Design_and_analysis_of_grooved_heat_pipe.pdf

Design and analysis of grooved heat pipe
B. Kirubadurai1p
, K. Kanagaraja2
, G. Jegadeeswari3
and
T. Kumaran1
1
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Vel Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of
Science & Technology, Chennai, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai,
India
Received: September 16, 2021 • Accepted: March 9, 2022
ABSTRACT
A heat pipe is a heat conduction program that utilizes both heat permeability and regime shift concepts
to transport heat effectively between 2 different lines. A heat pipe is made up of a pipe or tube and a
base fluid. In practice, the heat pipe is poured into a mould that is compatible with the cooling media.
These devices have found uses in a variety of fields, including space apparatus, solar energy systems,
electronic equipment, and air conditioning systems, due to their simplicity of design and ease of
manufacture and maintenance. Thermal performance improvement being the major concern in our
project we researched different techniques. The heating surface area has a direct impact on heat transfer.
Therefore, we have focused on heat enhancement by introducing grooves. Alongside we also considered
using different materials for the pipe. At the end of our research, we are going to produce groove
structure models with different materials and analyze them using ANSYS software and propose the best
structures with highest thermal efficiency for different applications of heat pipes. This is an attempt to
increase heat transmission in response to various material and structural changes. Heat transmission is
improved with grooved heat pipes as well as heat transmission various with different types materials
used in heat pipe.
KEYWORDS
heat pipe, thermal conductivity, grooved pipe, porous medium
INTRODUCTION
A heat pipe is a tubular system that uses a metal tube to hold the liquid under pressure and is
extremely efficient at transmitting heat. A heat pipe is a tubular system that is very efficient in
transmitting heat, using a metal container that holds the liquid under pressure, and the inner
layer of the tube is lined with a porous material that functions as a wick [1, 2, 5]. The idea is
the same in a heat pipe, which is made up of several wicks. The liquid evaporates into a gas,
which travels to the pipe’s cooler before reverting to a liquid and passing through the wick.
So, by just using TPCL length, we can see how to optimize the wick shape [3, 4, 9]. We can
see how to optimize the filament form just by using the TPCL distance. We know that heat
pipes are very efficient at transferring heat, so they are used to allow use of all the thermal
superconductor property by allowing for a high heat transfer rate, which allows the device
ideal for a more range of applications and industrial works [7, 10, 15]. The inclusion of heat
pipes to a variety of temperature scales and applications is a direct indicator of the tech-
nology’s ability. The implementation’s economic analysis showed a net annual energy savings
of 134 MWh, with a one-month operating payback period (Fig. 1) [6, 8, 11].
We are even aware of the thermal transfer limitations of the heat pipe. There are various
constraints on heat pipes, such as the base fluid, the structure of the wick, the dimensions and
the temperature at which it is operated. There are also capillary constraints that create
International Review of
Applied Sciences and
Engineering
DOI:
10.1556/1848.2022.00380
© 2022 The Author(s)
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
PAPER
p
Corresponding author.
E-mail: bkirubadurai@gmail.com
Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/08/22 04:22 PM UTC

