This document discusses e-waste and its management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. E-waste is a growing problem due to the toxins it contains and risks of improper disposal. When e-waste is burned or dumped, its components like lead, mercury, and flame retardants can pollute the environment and harm human health. However, e-waste also contains valuable materials that can be recovered through formal recycling. Proper e-waste management and recycling can help address this issue in a more sustainable manner.
2. SASIKUMAR VK ; Professor [ BTE ] ,
METS School Of Engineering
KRISHNADAS;
AJAL.A.J ; Assistant Professor [ CSE ] ,
Assistant Professor [ ECE ] , SAHRDAYA CET
FISAT - KOCHI
PAPER TITLE
4. e-waste: Definition
Ar e those electronic
equipments/ products that
connect with power plug,
batteries which have become
obsolete due to :
- advancement in technology
- changes in fashion, style and status
- nearing the end of their useful life
6. ELECTRONIC WASTE
Electronic waste, "e-waste" or
"Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment" ("WEEE") is a
waste consisting of any broken
or unwanted electrical or
electronic appliance.
It is a point of concern
considering that many
components of such equipment
are considered toxic and are not
biodegradable.
7. • Washing Machine
• Cartridges
• Mobile Phones • Military electronic
• Computers • Mother board
• Servers
• Alarm
• Telecom
• Sirens
• TV
• Automobile Catalytic
• Calculators Converter
• Audio • Sensor
• Scanners • CD
• Printers • Security Device
• Air Conditioner
• Microwave
Classification: types of e-waste
8. E-waste at the manufacturers gates!
Photo | September 5, 2005
http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Multimedia/Photos/e-waste-at-the-manufacturers-g/
11. What is E-Waste…
E-Waste constitutes end of life electronic and electrical equipment
Hazardous: Contains toxic elements and has to be treated in an
environmentally friendly manner
Data security: Business, Financial and legal data might be extracted by
unscrupulous recyclers
Regulatory: E
-Waste should be given to only CPCB approved recyclers
Source for Metals: Less energy intensive and cheaper source for base and
precious metals. Lowers the carbon footprint
Sustainable: As the demand for metals is growing recycling would play a
major part in ensuring sustainable development
11
12. Why is eWaste a Problem?
Increasing
Increased More Human
Rapid
Consumer More Hazardous Health
Technology
Electronic eWaste Materials Risks
Changes
Purchases Landfilled
31. Sustainable Recycling Industries
(new programme funded by Swiss SECO))
Policies & Standards for Responsible Recycling (global)
India South Africa
Hazardous substances in Recycling of cooling and freezing
(WEEE) plastics appliances
Ghana & Egypt
Sustainable management of e-waste
Life Cycle Inventories (Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa)
31
32. E-waste is the fastest groing waste stream
2012 total:
~45 mln tonnes
Source: Huisman 2012
32
33. Key message 1
E-waste is the fastest groing waste
stream
33
34. Key message 2
E-waste can contain hazardous
substances and its improper treatment
leads to adverse effects for human
health and the environment
34
37. Issues related to improper treatment of e-waste
Ref: Sepúlveda, A, Schluep M, et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances
released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India. Environmental
Impact Assessment Review. 30(1):28–41. 37
38. Example dioxine emissions from cable burning
■ Dioxine emission from cable
burning is one of the main issues
in many developing countries
■ Observation Accra/Ghana
■ ~200 kg cable are burnt per hour
■ 10-20% from e-waste
(rest mainly from cars)
■ Extrapolated to West Africa
3-7 % of total European Dioxine
emissions to air
38
39. Key message 3
E-waste contains valuable resources
which offers opportunities for urban
mining and job creation
39
40. At least 57 elements are used in EEE
Nicht gleich Wert
(Source: Behrendt et al. 2007)
40
45. What’s Inside your PC ?
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) - Cable insulation,
plastic cases
PBDE's (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers )
added to plastic case wire insulation
Beryllium - Power supply boxes which contain
silicon controlled rectifiers
Lead – CRT’s {screen, frit,neck }
PC’s {batteries, printed wiring boards}
Lithium - Li-batteries
Mercury provide back-lighting in LCD's, in
some alkaline batteries and switches
46. Lead in CRT’s
Of the amount of lead contained in a PC, the majority is embedded in glass that makes up the
monitor’s cathode ray tube (CRT).
