Cultivation practices roses
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Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
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Cultivation practices roses
- 1. ROSE
- 2. • Queen of flowers • National flower of England
- 3. VARIETIES - DIFFERENT TYPES • HYBRID TEA • TEA ROSES • HYBRID PERPETUALS • POLYANTHUS • FLORIBUNDA • GRANDIFLORA • GRANDIFLORA • CLIMBERS
- 4. TEA ROSES • Having the smell of tea • Its also called China rose • Stem is not hard • Have no. of small branches • Needs good sunlight flower buds of this class are longer and look beautiful.
- 5. TEA ROSES VARIETIES • Lady Hillingdon • Molly Scharmann - Crowford • Anna Olivier
- 9. HYBRID TEA • The flower buds are longer and look beautiful. • The flowers slow opening and hence can be kept in vases for a longer time. • The flower spikes are also longer. • Flowers of wide range of colours.
- 10. RED • First Red • Avon • Happiness • Mr. Lincoln • Raktagandha • Black Lady • Montezuma
- 17. YELLOW • Gold Medal • Golden Star • Golden Times • Yellow Success • Pusa Sonia
- 21. ORANGE • Super Star • Summer Hoilday • President • Grand Gala
- 24. BI-COLOUR • Anvil Spark • Mudhosh • Double Delight • Supriya • Abhisarika • Kiss of Fire • Tata Centenary.
- 32. HYBRID PERPETUALS • It produces flowers more than one season • Produces Big sized flowers • Strong and Hard stem • Good smelling • Needs prunniing
- 33. • Princess Helen • Fro Call drusci • General Jacqueminot • Hag Dixon • Mrs John Laing • Paul Neyron
- 37. POLYANTHUS • Short plants • Continuous flowering type • Flowers come in clusters • Light pruning is required
- 38. • Pink -Madam Gladston • Dark red – Ideal • Pink – China doll • Red – Boarder king • Indian – Anjani, Rashmi, Nartaki, Swati,Priti
- 40. FLORIBUNDA • Hybrid Tea X Polyanthus • Profuse flowering in bunches • Flowers shed fast • Used for bedding and decoration
- 41. White • Iceberg, Summer Snow, Margaret Merril • Chitchor, Chandrama
- 45. Pink • Prema, Sadabahar, King Arthur, Bridal Pink
- 48. Yellow • Arthur Bell, Dr. Fawn, All gold, Sea Pearl
- 52. Mauve • Neelambari, Angel Face, Africa Star
- 54. Orange • Doris Norman, Suryakiran, Jorina, Jambra
- 55. Bi-colour • Charisma, Mask Red, Paint Box, Nav Sadabahar, Red Gold, Rar Addition
- 56. Scented • Angel Face, Delhi Princess
- 57. GRANDIFLORA • Hybrid tea X Floribunda • Produces flowers in bunches – June bride – Queen Elizebeth
- 59. MINIATURE • Known as Baby roses • Small leaves and flowers • Dwarf in stature • Used in flower arrangement
- 60. • Red: Beauty Secret, Dark Beauty, Fast Fire Beauty Secret
- 62. • Pink:Windy City, Sweet Fairy, Dizzler
- 65. • Yellow: Baby Gold Star, Kale Gold, Delhi Star Late
- 66. • Orange: Angel Ripyance, Petayit Foly
- 67. • Bi-colour: Star and Strip, Jainy Williams, Over the Rainbow Over the Rainbow
- 68. CLIMBERS • The branches of these roses are soft and spread like climber. • Flower at the end of the branches in small clusters. • Used for raising over the pergolas and the walls.
- 69. • Red: Climbing Crimson Glory, Blaze, Cocktail, Black Boy Climbing Crimson Glory
- 70. Blaze
- 71. Cocktail
- 72. Black boy
- 73. • White:Delhi White Pearl, Shelderer White, Rambler, American Pear, Lamark
- 74. • Pink:Climbing Show Girl, Lady Water Loo, Climbing of Silk, Soft Silk, Climbing Piece, Pink Meradan
- 75. • Lemon: Miracle Neel, Golden Shower, High Moon
- 76. Golden Shower
- 77. CULTIVATION PRACTICES • Soil and Climate: • Rose can be cultivated on wide range of soils. But well-drained sandy loam soils are ideal for planting. • Ideal PH range is 6.0 – 7.5 • Needs good sunlight air circulation – 6hrs sunlight is compulsory for good flowering.
- 78. Propagation • Roses can be normally propagated by Cutting, T budding or Patch budding • Commercial method of propagation is by cutting and budding.
- 79. Cutting • Scented roses are mainly propagated through cuttings. Hard wood Cuttings in case of polyanthas, climbers, ramblers and soft or semi hardwood cuttings for miniatures are used. • Cuttings are collected from healthier plants with 15-20 cm length and 3-4 nodes. • Cuttings are treated with IAA, BA 100ppm. • Cuttings are planted in mist chamber for easy and quicker rooting.
