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Convolvulaceae

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The Convolvulaceae family contains about 55 genera and 1930 species of mostly twining or climbing herbs. It is cosmopolitan but most diverse in the tropics and subtropics. Flowers are usually bisexual and monoecious with 5 sepals and petals. Fruits include capsules, berries, and nuts. Many species are important ornamentals or crops like sweet potato, while others like field bindweed are invasive weeds. Dodder is a holoparasitic genus that lacks chlorophyll and attaches to host plants to extract nutrients.

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Convolvulaceae-The Morning Glory Family 55 genera, 1930 species Ipomoea (600), Convolvulus (250), Cuscuta (150), Evolvulus Convolvulus Ipomoea Evolvulus
Habit & Other Characters Usually twining or climbing herbs Also shrubs, lianas, or trees (rarely the latter) Often have rhizomes Sometimes succulent Occ. parasitic w/little or no chlorophyll Laticifers usually present, containing milky sap, occ. alkaloids present Various types of trichomes, 2-branched or simple
Leaves Alternate and spiral Simple Usually entire, but sometimes pinnately or palmately compound or lobed; sagittate Pinnate or palmate venation Exstipulate
Distribution Cosmopolitan, but most diverse in tropics and subtropics centers of diversity in Africa and the Americas Cuscutaceae/Cuscutoideae
Flowers Inflorescences Solitary or in cymes Often subtended by involucre of bracts Usually actinomorphic to somewhat zygomorphic Bisexual & Usually monoecious Perianth Usually 5 persistent, imbricate sepals, distinct to slightly connate Usually 5 connate petals Clearly plicate (folded like a fan) Valvate (petals arranged edge to edge but not overlapping) Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, bell-shaped, or pitcher or urn-shaped Flowers usually subtended by bracts & bracteoles
Gynoecium 2(-5) connate carpels Superior ovary 1-5 locules, usually 2 Placentation usually axile or basal Ovary entire or deeply 2-4 lobed Style terminal to gynobasic style attached to the gynobase—elongation or enlargement of the receptacle—seen in Boraginaceae flowers 1-2 capitate, lobed, or linear stigmas Nectar disk present and usually lobed
Androecium Usually 5 epipetalous stamens, often of unequal lengths Oppositisepalous (in front of the sepals) Anthers dehisce longitudinally Pollen tricolpate to multiporate; often spiny
Fruit Septifragal capsule Circumscissile capsule dehiscing along transverse circular line so top opens like a lid Loculicidal capsule Irregularly dehiscing capsule Papery and inflated Also berry, nut, or utricular fruit Albuminous seeds Embryo straight or curved
Habitat & Ecology Tropical rainforests, savannas, prairies, deserts Usually at low elevations but some spp. grow up to 3000 m Corolla open for a few hours to a day Typically showy flowers attract insects Usually bees but also moths Bats and birds also pollinate Some Ipomoea spp. are hummingbird-pollinated Large seeds probably dispersed by wind, but also water and animals Several introduced spp. in N. America
Phylogenetics Order: Solanales Usually 2-4 subfamilies, sometimes considered separate families Cuscutaceae often separated because of parasitic traits Dichondraceae often separated on basis of gynobasic styles Treating these subfamilies as families makes Convolvulaceae s.s. paraphyletic Soltis et al. 2000
Cuscuta spp. (dodder) Holoparasites, lacking chlorophyll On the USDA’s Top Ten Weeds List, often affecting cucurbits, plants in nurseries, and other crops Rarely kill hosts Can germinate and attach to host in less than 24 hours Haustoria penetrate phloem, sometimes xylem, extracting CHOs, water, and solutes Roots last only until attachment to host Leaves are inconspicuous scales White or pink flowers Some native and some introduced spp. in the US
Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) Invasive species in N. America; European native Sagittate leaves Creeping perennial herb/vine Rhizomes grow as deep as 6 m! (19’) Seeds can remain viable for up to 50 yrs! Spread from crop seed, livestock feed, & livestock Attaches to native plants in attempt to gain access to light Flowers white or pink with white stripes arranged in star-shape Unilateral raceme w/flowers along one side Trumpet-shaped corolla Vanilla-like odor Stem used to tie plants together Green dye Stimulates immune system Contains anti-cancer agents
Economic Importance Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato (edible root) 7 th largest food crop globally Native to New World tropics Used for red dye in alcoholic beverage, masato, in the Amazon Strong purgatives and laxatives; many other uses Several Ipomoea spp. used to treat boils Drug uses Ipomoea tricolor , a native American sp., has seeds containing small amounts of hallucinogenic alkaloids used by Native Mexicans and later used by people throughout N. America during the ’60s and ’70s Ornamentals Cultivated for beautiful flowers Ipomoea tricolor , I. purpurea , Evolvulus , Convolvulus spp. (C. tricolor) Convolvulus tricolor Ipomoea tricolor