capillary distinctions around the liquid-vapour interfaces in
the inlet and outlet [9, 11, 12]. Similarly, there are other
limitations such as sonic limitation, limitation of entrain-
ment, limitation of boiling, and heat pipe performance de-
pends on the heat pipe groove width with grooved capillary
structure [13, 14, 16]. All these limitations depend on the
fluid properties of the thermos, the parameters of the wick
and the heat pipe.
HEAT PIPE DESIGN
There are many factors to consider when building a heat pipe.
Material properties, working limit, heat pipe length and
diameter, power limitation, heat pipe transport limitation,
thermal resistance, heat pipe bending and flattening effects,
and operating orientation all receive significant attention [17,
18, 19] However, by specifying the types of copper/water, the
design problems are reduced to a few key considerations.
The amount of energy that the heat pipe will bear is perhaps
the most major determinant [20, 21, 24, 26]. Another
consideration is the temperature range under which the in-
dividual working fluid will function. To avoid contaminating
the environment or causing a chemical reaction, this working
fluid requires a compatible vessel content. Assume that both
heat pipes are made of copper and have the same length and
diameter of 60 and 3 mm, orderly. The formula is used to
measure the rate of heat transfer [22, 23, 25, 26].
The conventional heat pipe: Here is an example of a
general heat pipe with a sintered powder wick structure. The
heat pipe is depicted in three dimensions below. The inner
circle of the heat pipe has a diameter of 10 mm and a length
of 200 mm (Fig. 2).
Grooved heat pipe: Using the concept of increasing the
surface area, we introduced grooves over the inner walls of
the pipe. This wick structure basically not only improves the
capillary forces but also increases the surface area which
results in increase of heat transfer and overall thermal effi-
ciency of the heat pipe (Tables 1–3, Figs 3 and 4).
METHODOLOGY IN MATHEMATICS
Flow and heat transfer equations that govern flow and
heat transmission
The volume of fluid (VOF) technique is utilised when there
are particularly in non-source liquids. The stationary and
non-stationary circumstances aspect of almost any gas/
liquid operating is crucial when the operating liquids func-
tionality is relevant. The scientific formula for the VOF
model is similar.
Fig. 1. Basic design of heat pipe
Fig. 2. Foundational heat pipe design
Table 1. Material operating temperature
Material
Operating temperature (K) Operating temperature (8C)
Foundational Grooved Foundational Grooved
Aluminum 284.35–366.20 284.41–414.74 11.2–93.05 11.26–41.59
Copper 283.29–374.37 282.41–421.12 10.14–101.22 9.26–147.97
Steel 296.86–313.24 295.02–336.19 23.71–40.09 21.87–63.04
2 International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering

v
vt
ðαvρvÞ þ ∇:

αvρv u
!
v

¼ SM (1)
X
n
l¼1
α1 ¼ 1 (2)
Equations of momentum (Navier-Stokes equations)
The mobility formulas in the amount of liquid method, as
shown below, are focused on the quantity of densities and
friction factor in term of phases weight fractions.
v
vt

ρ u
!

þ ∇:

ρ u
! u
!

¼−∇P þ ρ g
!
þ ∇:
h
μ

∇ u
! þ ∇ u
!T
i
þ F
!
(3)
ρ ¼ αlρl þ αvρv
μ ¼ αlμl þ αvμv
where F is the outside force that acts on the coolants, g is
gravity movement, and P is pressure.
To compensate for the surface tension effects of cryo-
preservation, the uniformly distributed force (CSF) approach
Table 3. The numerical analysis parameters
Variable Characterization
Kind of flow Laminar
Duration 0.0001 s
Heat content 2455 kJ/kg
Temperature of saturation 373.15 K
Criteria of convergence 103
Pressure velocity
Association Simple
Schemes of discretization First order upwind
Fig. 4. Dimensions of heat pipe
Fig. 3. Grooved heat pipe design
Table 2. Properties of heat pipe
Location Boundary Momentum Thermal
Insulated region Wall Shear state of a static wall – zero slide Heat flux – 0
Cold region Wall Shear state of a static wall – zero slide Constant temperature
Hot region Wall Shear state of a static wall – zero slide Constant heat flux
International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 3

is employed in combination with Black bill’s mathematical
model as follows:
Fcs ¼
X
pairsij;ij
σijðαiρiCi∇αi þ αiρjCj∇αjÞ
ðρi þ ρjÞ=2
(4)
The energy equation in volume of fluid (VOF) form is as
follows:
The energy equation in (VOF)
v
vt

