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Cultural exchange pp

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centers of art, learning, and ideas. Patterns of interregional unity formed across Afroeurasia as inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions spread from their regions of origin. Population growth and migration, expanding trade networks and empires, and the sharing of ideas across regions encouraged cultural exchange. Large empires brought many different groups together, stimulating the spread of languages, technologies, arts, and styles of living.

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Patterns of Interregional Unity 1
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. As we have learned, many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity. 2
Numerous inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their regions of origin. 3
…That spread of As time progresses, many ideas and things is of these important ideas part of cultural and useful things had exchange. spread all across Afroeurasia… 4
Cultural exchange had many aspects. Population increased Trade networks expanded and people migrated. and cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people People shared ideas together. across regions. 5
Let’s take a closer look at each of these causes of cultural exchange. Population Trade Ideas Empires 6
Population World population grew from about 250 million to 460 million between 200 CE and 1500 CE. 7
Were there billions of people living on the earth then as there Population are now? No, then people were counted only in the millions. A world population of 460 million in 1500 CE is about the same as the population of North America today! 8
500 450 Population 400 350 300 World Population 250 200 The 150 population 100 of the 50 American Population Americas 0 was much 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th smaller than c. c. c. the population of Afroeurasia. 9
As a result, cultural exchange 40 million Population in the Americas equals the was less population of extensive than in Spain or Afroeurasia. Colombia today! Less than 40 million people were spread over two huge continents. 10
So, we’ll look at Population cultural exchange in Afroeurasia, and then return to the Americas later. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Population growth in Afroeurasia affected the environment. Population Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded. 12
Human impact on the Population environment had serious effects! • Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working. • Soil eroded and degraded. • River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities. • Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat. 13
Population increases affected Population the environment. Sometimes, people got up and moved on to new lands. Large groups of people moved around, or migrated. 14
Vikings Population Germanic Mongols Tribes Turkic Groups Chinese Arabs Bantu-Speaking People of People of Africa Oceania People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. 15
Population • Migrating groups moved Migrations into other groups’ encouraged more territories, forcing them cultural exchanges to go elsewhere. across Afroeurasia. • Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes. • Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts. • Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts. 16
During Big Era Five, Empires many, many states and empires came… Building states and and went. empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia. 17
Empires New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires. 18
Frankish Kingdoms Avar Kingdom Parhae Byzantine Empire Sassanid Yamoto Empire Sui China Japan Silla Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Ghana Axum States and Empires in 600 CE 19
Carolingian Cordoba Byzantine Parhae Caliphate Gurjara- Tang China Silla Abbasid Pratihara Heian Caliphate Japan Ghana Axum Srivijaya States and Empires in 800 CE 20
Scandanavian Kingdoms Russia England Poland H.R.E. Mongol Empire France Spain Hungary Rum Koryo Portugal Almohad Caliphate Ayyubid Sung Kamakura China Japan Caliphate Delhi Sultanate Mali Angkor Oyo Ethiopia Benin Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1237 CE 21
Union of Kalmar Russian States Scotland England Poland- Khanate of the Jagatai Holy Lithuania Golden Horde Khanate Roman France Empire Hungary Portugal Castile Ottoman Emp. Korea Timurid Empire Ashikaga Granada Ming Japan China Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Mali Ethiopia Siam Oyo Benin Vijayanagara Zanj City-States Majapahit Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1400 CE 22
• Wars led to destruction but Empires produced new How did states inventions. and empires stimulate cultural • Strong governments exchanges in protected trade routes and stabilized Afroeurasia? currencies. • Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. • Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. 23
Trade Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange. Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth. 24
The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between Trade them. 25
Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. FROM 300-1500 CE, TRADE ROUTES EXTENDED FARTHER AND WERE USED BY MORE TRAVELERS. 26
• Trade helped spread religions, languages, Trade ideas, and arts. How did expanding trade • Trade stimulated networks bring about use of natural cultural exchanges in resources. Afroeurasia? • Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger. • Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade. 27
Ideas During Big Era Five, universal religions spread across Afroeurasia. Universal religions are belief systems that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group. 28
Ideas Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam THE SPREAD OF UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS FROM 300-1500 CE 29
Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia? Ideas Monks spread Traders and Sufi Missionaries Buddhism. orders spread spread Islam. Christianity. 30
• Universal faiths gave members a sense of How did the Ideas community beyond spread of religion political, class, or encourage ethnic identities. cultural exchange in Afroeurasia? • Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning. • The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences. 31
Ideas What inventions, technologies, products, and ideas were exchanged across Afroeurasia? 32
