21. a) biologicalBacterium, virus, fungi, protozoa etcClassification of factors of triad of epidemiologyb) NutritionalIron deff, Iodine deff, high fluoride- etc cholestrolc) PhysicalHeat, Frost, Humidity, Altitude sound, electrifyd) ChemicalEndogenous- lime acid, calcium, oxalates Exogenous- Allergens, insecticidef) MechanicalFriction, accident, traumag) HereditaryPolycystic disease, sickle cell, thallacesemiah) Social Poverty. Illiteracy, alcohol drug abuse.Agent FactorsHost Factor:Age, sex, race, religion, behavior, believes and practices. Environmental Factor: Physical, Social, Climatic, Economic Biological.
  • 22. Natural History of DiseaseENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONAGENT HOSTPre-pathogenesisStrong ImmunityIn effective does of agentEnvironment UnsuitableSicknessPathogenesisEffect NeutralizedSign & SymptomStatus of EquilibriumIllnessDiagnosis & TreatmentRecoveryChronic StageDisabilityDeath
  • 23. Concept of PreventionPrevention is always better than cure. As per the natural history of disease, epidemiology has derived 4 levels of prevention of Disease.Level of prevention
  • 24. Disease PreventionPrimordial Prevention: It is a new concept emerging out, where efforts are made to prevent emergence development of risk factor, through change of food habits, smoking, exercise, naturopathy and yoga.Health Promotion: Through Health education, nutritional intervention, life style behavioral changes, regular exercisesSpecific Protection: Through Immunization, Chemo-prophylosis, Nutritional Supplements, Pollution free environment carcinogen noise control and standardization of consumer product control accidentEarly diagnosis and Prompt treatment: Regular Health Checkup of community,check up of children pregnant mothers and elder people. Health checkup of high risk groups like smokers, obese alcoholic sedentary worker and factory worker.Disability Limitation: Through proper exercise physio and occupation therapy. Corrective, plastic surgery to improve mobility.Rehabilitation: - Mental and Physical makeup to become productive.Occupational therapy depending on the nature and extend of disability.Establishing independence and status in the society
  • 25. Preventive medicine strategies are classified into the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. In addition, the term "primal prevention" has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well-being and prevent risk factors in any long-term health consequences.Source: Wikipedia
  • 26. GORDON’S (1987) CLASSIFICATIONGordon (1987) in the area of disease prevention, and later Kumpfer and Baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three-tiered preventive intervention classification system. (Wikipedia)
  • 27. hospiadHospital Administration Made EasyTHANK YOU http//hospiad.blogspot.comAn effort solely to help students and aspirants in their attempt to become a successful Hospital Administrator.DR. N. C. DAS