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Digestion and nutrition

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DinDin Horneja
DinDin Horneja

- The document discusses the different types of digestion (intracellular and extracellular) and feeding mechanisms (on particulate matter, food masses, and fluids) used by various organisms. - It describes the major regions of the alimentary canal (reception, conduction/storage, grinding/early digestion, terminal digestion/absorption, water absorption/concentration) and their functions. - The roles of digestive enzymes, hormones, and other components involved in breaking down and absorbing food are also summarized.

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Digestion and Nutrition Pua Karen Joy D. 1 PSY 4
2 types of species: Autotroph – producers in food chain(i.e. plants). – organisms that only need inorganic compounds from their surroundings to acquire nutrition. Phototrophs – organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Chemotrophs –organisms w/c gain energy from inorganic chemical reactions.
2 types of species: Heterotroph – consumers (i.e. almost all of animals). – takes in autotrophs as food.
Animal division according to dietary habits Herbivorous – plant eating animals. Carnivorous – herbivore/carnivore eating animals. Omnivorous – animal and plant eating animals. Saprophagous – animals who eat decaying organic matter.
Food processing Ingestion – food taken by mouth or mouth-like structure. Digestion – breaking down of food particles. Absorption – digested food particles are absorbed to the circulatory system & transported to body’s tissues. Excretion – waste products not needed for the body is egested in feces.
Feeding Mechanisms Feeding on particulate matter feeding on food particles. Feeding on Food Masses feeding on solid food. Feeding on Fluids Feeding on liquid substance.
On particulate matter Suspension feeding Organisms w/c use ciliated surfaces to produce currents that draw food to their mouth. Filter feeding –organisms having filtering structure w/c feeds by straining food particles from water. barnacles fan worms Spiral tube worms
On particulate feeding Deposit feeding obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil. earthworm Amphitrite ornata
On Food Masses Carnivorous animals use their teeth for seizing and has a retractable stomach for large intake of intact preys. Invertebrates (birds) have teeth-like structures (bills, beaks) for seizing preys. Dasypeltis Raven (generalized bill) Cardinal (seed cracker) Parrot (nut cracker)
On Food Masses Mammals are the only beings who chew their foods. has 4 different types of teeth: Incisors –biting, cutting, stripping. Canines –seizing, piercing, tearing. Premolars –grinding & crushing. Molars –grinding & crushing.
On Fluids Common organisms that feed on fluids are parasites. 2 kinds: Endoparasites (internal parasites) –feeds upon inside the unknowing host. Ectoparasites (external parasites) –feeds outside of the host’s body. hookworms leech lamprey Ectoparasites Endoparasites
Other ectoparasites have piercing and sucking mouthparts just like mosquitoes and lampreys. Life cycle of lamprey Sucking mouth part of mosquito
DIGESTION The process of digestion is mechanically and chemically breaking down of solid foods into small particles for absorption. Solid foods must be broken down first to their simplest molecular form for it to be assimilated.
Types of digestion Intracellular digestion Digestion w/in a cell. Food particle is enclosed by food vacuole via phagocytosis. Exclusively used by sponges and protozoa.
Types of digestion Extracellular digestion Digestion outside the cell. Digestion of large food masses. Mouth-to-anus alimentary system. Practiced by arthropods and vertebrates. Ingested food is exposed to mechanical, chemical & bacterial treatments, to diff. acidic & alkaline regions, & to digestive juices added throughout passing the alimentary canal.
Digestive enzymes Are hydrolytic enzymes or hysrolases. Food molecule is split by process of hydrolysis . Hydrolysis -a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water, causing decomposition and the production of two or more other compounds, e.g. in the conversion of starch to glucose. **Enzymes –important biochemical catalyst.
Motility in Alimentary Canal Food is moved by cilia or specialized musculature . *cilia – tiny projecting thread that beats rhythmically to aid the movement of a fluid past the cell or movement of the organism through liquid. Characteristic gut movement: Segmentation – alternative constriction of rings of smooth muscle of the intestine that constantly divide & squeeze contents back & forth.