SCHOLARS STUDIED AND SPREAD KNOWLEDGE IN MANY INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. Ideas Sung scholar Korean library European Muslim astronomer astronomer s 33
Natural sciences developed in many places. Ideas Chinese Muslim Indian European 34
Transport and communication technologies improved. Ideas Books & paper Mapmakin Stern- g rudder Lateen sail North Arabian Stirrup Astrolabe camel saddle 35
Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia. Ideas • Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. • Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. • Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. 36
Crops also diffused across Ideas Afroeurasia. Travelers and migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to grow, eat, and sell these crops. 37
• Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern Ideas Africa to China. • Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. • Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. • Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China. • Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere. 38
Ideas How did transfers of • The pace of innovationtechnology and products increased. change people’s lives in Afroeurasia? • Knowledge accumulated more quickly. • Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. • People’s diets and health improved. • Sea travel and transport webs became thicker. 39
If you had to put You might say the changes in that by 1500 CE Big Era Five into the world was one sentence, connected, right? what would it be? But wait! You still haven’t said much about the Americas! 40
Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia were not yet permanently linked together. …not until 1492 . . . When Columbus set sail across the Atlantic . . . Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 41
The Americas had fewer people than Afroeurasia, and the two land masses were geographically isolated from each other. Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. In any case, the Americas were also a region of active human interchange. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 42
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXCHANGE IN THE AMERICAS: THE MAYA, INCA, AND AZTEC EMPIRES  Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed. Mississippian Mica  Trade routes connected regions. Moche Ceramic  Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed. Mayan Calendar  Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown. Inca Gold Corn & Potatoes 43
States and Empires in the Aztec Empire Mayan States Americas in 1500 CE Inca Empire Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 44
At the very end of Big Era Five, European mariners Those voyages linked set out on trans- the Americas with oceanic voyages to Afroeurasia for the first the Americas. time since the migrations of people over 13,000 years earlier! It had to happen sooner or later! 45
Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia Mapmaking before 1500 CE made possible Stern- the technologies rudder Lateen Sail that in turn permitted Compass transoceanic voyages. Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the Americas, and not the opposite? 46
In Big Era Six, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas started moving around the entire globe. End of Big Era Five http://www.lvna.net/Activities/Fireworks/fireworks.html 47

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Cultural exchange pp

  • 2. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. As we have learned, many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity. 2
  • 3. Numerous inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their regions of origin. 3
  • 4. …That spread of As time progresses, many ideas and things is of these important ideas part of cultural and useful things had exchange. spread all across Afroeurasia… 4
  • 5. Cultural exchange had many aspects. Population increased Trade networks expanded and people migrated. and cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people People shared ideas together. across regions. 5
  • 6. Let’s take a closer look at each of these causes of cultural exchange. Population Trade Ideas Empires 6
  • 7. Population World population grew from about 250 million to 460 million between 200 CE and 1500 CE. 7
  • 8. Were there billions of people living on the earth then as there Population are now? No, then people were counted only in the millions. A world population of 460 million in 1500 CE is about the same as the population of North America today! 8
  • 9. 500 450 Population 400 350 300 World Population 250 200 The 150 population 100 of the 50 American Population Americas 0 was much 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th smaller than c. c. c. the population of Afroeurasia. 9
  • 10. As a result, cultural exchange 40 million Population in the Americas equals the was less population of extensive than in Spain or Afroeurasia. Colombia today! Less than 40 million people were spread over two huge continents. 10
  • 11. So, we’ll look at Population cultural exchange in Afroeurasia, and then return to the Americas later. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
  • 12. Population growth in Afroeurasia affected the environment. Population Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded. 12
  • 13. Human impact on the Population environment had serious effects! • Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working. • Soil eroded and degraded. • River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities. • Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat. 13
  • 14. Population increases affected Population the environment. Sometimes, people got up and moved on to new lands. Large groups of people moved around, or migrated. 14
  • 15. Vikings Population Germanic Mongols Tribes Turkic Groups Chinese Arabs Bantu-Speaking People of People of Africa Oceania People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. 15
  • 16. Population • Migrating groups moved Migrations into other groups’ encouraged more territories, forcing them cultural exchanges to go elsewhere. across Afroeurasia. • Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes. • Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts. • Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts. 16
  • 17. During Big Era Five, Empires many, many states and empires came… Building states and and went. empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia. 17
  • 18. Empires New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires. 18
