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Dyeing of polyester

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Adane Nega
Adane Nega

The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including: 1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration. 2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration. 3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers. 4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.

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DYEING OF POLYESTER PET FIBRE IS HYDROPHOBIC AND CHARACTERIZED BY COMPACT PHYSICL STRUCTURE ABSENCE OF DYE SITES WATER SOLUBLE DYES ARE NOT SUITABLE DYES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT MUST BE USED ONLY DISPERSE DYE CLASS IS SUITABLE
DYEING PRINCIPLE THERMAL EFFECTS POLYMERIC CHAINS OF POLYESTER ARE CLOSELY PACKED AND HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG FORCES FOR PENETRATION DYE MOLECULE MUST OVERCOME THESE FORCES DYE MOLECULE CAN PENETRATE ONLY WHEN IT FINDS SPACE (VOID) IN THE COMPACT POLYMERIC STRUCTURE SUCH VOIDS ARE FORMED DUE TO THERMAL MOBILITY OF POLYMERIC CHAINS ON APPLICATION OF HEAT HIGHER THE TEMP., GREATER IS THERMAL MOBILITY AND GREATER THE CHANCES OF VOID FORMATION AND DYE PENETRATION THE METHOD IS KNOWN AS HIGH TEMPERATURE DYEING SWELLING AGENTS CERTAIN COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS CARRIER PUSH THE POLYMERIC CHAINS APART (SWELLING) ALLOWING DYE TO PENETRATE INSIDE THE FIBRE. THE METHOD IS KNOWN AS CARRIER DYEING
DYEING METHODS BATCH DYEING DYEING AT BOIL WITHOUT CARRIER CARRIER DYEING (DYEING AT BOIL USING CARRIER HTHP DYEING (DYEING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH PRESSURE) CONTINUOUS DYEING THERMOSOL DYEING
DYEING WITHOUT CARRIER DYEING MACHINE: CLOSED JIGGER METHOD DYE IS DISPERSED IN WATER USING SUITABLE DISPERSING AGENT START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. SLOWLY TO BOIL CARRY OUT DYEING AT BOIL FOR 2 hrs. SUITABLE ONLY FOR PALE SHADES CHOICE OF DISPERSE DYE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISPERSE DYES HOWEVER FASTNESS TO HEAT (DOMESTIC IRON) IS LOW. USED FOR DYEING THOSE MATERIALS NOT OFTEN SUBJECTED TO IRONING (CURTAIN FBRIC)
CARRIER DYEING
MECHANISM OF CARRIER CARRIER: COMPUNDS WHICH CARRY THE DYE INSIDE POLYESTER COMLEX FORMATION SUPPOSED TO FORM COMPLEX WITH DYE COMPLEX DIFFUSE FASTER THAN THAN INSIDE THE FIBRE UNLIKELY MECHANISM DYE-CARRIER COMLEX IS LARGER THAN DISPERSE DYE CARRIER ABSORPTION BY FIBRE CARRIER IS ABSORBED BY FIBRE FORMS THIN FILM ON FIBRE SURFACE DYE DISSOLVES IN THE CARRIER FILM DIFFUSES INSIDE THE FIBRE SWELLING CARRIER INTERACTS WITH FIBRE PUSHSES POLYMER CHAIN APART (FIBRE SWELLING) DYE PENETRATION IN SWOLLEN FIBRE
TYPES OF CARRIERS
CARRIERS CARRIERS OF POOR WATER SOLUBILITY ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN WATER SOLUBLE SOD. SALTS THE CARRIER MUST BE FINELY DISPERSED OR EMULSIFIED TO AVOID SPECKY DYEING SOME OF THE COMMERCIAL CARRIERS CONTAIN DISPERSING OR EMULSIFYING AGENTS MANY CARRIERS ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP. SOME MELT AT DYEING TEMP SOME ARE VOLATILE AT DYEING TEMP., CONDENSE ON COOLER PART OF MACHINE FALL ON FABRIC IN THE FORM OF DROPS, GIVING DARKER SPOTS MOST OF THE CARRIERS ARE TOXIC PRECAUTION DURING HANDLING AND USE. CONCENTRATION USED 5-20 g/l DEPENDING ON DEPTH OF SHADE
DYEING THE CARRIER IS DISPERSED (SOLID) OR EMULSIFIED (LIQUID) IN WATER ADDED TO THE DYE BATH CONTAINGING DYE AND DISPERSING AGENT START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. TO BOIL CARRY DYEING AT BOIL FOR 2 hrs. CLOSED JIGGER OR JET DYEING MACHINE MOST SUITABLE. THOROUGH WASHING IN USING SODA ASH AND ANIONIC DETERGENT AT 60-70 0 C IS ESSENTIAL TO REMOVE CARRIER COMPLETELY FROM DYED FABRIC RESIDUAL CARRIER SEVERLY AFFECTS LIGHT FASTNESS OF DYE.