ρCpT

þ ∇:
h
u
!
ρCpT þ P
i
¼ ∇:ðk∇TÞ þ SE (5)
where SE denotes the energy equation’s source term. Ther-
mal conductivity, denoted by k, is computed as follows:
k ¼ αlkl þ αvkv (6)
The mass-averaged variables, i.e., the energy term (E), are
given by the equation below.
E ¼
αlρlEl þ αvρvEv
αlρl þ αvρv
(7)
The mass-averaged variables, i.e. the energy term, are
given by the following equation (E).
Boundary condition
The condenser portion has a constant wall temperature at
thermal boundary conditions, whereas the evaporator has
varying heat loads for each filling ratio. The wall motion is
stationary in the momentum boundary condition (Fig. 5).
Meshing
ANSYS Meshing allows you to specify combinations of point
elements, edge controls, surface controls, and/or body con-
trols, giving you additional control. They each have their
own set of choices and can be used to change the mesh in a
variety of ways. Throughout this scenario, the automatic
mesh form approach is applied, but the mesh sizing is done
manually. The upper and lower mesh size restrictions are
both set to 0.0002 m, as seen in the diagram below. When
you use this control level, you will obtain a mesh with
61,1,65 nodes and 5,66,244 elements (Fig. 6).
Fluent solution setup
The procedures in this project include setting up the
FLUENT solver and simulating the flow. Set up the solver by
going to Materials Selecting a solid and clicking Edit. Use
the properties listed in Table 4 to make changes to the solid’s
properties.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For each variant, various parameters such as density, tem-
perature, and velocity were measured and compared. The
effect of the evaporator, adiabatic wall, and condenser
temperature are investigated in this simple heat pipe model
with water as the heat exchanger and aluminum as the
material (Table 5 and Fig. 7).
Conventional copper heat pipe has been analyzed and
observed temperatures ranged with a minimum of 284.35 K
and a maximum of 366.20 K. The effect of temperature in
fluid zone, evaporator, adiabatic wall, and condenser is
examined using with water as the heat transfer fluid and
copper as the material. Conventional aluminum heat pipe
has been analyzed and observed Temperatures ranged with a
minimal of 282.41 K and a peak of 374.37 K. The result of
temperature in fluid zone, evaporator, adiabatic wall, and
condenser is examined using water as the cooling medium
and steel as the material. Conventional steel heat pipe
has been analyzed and observed in temperatures with a
Fig. 5. Sequence of applying boundary condition

minimum of 296.86 K and a maximum of 313.24 K. The
effect of temperature in fluid zone, evaporator, adiabatic
wall, and condenser is examined using with water as the
working fluid and steel as the material (Fig. 8).
Grooved copper heat pipe has been analyzed and
observed in temperatures ranged with a minimum of
284.41 K and a maximum of 414.74 K. The effect of temper-
ature in fluid zone, evaporator, adiabatic wall, and condenser
is examined using water as the base fluid. Grooved aluminum
heat pipe has been analyzed and observed in temperatures
ranged with a minimum of 283.29 K and a maximum of
421.12 K. The effect of temperature in fluid zone, evaporator,
adiabatic wall, and condenser is examined using water as the
base fluid. Grooved copper heat pipe has been analyzed and
observed in temperatures ranged with a minimum of 295.02 K
and a maximum of 336.19 K. The effect of temperature in fluid
zone, evaporator, adiabatic wall, and condenser is examined
using water as the base fluid (Fig. 9).
Velocity influence in a heat pipe
A considerable extra heat is deposited on the bottom surface,
which would be usually referred to as the liquid desiccant
region. The simulation output for the vapour – phase
pathway’s evaporated portion is a red outline that turns
bluish in the collection region. The speed applicable at the
bottom vapour – phase path hugely puts more pressure of
warm air at the drying segment, and heat was gradually
diffused from the drying stage to the moderate frozen phase
at the test section (green contour), and eventually to the
coloured curves at the chiller segment. Later, as shown by
the blue outline, the heat pipe’s activity has caused the hot
fluid to settle (Fig. 10).
Influence of pressure in heat pipe
The overall pressure contour demonstrates that the heat is
spread equitably. Because of the green contour of the
evaporation portion, the adiabatic section has a light blue
contour, and the condensing section has a dark blue con-
tour. The air particles smash smoothly because the con-
tainer’s surface area is greater than the vapour phase path.
Even if the vapour path remains warm, the atmosphere at
the container’s interior surface is warm. Because the pressure
is not dangerous, the structure does not break or fracture
(Fig. 11, Tables 6 and 7).
Influence of temperature in heat pipe
Per the temperature profiles studies, the heat pipe finally
implemented heated vapour to trapped moisture. This analysis
Table 4. Properties of solid material
Property Aluminum Steel Copper
Density (kg m3
) 2,700 7,750–8,050 8,960
Thermal conductivity
(W (m1
$k1
)
237 54 401
Boiling point 2,743 700–1800 2,835
Molar heat capacity J
(mol1
$k1
)
24.2 0.466 24.44
Table 5. Properties of fluid
Point of boiling 100.00 8C
Limited density (at 3.98 8C) 1,000 kg m3
Density (25 8C) 99.701 kg m3
Pressure of vapour (25 8C) 23.75 Torr
Vaporization heat (100 8C) 40.65 KJ/mole
Vaporization entropy (25 8C) 118.8 J/8C mol
Viscosity 0.8903 Centipoise
Surface tension (25 8C) 0.7197 Dyn/meter
Fig. 6. Meshing of heat pipe