Motility in Alimentary Canal Characteristic gut movement: Peristalsis – sweeps food down the gut w/ waves of contraction of circular muscle behind and relaxation in front of the food mass. peristalsis segmentation
Regional function of Alimentary Canals 5 major regions of alimentary canal Reception Conduction and storage Grinding and early digestion Terminal digestion and absorption Water absorption and concentration of solids
I. Reception Buccal cavity Mouth. Pharynx throat Salivary gland buccal gland Produce lubricating secretions containing mucus to assist swallowing. Secretes toxic enzymes for struggling preys. Amylse Carbohydrate-splitting enzyme. Begins hydrolysis of plant and animal starches.
I. Reception * Maltose –two-glucose fragment. Tongue vertebrate innovation attached to the floor of mouth. Assists in food manipulation and swallowing. Possess taste buds that are used to determine palatability of foods. II. Conduction and storage Esophagus Transfers food to the digestive region. Serves as crop to invertebrates. * crop – food storage before digestion.
III. Region of grinding & early digestion Stomach Provides initial digestion, storage & mixing of food w/ digestive juices. Digestive diverticula (pl. diverticulum ) –blind tubules or pouches arising from the main passage. Cellulase –only enzyme that can digest woody cellulose that encloses plant cells. Are U-shaped in carnivores & omnivores. Cardiac sphincter –muscular ring at the orifice between the esophagus and stomach that opens reflexively when food enters and closes to prevent regurgitation back into the esophagus.
II. Region of grinding & early digestion Duodenum -1 st region of small intestine. Pyloric sphincter –regulates flow of food into the intestine and prevents regurgitation into the stomach. Deep tubular glands secrete gastric juice 2 liters/day in humans. Goblet cell –secrete mucus. Chief cells –secrete pepsinogen. Parietal/Oxyntic cells –secrete hydrochloric acid. **pepsinogen –precursor of pepsin. *Rennin –milk-curdling enzyme found in stomachs of ruminant mammals.
III. Grinding and early digestion Happens in intestine. Villi –minute finger-like projection in the small intestine. Microvilli -a microscopic hair-shaped cell that projects from the surface of the lining of the small intestine. Pyloric sphincter -is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. Pancreatic juice & bile – has high bicarbonate content. Pancreatic enzymes Trypsin & chromotrypsin – highly specific proteases that split peptide bonds deep inside a protein molecule. Carboxypeptidase –removes amino acid from carboxyl ends of polypeptides. Pancreatic lipase –hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic amylase –starch-splitting enzyme. Nucleases –degrade RNA & DNA to nucleotides.
IV. Grinding and early digestion Membrane enzyme Aminopeptidase –splits terminal amino acids from amino end of short peptides. Alkaline phosphatase –enzyme that attacks a variety of phospate compunds, nucleotidases & nucleosidases. Bile Is secreted in the bile duct. Collects in the gallbladder between meals. Contains no enzyme. Bile salts –essential for digestion of fats. Bile pigments –produces yellow-green color of bile.
V. Region of water absorption & concentration in solids Happens in the large intestine. Large intestine –consolidates remnants of digestion. Rectal gland –absorbs water and ions as needed. Large intestine
Regulation of Food intake Hunger centers –located in the hypothalamus. Brainstem –regulate the intake of food. Brown fat –dark adipose tissue specialized in generation of heat present in placental mammals. Uncoupling protein –acts to uncouple the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Thermogenesis –heat production in the body thru metabolic process Leptin –hormone w/c tells the hypothalamus & brainstem how much fat the body carries.
Regulation of Digestion Gastrointestinal(GI) hormone Group of hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells. Gastrin –a polypeptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid . Cholecystokinin (CCK) –a polypeptide hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction (increasing bile salts into the intestine), stimulates enzyme-rich secretion in the pancreas, & contributes a feeling of satiety after a meal particular those rich in fat. Secretin –secreted in response to food and strong acid in the stomach and small intestine.
Nutritional requirements For Animals: Carbohydrates & fats- fuel for energy. Proteins (amino acids) –synthesis of specific proteins and other nitrogen-containing compunds. Water –solvent for body chemistry, major component of all fluids of the body. Mineral – inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients. Salts –(inorganic) forms structural & physiological components throughout the body. Vitamins - organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.