HTHP DYEING MOST POPULAR METHOD OF DYEING ON COMMERCIAL SCALE MACHINES USED ARE BEAM DYEING MACHINE JET DYEING MACHINE DYEING TEMP. 120-130 0 C, PRESSURE 25-30lbs/sq in, TIME 1 hrs ADVANTAGES CARRIER NOT REQUIRED DYEING TIME LESS THAN CARRIER DYEING, DUE RAPID DYE PENETRATION AT HIGH TEMP. GOOD FASTNESS TO LIGHT AND WASH DUE TO SUPERIOR DYE PENETRATION AND ABSENCE OF CARRIER RESIDUES GOOD DYE EXHAUSTION PALE TO DEEP SHADES POSSIBLE UNIFORM DYEING
DYEING DYEBATH DISPERSE DYE X% ACETIC ACID/CITRIC ACID 1g/l OR AMM. SULPHATE 0.5 g/l DISPERSING AGENT 1-2 g/l START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. SLOWLY TO 120-130 0 C DYE FOR 1 hr. RINSE WITH COLD WATER, SOAP AT 60-70 0 C, RISNSE, DRY REDUCTION CLEAR IN CASE OF HEAVY SHADES, NECESSARY TO REMOVE SURFACE DYE FOR BEST FASTNESS PROPERTIES ACHIEVED BY TREATMENT WITH 2g/L Na2S2O4 AND 2 g/l NaOH AT 60 0 C FOR 15 min. FOLLOWED BY SOAPING.
CONTINUOUS DYEING OF POLYESTER THERMOSOL DYEING PAD-DRY-THERMOSOL AT 190-220 0 C FOR 30-60 sec. PROBLEMS LIQUOR PICK UP DURING PADDING COMPARED TO NATURAL FIBRE, POLYESTER HAS LOW WATER RETENTION VERY LOW DYE LIQUOR LEFT ON FABRIC AFTER PADDING SOLUTION INCREASE THE VISCOSITY OF PAD LIQUOR USING SUITABLE THICKNER THICKENER ALSO MINIMIZES THE DYE MIGRATIN DURING DRYING. GIVE UNIFORM DYEING CHOICE OF THICKENER LOW SOLID CONTENT SHOULD NOT AFFECT DISPERSION STABILITY OF DYE SHOULD NOT HINDER DYE DIFFUSION EASILY WASHED OUT CONCENTRATION USED 5-10 g/l SODIUM ALGINATE MOST SUITBLE
RATE OF DIFFUSION RATE OF DIFFUSION OF A DISPERSE DYE FIBRE Temp. 0 C RELATIVE DIFFUSION RATE POLYESTER 85 1 POLYESTER 100 48 ACETATE 85 460 NYLON 85 680 DYE DIFFUSION IN POLYESTER IS ACCELERATED USING HIGH TEMP. 190-220 0 C, FOR 30-60 sec.