  • 19. Frankish Kingdoms Avar Kingdom Parhae Byzantine Empire Sassanid Yamoto Empire Sui China Japan Silla Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Ghana Axum States and Empires in 600 CE 19
  • 20. Carolingian Cordoba Byzantine Parhae Caliphate Gurjara- Tang China Silla Abbasid Pratihara Heian Caliphate Japan Ghana Axum Srivijaya States and Empires in 800 CE 20
  • 21. Scandanavian Kingdoms Russia England Poland H.R.E. Mongol Empire France Spain Hungary Rum Koryo Portugal Almohad Caliphate Ayyubid Sung Kamakura China Japan Caliphate Delhi Sultanate Mali Angkor Oyo Ethiopia Benin Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1237 CE 21
  • 22. Union of Kalmar Russian States Scotland England Poland- Khanate of the Jagatai Holy Lithuania Golden Horde Khanate Roman France Empire Hungary Portugal Castile Ottoman Emp. Korea Timurid Empire Ashikaga Granada Ming Japan China Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Mali Ethiopia Siam Oyo Benin Vijayanagara Zanj City-States Majapahit Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1400 CE 22
  • 23. • Wars led to destruction but Empires produced new How did states inventions. and empires stimulate cultural • Strong governments exchanges in protected trade routes and stabilized Afroeurasia? currencies. • Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. • Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. 23
  • 24. Trade Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange. Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth. 24
  • 25. The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between Trade them. 25
  • 26. Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. FROM 300-1500 CE, TRADE ROUTES EXTENDED FARTHER AND WERE USED BY MORE TRAVELERS. 26
  • 27. • Trade helped spread religions, languages, Trade ideas, and arts. How did expanding trade • Trade stimulated networks bring about use of natural cultural exchanges in resources. Afroeurasia? • Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger. • Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade. 27
  • 28. Ideas During Big Era Five, universal religions spread across Afroeurasia. Universal religions are belief systems that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group. 28
  • 29. Ideas Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam THE SPREAD OF UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS FROM 300-1500 CE 29
  • 30. Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia? Ideas Monks spread Traders and Sufi Missionaries Buddhism. orders spread spread Islam. Christianity. 30
  • 31. • Universal faiths gave members a sense of How did the Ideas community beyond spread of religion political, class, or encourage ethnic identities. cultural exchange in Afroeurasia? • Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning. • The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences. 31
  • 32. Ideas What inventions, technologies, products, and ideas were exchanged across Afroeurasia? 32
  • 33. SCHOLARS STUDIED AND SPREAD KNOWLEDGE IN MANY INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. Ideas Sung scholar Korean library European Muslim astronomer astronomer s 33
  • 34. Natural sciences developed in many places. Ideas Chinese Muslim Indian European 34
  • 35. Transport and communication technologies improved. Ideas Books & paper Mapmakin Stern- g rudder Lateen sail North Arabian Stirrup Astrolabe camel saddle 35
  • 36. Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia. Ideas • Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. • Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. • Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. 36
  • 37. Crops also diffused across Ideas Afroeurasia. Travelers and migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to grow, eat, and sell these crops. 37
  • 38. • Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern Ideas Africa to China. • Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. • Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. • Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China. • Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere. 38
  • 39. Ideas How did transfers of • The pace of innovationtechnology and products increased. change people’s lives in Afroeurasia? • Knowledge accumulated more quickly. • Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. • People’s diets and health improved. • Sea travel and transport webs became thicker. 39
  • 40. If you had to put You might say the changes in that by 1500 CE Big Era Five into the world was one sentence, connected, right? what would it be? But wait! You still haven’t said much about the Americas! 40
  • 41. Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia were not yet permanently linked together. …not until 1492 . . . When Columbus set sail across the Atlantic . . . Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 41
  • 42. The Americas had fewer people than Afroeurasia, and the two land masses were geographically isolated from each other. Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. In any case, the Americas were also a region of active human interchange. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 42
  • 43. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXCHANGE IN THE AMERICAS: THE MAYA, INCA, AND AZTEC EMPIRES  Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed. Mississippian Mica  Trade routes connected regions. Moche Ceramic  Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed. Mayan Calendar  Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown. Inca Gold Corn & Potatoes 43
  • 44. States and Empires in the Aztec Empire Mayan States Americas in 1500 CE Inca Empire Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 44
  • 45. At the very end of Big Era Five, European mariners Those voyages linked set out on trans- the Americas with oceanic voyages to Afroeurasia for the first the Americas. time since the migrations of people over 13,000 years earlier! It had to happen sooner or later! 45
  • 46. Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia Mapmaking before 1500 CE made possible Stern- the technologies rudder Lateen Sail that in turn permitted Compass transoceanic voyages. Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the Americas, and not the opposite? 46
  • 47. In Big Era Six, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas started moving around the entire globe. End of Big Era Five http://www.lvna.net/Activities/Fireworks/fireworks.html 47