A CRT is comprised of a panel (the monitor face), the funnel, the neck and the frit.
The majority of the lead is found in the frit, which is the material used to hold panel to
funnel
The total lead in a CRT constitutes, on average, 2.08 pounds for a 17 inch monitor7
Panel CRT 0-2% lead
Frit 65-75% lead
Funnel glass 22-25% lead
Neck
(that holds the electron gun) 28-30% lead
48. Current e-Waste Handling…
Circuit Board Open Burning Cable Burning in Open
Acid Stripping CRT Cracking & Dumping
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49. E Waste Recycling Process…
E-WASTE
SEGREGATION
GLASS SHREDDING
PLASTIC ALUMINIU NON-
IRON
M FERROUS
NON-
RECYCLABLE METALLURGICAL
RECYCLABLE
PROCESS
Pyrolysis
METALS
CARBON
Furnace Oil Gas
BLACK
All content is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 49
60. Why Do We Need National Legislation?
Current eWaste regulations create uneven regulatory regime
• Some states/localities have already enacted legislation
• Difficult for manufacturers to comply state-to-state
• Only large-quantity generators are regulated
• Majority of eWaste created by households & smaller quantity
generators – not currently regulated
Electronic Waste Recycling
61. RE-MANUFACTURING
is next best :
Dis-assemble old eqpt and use parts for repair of
similar items or use in new items,
e.g. old memory and hard drives into simpler CPUs
for schools.
RE-USE IS THE BEST POLICY
even for defective items :
cell-phones for SMS for deaf & dumb, keyboard + monitor for typing
classes, VCR used as VCP, TVs downgraded, washing - machines for
manual use.
Industrial eWaste from control panels or phone exchanges for ? ? ? ? ?
62. eWaste Recycling is a thriving
business
in India
Copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium
are recovered in secrecy by highly
polluting methods: burning of PCBs,
treatment with acids or cyanide salts,
mostly from imported scrap.
Gas displays & tubes are dumped.
63. INDIA NEEDS A
MANDATORY
e -TAKE - BACK POLICY
like the EU’s Directive 94/62/EC of 1994,
or EU’s 1998 Ordinance on Avoidance
& Recovery of Packaging Waste.
In Germany, Duales System (a Ltd
Co) organises the nationwide
collection, sorting & recycling of
post-consumer packaging,
funded pro-rata by user firms.
See www.gruener-punkt.de
66. The European Waste
Strategy
Reduce the Reduce the
hazardousnes impacts on the
s of waste environment
Reduce the amount of waste
68. EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
EPR
EPR means full life-cycle accountability:
Producers of products must be made
financially, physically and legally
responsible for their products till the end.
This encourages reduced resource and energy use + pollution
prevention thru less hazardous & more recyclable mat’ls.
69. Manufacturer Responsibilities
Notify Retailers About Covered
Products (April 1st each year and
per DTSC regulations)
Provide Information to Consumer
– Where To Recycle
– How to Recycle
– Where to Return
– How to Dispose
– Provide Toll-Free Number &
Internet Web Site (
www.eRecycle.org)
73. EFFECTS ON HUMANS:
In a study spearheaded by the EWG, researchers at two major lab-
oratories found an average of 200 industrial compounds, pollutants,
and other chemicals in 10 newborn babies, with a total of 287
chemicals found in the group.