DYEING METHOD PADDING DYE X g/l DISPERSING AGENT 2 g/l SOD. ALGINATE THICKENER 5-10 g/l CITRIC ACID TO GET pH 4-5 TWO DIP, TWO NIP PADDING DRYING DRY IN STENTER AT 70-80 0 C DYE FIXATION 190-220 0 C FOR 30-60 sec. USING STENTER METHOD KNOWN AS THERMOSOL AFTER TREATMENT COLD RINSE-HOT RINSE-SOAP AT 60-70 0 C-COLD RINSE OPEN SOAPER IS USED
MECHANISM OF DYE FIXATION NERST DISTRIBUTION (SOLID SOLUTION THEORY) DYE DISSOLUTION INSIDE THE FIBRE FIBRE ACTING AS SOLVENT IN SOLID FORM FOR DYE DISSOLUTION MECHANISM KNOWN AS SOLID SOLUTION

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Dyeing of polyester

  • 1. DYEING OF POLYESTER PET FIBRE IS HYDROPHOBIC AND CHARACTERIZED BY COMPACT PHYSICL STRUCTURE ABSENCE OF DYE SITES WATER SOLUBLE DYES ARE NOT SUITABLE DYES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT MUST BE USED ONLY DISPERSE DYE CLASS IS SUITABLE
  • 2. DYEING PRINCIPLE THERMAL EFFECTS POLYMERIC CHAINS OF POLYESTER ARE CLOSELY PACKED AND HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG FORCES FOR PENETRATION DYE MOLECULE MUST OVERCOME THESE FORCES DYE MOLECULE CAN PENETRATE ONLY WHEN IT FINDS SPACE (VOID) IN THE COMPACT POLYMERIC STRUCTURE SUCH VOIDS ARE FORMED DUE TO THERMAL MOBILITY OF POLYMERIC CHAINS ON APPLICATION OF HEAT HIGHER THE TEMP., GREATER IS THERMAL MOBILITY AND GREATER THE CHANCES OF VOID FORMATION AND DYE PENETRATION THE METHOD IS KNOWN AS HIGH TEMPERATURE DYEING SWELLING AGENTS CERTAIN COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS CARRIER PUSH THE POLYMERIC CHAINS APART (SWELLING) ALLOWING DYE TO PENETRATE INSIDE THE FIBRE. THE METHOD IS KNOWN AS CARRIER DYEING
  • 3. DYEING METHODS BATCH DYEING DYEING AT BOIL WITHOUT CARRIER CARRIER DYEING (DYEING AT BOIL USING CARRIER HTHP DYEING (DYEING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH PRESSURE) CONTINUOUS DYEING THERMOSOL DYEING
  • 4. DYEING WITHOUT CARRIER DYEING MACHINE: CLOSED JIGGER METHOD DYE IS DISPERSED IN WATER USING SUITABLE DISPERSING AGENT START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. SLOWLY TO BOIL CARRY OUT DYEING AT BOIL FOR 2 hrs. SUITABLE ONLY FOR PALE SHADES CHOICE OF DISPERSE DYE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISPERSE DYES HOWEVER FASTNESS TO HEAT (DOMESTIC IRON) IS LOW. USED FOR DYEING THOSE MATERIALS NOT OFTEN SUBJECTED TO IRONING (CURTAIN FBRIC)
  • 6. MECHANISM OF CARRIER CARRIER: COMPUNDS WHICH CARRY THE DYE INSIDE POLYESTER COMLEX FORMATION SUPPOSED TO FORM COMPLEX WITH DYE COMPLEX DIFFUSE FASTER THAN THAN INSIDE THE FIBRE UNLIKELY MECHANISM DYE-CARRIER COMLEX IS LARGER THAN DISPERSE DYE CARRIER ABSORPTION BY FIBRE CARRIER IS ABSORBED BY FIBRE FORMS THIN FILM ON FIBRE SURFACE DYE DISSOLVES IN THE CARRIER FILM DIFFUSES INSIDE THE FIBRE SWELLING CARRIER INTERACTS WITH FIBRE PUSHSES POLYMER CHAIN APART (FIBRE SWELLING) DYE PENETRATION IN SWOLLEN FIBRE
  • 8. CARRIERS CARRIERS OF POOR WATER SOLUBILITY ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN WATER SOLUBLE SOD. SALTS THE CARRIER MUST BE FINELY DISPERSED OR EMULSIFIED TO AVOID SPECKY DYEING SOME OF THE COMMERCIAL CARRIERS CONTAIN DISPERSING OR EMULSIFYING AGENTS MANY CARRIERS ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP. SOME MELT AT DYEING TEMP SOME ARE VOLATILE AT DYEING TEMP., CONDENSE ON COOLER PART OF MACHINE FALL ON FABRIC IN THE FORM OF DROPS, GIVING DARKER SPOTS MOST OF THE CARRIERS ARE TOXIC PRECAUTION DURING HANDLING AND USE. CONCENTRATION USED 5-20 g/l DEPENDING ON DEPTH OF SHADE
  • 9. DYEING THE CARRIER IS DISPERSED (SOLID) OR EMULSIFIED (LIQUID) IN WATER ADDED TO THE DYE BATH CONTAINGING DYE AND DISPERSING AGENT START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. TO BOIL CARRY DYEING AT BOIL FOR 2 hrs. CLOSED JIGGER OR JET DYEING MACHINE MOST SUITABLE. THOROUGH WASHING IN USING SODA ASH AND ANIONIC DETERGENT AT 60-70 0 C IS ESSENTIAL TO REMOVE CARRIER COMPLETELY FROM DYED FABRIC RESIDUAL CARRIER SEVERLY AFFECTS LIGHT FASTNESS OF DYE.