proved that somehow a narrow tube with an inherent wick
arrangement enables for heating and cooling inside the tube,
due to heat transference from the heating to the chilled side. As
can be observed, the heat is symmetrical. It shows that the
vapour stage has a conductivity, resulting in a high heat flux.
The aldol condensation contracts energy in the regenerator,
changing it to contracted gas, which would be then turned into
a fluid. For its capacity to withstand extreme temps, copper has
proven to be a good preference for pipe building projects.
Temperature data received at various axial intervals
on the heat pipe core is used to construct axisymmetric
heat ﬂux. Figure shows the axial temperature ﬁeld along the
heat pipe during a dry run. The graphic depicts the tem-
perature variations in the evaporator, adiabatic section, and
Fig. 8. Distribution of temperature in grooved steel heat pipe
Fig. 7. Temperature distribution in conventional steel heat pipe

condenser because of variations for a dry run. The slope of
longitudinal temperature ﬁeld rises as heat input increases,
resulting in higher temperature swings throughout the
condenser and evaporator sections, as seen in Fig. 12. A
bigger temperature slope is necessary for increased heat
transmission in simple conduction heat transfer. In com-
parison to another category, the copper-water combination
HP has Tmax at the evaporative section.
Figure 13 depicts the pressure variation in the symmetry
plane of a real heat transfer tube. The pressure variations in
Fig. 10. Pressure variation in grooved heat pipe
Fig. 9. Velocity stream in grooved heat pipe

the non-grooved model are not nearly as similar as those in
the grooved model, as seen in Fig. 13. As the pressure de-
creases, the dispersion becomes more uniform. Fluid losses
grow as the actual heat pipe model includes condenser
elements.
Figure 14 depicts the distribution of density drops inside
a heat pipe. For the capillary force to push the vapour, the
wick’s capillary pressure must be greater than the pressure
differential between the vapour and the liquid at the evap-
orator. The graph also shows that the liquid density lowers
Fig. 11. Temperature variation with phase of base ﬂuid