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Convolvulaceae

  • 1. Convolvulaceae-The Morning Glory Family 55 genera, 1930 species Ipomoea (600), Convolvulus (250), Cuscuta (150), Evolvulus Convolvulus Ipomoea Evolvulus
  • 2. Habit & Other Characters Usually twining or climbing herbs Also shrubs, lianas, or trees (rarely the latter) Often have rhizomes Sometimes succulent Occ. parasitic w/little or no chlorophyll Laticifers usually present, containing milky sap, occ. alkaloids present Various types of trichomes, 2-branched or simple
  • 3. Leaves Alternate and spiral Simple Usually entire, but sometimes pinnately or palmately compound or lobed; sagittate Pinnate or palmate venation Exstipulate
  • 4. Distribution Cosmopolitan, but most diverse in tropics and subtropics centers of diversity in Africa and the Americas Cuscutaceae/Cuscutoideae
  • 5. Flowers Inflorescences Solitary or in cymes Often subtended by involucre of bracts Usually actinomorphic to somewhat zygomorphic Bisexual & Usually monoecious Perianth Usually 5 persistent, imbricate sepals, distinct to slightly connate Usually 5 connate petals Clearly plicate (folded like a fan) Valvate (petals arranged edge to edge but not overlapping) Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, bell-shaped, or pitcher or urn-shaped Flowers usually subtended by bracts & bracteoles
  • 6. Gynoecium 2(-5) connate carpels Superior ovary 1-5 locules, usually 2 Placentation usually axile or basal Ovary entire or deeply 2-4 lobed Style terminal to gynobasic style attached to the gynobase—elongation or enlargement of the receptacle—seen in Boraginaceae flowers 1-2 capitate, lobed, or linear stigmas Nectar disk present and usually lobed
  • 7. Androecium Usually 5 epipetalous stamens, often of unequal lengths Oppositisepalous (in front of the sepals) Anthers dehisce longitudinally Pollen tricolpate to multiporate; often spiny
  • 8. Fruit Septifragal capsule Circumscissile capsule dehiscing along transverse circular line so top opens like a lid Loculicidal capsule Irregularly dehiscing capsule Papery and inflated Also berry, nut, or utricular fruit Albuminous seeds Embryo straight or curved
  • 9. Habitat & Ecology Tropical rainforests, savannas, prairies, deserts Usually at low elevations but some spp. grow up to 3000 m Corolla open for a few hours to a day Typically showy flowers attract insects Usually bees but also moths Bats and birds also pollinate Some Ipomoea spp. are hummingbird-pollinated Large seeds probably dispersed by wind, but also water and animals Several introduced spp. in N. America
  • 10. Phylogenetics Order: Solanales Usually 2-4 subfamilies, sometimes considered separate families Cuscutaceae often separated because of parasitic traits Dichondraceae often separated on basis of gynobasic styles Treating these subfamilies as families makes Convolvulaceae s.s. paraphyletic Soltis et al. 2000
  • 11. Cuscuta spp. (dodder) Holoparasites, lacking chlorophyll On the USDA’s Top Ten Weeds List, often affecting cucurbits, plants in nurseries, and other crops Rarely kill hosts Can germinate and attach to host in less than 24 hours Haustoria penetrate phloem, sometimes xylem, extracting CHOs, water, and solutes Roots last only until attachment to host Leaves are inconspicuous scales White or pink flowers Some native and some introduced spp. in the US
  • 12. Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) Invasive species in N. America; European native Sagittate leaves Creeping perennial herb/vine Rhizomes grow as deep as 6 m! (19’) Seeds can remain viable for up to 50 yrs! Spread from crop seed, livestock feed, & livestock Attaches to native plants in attempt to gain access to light Flowers white or pink with white stripes arranged in star-shape Unilateral raceme w/flowers along one side Trumpet-shaped corolla Vanilla-like odor Stem used to tie plants together Green dye Stimulates immune system Contains anti-cancer agents
  • 13. Economic Importance Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato (edible root) 7 th largest food crop globally Native to New World tropics Used for red dye in alcoholic beverage, masato, in the Amazon Strong purgatives and laxatives; many other uses Several Ipomoea spp. used to treat boils Drug uses Ipomoea tricolor , a native American sp., has seeds containing small amounts of hallucinogenic alkaloids used by Native Mexicans and later used by people throughout N. America during the ’60s and ’70s Ornamentals Cultivated for beautiful flowers Ipomoea tricolor , I. purpurea , Evolvulus , Convolvulus spp. (C. tricolor) Convolvulus tricolor Ipomoea tricolor