Undernourishment/Malnourishment #2 world’s oldest problem & today’s major health problem. *Atherosclerosis – disease that occurs when a diet is high in saturated lipids but low in polyunsaturated lipids. Growing children, pregnant & lactating women are most vulnerable to effects of malnutrition. atherosclerosis Malnutrition

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Digestion and nutrition

  • 1. Digestion and Nutrition Pua Karen Joy D. 1 PSY 4
  • 2. 2 types of species: Autotroph – producers in food chain(i.e. plants). – organisms that only need inorganic compounds from their surroundings to acquire nutrition. Phototrophs – organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Chemotrophs –organisms w/c gain energy from inorganic chemical reactions.
  • 3. 2 types of species: Heterotroph – consumers (i.e. almost all of animals). – takes in autotrophs as food.
  • 4. Animal division according to dietary habits Herbivorous – plant eating animals. Carnivorous – herbivore/carnivore eating animals. Omnivorous – animal and plant eating animals. Saprophagous – animals who eat decaying organic matter.
  • 5. Food processing Ingestion – food taken by mouth or mouth-like structure. Digestion – breaking down of food particles. Absorption – digested food particles are absorbed to the circulatory system & transported to body’s tissues. Excretion – waste products not needed for the body is egested in feces.
  • 6. Feeding Mechanisms Feeding on particulate matter feeding on food particles. Feeding on Food Masses feeding on solid food. Feeding on Fluids Feeding on liquid substance.
  • 7. On particulate matter Suspension feeding Organisms w/c use ciliated surfaces to produce currents that draw food to their mouth. Filter feeding –organisms having filtering structure w/c feeds by straining food particles from water. barnacles fan worms Spiral tube worms
  • 8. On particulate feeding Deposit feeding obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil. earthworm Amphitrite ornata
  • 9. On Food Masses Carnivorous animals use their teeth for seizing and has a retractable stomach for large intake of intact preys. Invertebrates (birds) have teeth-like structures (bills, beaks) for seizing preys. Dasypeltis Raven (generalized bill) Cardinal (seed cracker) Parrot (nut cracker)
  • 10. On Food Masses Mammals are the only beings who chew their foods. has 4 different types of teeth: Incisors –biting, cutting, stripping. Canines –seizing, piercing, tearing. Premolars –grinding & crushing. Molars –grinding & crushing.
  • 11. On Fluids Common organisms that feed on fluids are parasites. 2 kinds: Endoparasites (internal parasites) –feeds upon inside the unknowing host. Ectoparasites (external parasites) –feeds outside of the host’s body. hookworms leech lamprey Ectoparasites Endoparasites
  • 12. Other ectoparasites have piercing and sucking mouthparts just like mosquitoes and lampreys. Life cycle of lamprey Sucking mouth part of mosquito
  • 13. DIGESTION The process of digestion is mechanically and chemically breaking down of solid foods into small particles for absorption. Solid foods must be broken down first to their simplest molecular form for it to be assimilated.
  • 14. Types of digestion Intracellular digestion Digestion w/in a cell. Food particle is enclosed by food vacuole via phagocytosis. Exclusively used by sponges and protozoa.
  • 15. Types of digestion Extracellular digestion Digestion outside the cell. Digestion of large food masses. Mouth-to-anus alimentary system. Practiced by arthropods and vertebrates. Ingested food is exposed to mechanical, chemical & bacterial treatments, to diff. acidic & alkaline regions, & to digestive juices added throughout passing the alimentary canal.
  • 16. Digestive enzymes Are hydrolytic enzymes or hysrolases. Food molecule is split by process of hydrolysis . Hydrolysis -a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water, causing decomposition and the production of two or more other compounds, e.g. in the conversion of starch to glucose. **Enzymes –important biochemical catalyst.
  • 17. Motility in Alimentary Canal Food is moved by cilia or specialized musculature . *cilia – tiny projecting thread that beats rhythmically to aid the movement of a fluid past the cell or movement of the organism through liquid. Characteristic gut movement: Segmentation – alternative constriction of rings of smooth muscle of the intestine that constantly divide & squeeze contents back & forth.
  • 18. Motility in Alimentary Canal Characteristic gut movement: Peristalsis – sweeps food down the gut w/ waves of contraction of circular muscle behind and relaxation in front of the food mass. peristalsis segmentation
  • 19. Regional function of Alimentary Canals 5 major regions of alimentary canal Reception Conduction and storage Grinding and early digestion Terminal digestion and absorption Water absorption and concentration of solids
  • 20. I. Reception Buccal cavity Mouth. Pharynx throat Salivary gland buccal gland Produce lubricating secretions containing mucus to assist swallowing. Secretes toxic enzymes for struggling preys. Amylse Carbohydrate-splitting enzyme. Begins hydrolysis of plant and animal starches.