  • 10. HTHP DYEING MOST POPULAR METHOD OF DYEING ON COMMERCIAL SCALE MACHINES USED ARE BEAM DYEING MACHINE JET DYEING MACHINE DYEING TEMP. 120-130 0 C, PRESSURE 25-30lbs/sq in, TIME 1 hrs ADVANTAGES CARRIER NOT REQUIRED DYEING TIME LESS THAN CARRIER DYEING, DUE RAPID DYE PENETRATION AT HIGH TEMP. GOOD FASTNESS TO LIGHT AND WASH DUE TO SUPERIOR DYE PENETRATION AND ABSENCE OF CARRIER RESIDUES GOOD DYE EXHAUSTION PALE TO DEEP SHADES POSSIBLE UNIFORM DYEING
  • 11. DYEING DYEBATH DISPERSE DYE X% ACETIC ACID/CITRIC ACID 1g/l OR AMM. SULPHATE 0.5 g/l DISPERSING AGENT 1-2 g/l START DYEING AT 50 0 C RAISE TEMP. SLOWLY TO 120-130 0 C DYE FOR 1 hr. RINSE WITH COLD WATER, SOAP AT 60-70 0 C, RISNSE, DRY REDUCTION CLEAR IN CASE OF HEAVY SHADES, NECESSARY TO REMOVE SURFACE DYE FOR BEST FASTNESS PROPERTIES ACHIEVED BY TREATMENT WITH 2g/L Na2S2O4 AND 2 g/l NaOH AT 60 0 C FOR 15 min. FOLLOWED BY SOAPING.
  • 12. CONTINUOUS DYEING OF POLYESTER THERMOSOL DYEING PAD-DRY-THERMOSOL AT 190-220 0 C FOR 30-60 sec. PROBLEMS LIQUOR PICK UP DURING PADDING COMPARED TO NATURAL FIBRE, POLYESTER HAS LOW WATER RETENTION VERY LOW DYE LIQUOR LEFT ON FABRIC AFTER PADDING SOLUTION INCREASE THE VISCOSITY OF PAD LIQUOR USING SUITABLE THICKNER THICKENER ALSO MINIMIZES THE DYE MIGRATIN DURING DRYING. GIVE UNIFORM DYEING CHOICE OF THICKENER LOW SOLID CONTENT SHOULD NOT AFFECT DISPERSION STABILITY OF DYE SHOULD NOT HINDER DYE DIFFUSION EASILY WASHED OUT CONCENTRATION USED 5-10 g/l SODIUM ALGINATE MOST SUITBLE
  • 13. RATE OF DIFFUSION RATE OF DIFFUSION OF A DISPERSE DYE FIBRE Temp. 0 C RELATIVE DIFFUSION RATE POLYESTER 85 1 POLYESTER 100 48 ACETATE 85 460 NYLON 85 680 DYE DIFFUSION IN POLYESTER IS ACCELERATED USING HIGH TEMP. 190-220 0 C, FOR 30-60 sec.
  • 14. DYEING METHOD PADDING DYE X g/l DISPERSING AGENT 2 g/l SOD. ALGINATE THICKENER 5-10 g/l CITRIC ACID TO GET pH 4-5 TWO DIP, TWO NIP PADDING DRYING DRY IN STENTER AT 70-80 0 C DYE FIXATION 190-220 0 C FOR 30-60 sec. USING STENTER METHOD KNOWN AS THERMOSOL AFTER TREATMENT COLD RINSE-HOT RINSE-SOAP AT 60-70 0 C-COLD RINSE OPEN SOAPER IS USED
  • 15. MECHANISM OF DYE FIXATION NERST DISTRIBUTION (SOLID SOLUTION THEORY) DYE DISSOLUTION INSIDE THE FIBRE FIBRE ACTING AS SOLVENT IN SOLID FORM FOR DYE DISSOLUTION MECHANISM KNOWN AS SOLID SOLUTION