higher when the heat pipe is operated against gravity. As a
result, wick pumping and heat transfer are reduced. The
degree of heat transfer reduction is determined by the
heat pipe.
Figure 15 depicts the variation in HP’s real heat transfer
velocity. The exact velocity profile inside of an exact tube’s
outer tube is primarily the same as before the inside of a
purely theoretical pipe’s circular area, per this trend line; just
one thing that is different is the motion scattering in the
internal liquid; the impacts of grippy rubber give flow velocity
into the inflatable raft, enhancing the rinsing impacts of the
interior layer, and enhancing the heat transfer (Fig. 16).
Table 6. Parameter changes in grooved heat pipe
S. No Parameter Inlet Evaporative section Adiabatic section Condenser section Outlet
Water- steel Temperature (K) 311 420.3 380.6 300 287
Pressure (Pascal) 14,680 11,809 8,817 4,499 1,680
Density (kg m3
) 996.2 888.6 889.2 979.2 988
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 1.488 1.784 2.17 2.24
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.057 0.15 0.513 0.724 0.799
Water -copper Temperature (K) 309 421.1 391.6 322.7 312
Pressure (Pascal) 14,640 16,620 15,100 6,042 1,510
Density (kg m3
) 998.2 893.5 892.5 978.2 989
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.3
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.05 0.158 0.334 0.490 0.5
Water -aluminum Temperature (K) 310 419.3 379.6 297 283
Pressure (Pascal) 14,569 12,910 8,606 4,303 1,430
Density (kg m3
) 998.2 898.5 898.5 998.2 999
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 1.267 1.934 2.04 2.3
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.06 0.12 0.468 0.689 0.8
Table 7. Parameter changes in conventional heat pipe
S. No. Parameter Inlet Evaporative section Adiabatic section
Condenser
section Outlet
Water- steel Temperature (K) 309 370.3 330.54 297.4 305
Pressure (Pascal) 14,545 10,450 9,679 9,760 9,853
Density (kg m3
) 995.7 978.6 989.2 997.2 999.6
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 1.634 1.784 1.19 1.37
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.043 0.015 0.213 0.224 0.399
Water -copper Temperature (K) 310 381.4 374.6 352.6 298
Pressure (Pascal) 14,621 10,620 10,100 8,042 1,610
Density (kg m3
) 997.8 894.3 894.3 988.7 989
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 1.73 1.88 1.99 2.10
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.053 0.158 0.189 0.246 0.364
Water -aluminum Temperature (K) 309 382.4 368.6 317 288
Pressure (Pascal) 14,550 10,913 9,706 5,103 1,253
Density (kg m3
) 999.2 897.5 898.5 998.2 999
Velocity (m s1
) 0.1 0.267 0.934 1.04 1.1
Turbulence (m2
s2
) 0.064 0.14 0.26 0.48 0.6
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
Inlet Evaporative Adiabatic Condenser Outlet
Temperature
in
K
Temerature varia on along with length of heat pipe
Fig. 12. Temperature variation Vs length of HP

Because of the propped section, turbulence in grooved
heat pipe is slightly higher than in regular heat pipe,
resulting in flow limitation. There will be turbulence as a
result. The outflow will have more turbulence due to the
grooved section. In a conventional heat pipe, the line graph
was plotted for aluminum, copper, and steel with their
working circumstances. In a grooved heat pipe, the line
graph was plotted for aluminum, copper, and steel with their
working circumstances. As we can clearly see the difference
between the conventional heat pipe and the grooved heat
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Pressure
in
Pascal
Pressure varia on along with length of heat pipe
Fig. 13. Pressure variation Vs length of HP
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Density
in
Kg/m
3
Density varia on along with length of heat pipe
Fig. 14. Density variation Vs length of HP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Velocity
in
m/s
Velocity varia on along with length of heat pipe
Fig. 15. Velocity variation Vs length of HP
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Turbulence
in
m
2
/s
2
Turbulence varia on along with length of heat pipe
Grooved HP(water- steel)
Grooved HP (water-coper)
Grooved HP (water-
aluminium)
conven onal HP (water-steel)
Fig. 16. Turbulence variation Vs length of HP

pipe, we note that the maximum temperature values in the
grooved heat pipe are noticeably greater than those in the
conventional heat pipe when transmitting heat.
CONCLUSION
The effect of the groove, condensation and evaporation zone
material, and cooling temperature on the homologous latent
heat and nonlinear thermal of a twisted copper-water,
aluminum-water, and steel-water heat pipe was critically
examined. It was also investigated how heat and operation
circumstances affect the immediate thermal characteristics
of a twisty heat pipe. The crucial heat flow increases as the
refrigeration temperature rises, but the heat transfer seen
between chiller stays relatively consistent. Irrespectively of
the chilling degree, the necessary heat flow skyrockets when
the size of the exchanger is decreased in half. The crucial
heat flux, on the other side, enhances noticeably as the
evaporation planet warms above 50 8C. Greater roasting and
chilling times enhance the comparable heat capacity. The
rising length influences heat conductivity more than the
precipitation area height. When heat is applied to a twisted
wire heat pipe, the heats of the evaporate, isothermal, and
condensing zones rise in order, after the warmth of the
drying oven grows. The heat input is switched off, the twist
heat pipe takes longer to recover to its original position than
it does at start-up. Heat transfer is also efficient with copper-
water combination heat pipes.
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