  • 21. I. Reception * Maltose –two-glucose fragment. Tongue vertebrate innovation attached to the floor of mouth. Assists in food manipulation and swallowing. Possess taste buds that are used to determine palatability of foods. II. Conduction and storage Esophagus Transfers food to the digestive region. Serves as crop to invertebrates. * crop – food storage before digestion.
  • 22. III. Region of grinding & early digestion Stomach Provides initial digestion, storage & mixing of food w/ digestive juices. Digestive diverticula (pl. diverticulum ) –blind tubules or pouches arising from the main passage. Cellulase –only enzyme that can digest woody cellulose that encloses plant cells. Are U-shaped in carnivores & omnivores. Cardiac sphincter –muscular ring at the orifice between the esophagus and stomach that opens reflexively when food enters and closes to prevent regurgitation back into the esophagus.
  • 23. II. Region of grinding & early digestion Duodenum -1 st region of small intestine. Pyloric sphincter –regulates flow of food into the intestine and prevents regurgitation into the stomach. Deep tubular glands secrete gastric juice 2 liters/day in humans. Goblet cell –secrete mucus. Chief cells –secrete pepsinogen. Parietal/Oxyntic cells –secrete hydrochloric acid. **pepsinogen –precursor of pepsin. *Rennin –milk-curdling enzyme found in stomachs of ruminant mammals.
  • 24. III. Grinding and early digestion Happens in intestine. Villi –minute finger-like projection in the small intestine. Microvilli -a microscopic hair-shaped cell that projects from the surface of the lining of the small intestine. Pyloric sphincter -is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. Pancreatic juice & bile – has high bicarbonate content. Pancreatic enzymes Trypsin & chromotrypsin – highly specific proteases that split peptide bonds deep inside a protein molecule. Carboxypeptidase –removes amino acid from carboxyl ends of polypeptides. Pancreatic lipase –hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic amylase –starch-splitting enzyme. Nucleases –degrade RNA & DNA to nucleotides.
  • 25. IV. Grinding and early digestion Membrane enzyme Aminopeptidase –splits terminal amino acids from amino end of short peptides. Alkaline phosphatase –enzyme that attacks a variety of phospate compunds, nucleotidases & nucleosidases. Bile Is secreted in the bile duct. Collects in the gallbladder between meals. Contains no enzyme. Bile salts –essential for digestion of fats. Bile pigments –produces yellow-green color of bile.
  • 26. V. Region of water absorption & concentration in solids Happens in the large intestine. Large intestine –consolidates remnants of digestion. Rectal gland –absorbs water and ions as needed. Large intestine
  • 27. Regulation of Food intake Hunger centers –located in the hypothalamus. Brainstem –regulate the intake of food. Brown fat –dark adipose tissue specialized in generation of heat present in placental mammals. Uncoupling protein –acts to uncouple the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Thermogenesis –heat production in the body thru metabolic process Leptin –hormone w/c tells the hypothalamus & brainstem how much fat the body carries.
  • 28. Regulation of Digestion Gastrointestinal(GI) hormone Group of hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells. Gastrin –a polypeptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid . Cholecystokinin (CCK) –a polypeptide hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction (increasing bile salts into the intestine), stimulates enzyme-rich secretion in the pancreas, & contributes a feeling of satiety after a meal particular those rich in fat. Secretin –secreted in response to food and strong acid in the stomach and small intestine.
  • 29. Nutritional requirements For Animals: Carbohydrates & fats- fuel for energy. Proteins (amino acids) –synthesis of specific proteins and other nitrogen-containing compunds. Water –solvent for body chemistry, major component of all fluids of the body. Mineral – inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients. Salts –(inorganic) forms structural & physiological components throughout the body. Vitamins - organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.
  • 30. Undernourishment/Malnourishment #2 world’s oldest problem & today’s major health problem. *Atherosclerosis – disease that occurs when a diet is high in saturated lipids but low in polyunsaturated lipids. Growing children, pregnant & lactating women are most vulnerable to effects of malnutrition. atherosclerosis Malnutrition