- 80. Budding • Hybrid and Floribunda roses mainly propagated through budding. ‘T’ budding is the common method. Root stocks used are R. multiflora (Briar root stock), R. indica var. odorata, R. bourboniana, R. laxa, R. canina and R. noisettiana. • When a rose plant comes into flower small swellings are visible between the stem and stalk of the leaf. • Select the eyes which are plump and not started to elongate and grow.
- 81. Budding • Cut off the portions of the branch with the eyes selected is called as 'bud wood' with a budding knife remove a shield shaped piece of the bark and the eye. • The Root stock should be kept ready by cutting the branches and side shoots which are not required. Make a sharp horizontal cut at a suitable height in the stock and then make a vertical ' T ' shaped cut in the stem of the stock. • The 'eye 'should point towards the top and is tied with fibre.
- 82. Preparation of Field • 2 -3 ploughings are given. • 20kg Farm Yard Manure is added. • Beds are prepared(6m x 1.2m) for the cultivation of roses. • Pits must be dug before the onset of rain so that the soil may settle down. • Round pits of 60-75 cm wide & 60 cm deep should be prepared. • Care should be taken that the top soil should remain on the top. • Care should be taken that bud should be always above soil.
- 83. Spacing • Cut flower production – 60 x 30 cm • Oil extraction – 2.5 x 0.5 m • Vigorously growing cultivars. 60 x 75 cm / 75 x 75 cm • Polyanthas – 45 cm • Miniatures – 30 cm • Climbing types – 3 m
- 84. Planting • Planting time October – November or any time when it is not very hot or cool. • Before planting, the top 30 cm soil from the pits should be removed. • The plant along with the earth ball may be gently lowered into the pit, keeping the main stem in the centre of the pit.
- 85. Planting • The bud union point where the scion joins the stock is kept just above the ground level. • While planting it is necessary to spread out the roots evenly. • The soil is returned to the pit and firmed towards the center. • The plant must be watered copiously immediately after planting.
- 86. Irrigation • Watering once in two days till the plants establish themselves and put forth new growth and there after given once in a week.
- 87. Pruning • How to prune • Remove dead, diseased or damaged wood. • Remove branches that grow towards the centre of the plant • Remove the weakest crossed branch and growth coming from below the bud union • Shape the plant • Make a cut at 45 degree angle ¼ inch above an outward facing bud.
- 88. Time of pruning • Exactly 45 days prior to the date of requirement of flowers during October- December. Pruning is necessary when the yield and quality declines.
- 89. Method of Prunning • 1st Year: Cut back the shoots to four developed buds remain. Allow the lateral shoots. • 2nd Year: Retain all strong shoots and remove weak and diseased shoots. Cut back the • strong shoots to 4-5 buds. • 3rd Year: Cut back vigorous shoot to half of its growth.
- 90. Manuring • Commercial preparations of ferilisers for roses like Rose mix, flower X are available in the market. The following mixture can be prepared at home also. • 5kg Ground nut cake • 6 kg bone meal • 1kg ammonium sulphate • 2kg SSP • 1 kg Pottassium sulphate • This mixture is applied 50 -100 g per plant just after pruning and once again after 1 ½ -2 months from the date of pruning.
- 91. Weeding • Mulching 2 to 4 inches of organic material like wood chips if found to reduce annual weeds and make hand weeding easier. • Manual weeding is effective. • Hoeing and roguing is also effective. • Effective control of broad leaved weeds by spraying with 2,4-D, at the rate of 2 kg/600 l of water/hectare 25–30 days before flowering followed by cultivation of soil to a depth of 6-10 cm.
- 92. INSECT PESTS ATTACKING ROSE INSECT PEST SYMPTOM CONTROL APHIDS January-February suck the cell sap discolour the leaves flower buds fall and lose their beauty spraying 0.1% Malathion or Metasystox (0.1-0.2%) RED SCALE August and September The branches covered with reddish-brown encrustations under which the insect sucks the juice of the plants spraying Malathion (0.1%) in April and again in October. CHAFFER BEETLES August-September cut away the leaves Monocrotophos (1ml/l) or Dimethoate (1.5 ml/l)
- 93. DISEASE AFFECTING ROSE DISEASES SYMPTOM CONTROL DIEBACK The drying up and blackening of pruned shoots start from top to downwards Bordeaux paste, application of optimum dose of fertilizer BLACK SPOT Conspicuous circular black spot with fringed margins appear on either side of leaf; leaves become chlorotic, dry up and prematurely drop Carbendazim (1g/litre of water) or Captan (0.2%) fungicide at fortnightly intervals POWDERY MILDEW Infected leaves turn purplish and drop. Flower buds may fail to open. Dusting with 80% Sulphur or spraying 0.1% Kerathane fungicide at fortnightly interval.
- 94. Harvesting • Flowering starts from 1st year onwards. Economic yield 2nd to 10th year. • Flowers are harvested when the flower buds are in half open stage. • For cut flowers, they are harvested at tight bud stage with long stalks(60-90cm). • Flowers are cut before sunrise.
- 95. Yield • Loose flowers : 7.5 t/ha • Cut flowers : 1st year : 100-120 flowers/m2 2nd year: 200-240 flowers/m2 3rd year: 300-360 flowers/m2