74. Cadmium in
Plastics in cables
batteries
Lead in solder joints
76. WASTE AS A RESOURCE:
WASTE MANAGEMENT
e - Waste Recycling is a
thriving business in India
77. Producer Responsiblity in practice
- producers view
design
recycling manufacturing
how to close the gap ?
use / service market
77
78. Producer Responsiblity in
practice
- producers view
design for
recycling
recycling
Use of recycled
technology
materials
development
cost advantage
use / service market
78
80. 2. Storage (ii)
storage bins for small size segregated material
flat wires CPUs plastic from watches
81. Process flow
Collection of
e-waste
Segregation and Sale to metal
Metal scrap
storage recycler
Sale to plastic
Plastic scrap
Examination of recycler
Eventual add of Eventual
refurbishment or
components refurbishment
reuse possibilities Sale to authorized
Batteries
battery recyclers
Manufacture of new Sale to second
Dismantling
products hand market Large e-waste
CRT glass
recycler
PCB Boards of low Sale to PCB
Recovery of and high quality smelters
Recovery of scrap
reusable
components Non recyclable Storage until
hazardous waste hazwaste landfill is
(e.g. backup tapes) operational (TSDF)
82. Collection , Transportation and
Recycling of Dry Waste
( e – WASTE COLLECTION UNIT )
Hou nts
se ura
to
H ou Resta
se
Airport RECYCLING
House to House Hotel
n CENTRE
tio
y Sta Indu
stri
lwa es
Rai
als Ins
pit tit
Hos ut es
83. e-Waste: Growth
Three categories of WEEE account for
almost 90% of the generation:
Large Household appliances: 42.1%
Information and communications: 33.9%
technology equipment
Consumer Electronics: 13.7%
84. Pollution Control Equipment
Chimney with hood (height 6 m)
CRT dismantling chamber with vacuum
Cyclone and dust collector
Separate storage for hazardous wastes
Air pollution monitoring certificate available from
certified Laboratory.
85. Recycling rates of metals
–Investigation of 62 different metals
–The metals are grouped into four categories
•9 ferrous metals: iron, manganese, nickel, chromium etc.
•8 non-ferrous metals: aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, magnesium etc.
•8 precious metals: gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium etc.
•37 specialty metals: indium, gallium, lithium, tantalum, rare earth metals,
tellurium etc.
–Only a few metals, like iron and platinum, currently have an end-of-life recycling
rate of above 50%
–The most important metric is the end-of-life recycling rate
•A high end-of-life recycling rate for a metal indicates a high efficiency of
the related post -consumer recycling system
86. Global Sustainability
Sustainability
“ability of a current generation to meet its needs without
compromising the future generation to meet theirs”
The Chalenge
How to maintain the balance ?
Society – preserve human health
Economy – assure economic growth
Environment – save the planet
Practical Actions
Work for the preservation of the planet
Society – intelligent consumption
Economy – environmental business
Environment – green products and process
99. Pollution from
Recycling of Imported Waste
Acid bath to take metals from IC chips are removed from PCB
PCB by using heat.
100. e-Waste Disposal Methods
• Internal Reallocation
• Sell at Auction
• Sell to certified eWaste Buyers
• Return to Originating Supplier, at no cost
• Pay an eWaste Recycler to dispose
103. NEWTON’S WORDS
The greatest discovery of Newton is the gravitational
force. Newton always wondered at the absence of a
gravitational repulsive force. Such puzzles and wonders made
him realize the limitations of his model. This is clearly seen
when he said, ”I am like a child playing on the shore
with pebbles and shells while whole ocean lies before me”
104. Let’s Jointly Sustain a Green Environment!
All the precedents and working models are there before us. Let us now act !
Thank you.
U can catch me @ https://www.facebook.com/ajal4u
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Moore’s Law: Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel predicted that computer processor speeds would double every eighteen months. 1965 idea behind it is the main driver of legislation for recycling eWaste. Technology changes rapidly New software for computer applications such as streaming music and videos and animating presentations are not supported by older systems. But its relatively cheap to replace them with computers that can support the technology. (Click away.)
These materials could cause harm to the kidney, brain and nervous system function or cause cancer. According to the EPA, the most common method for human exposure to these chemicals is through their leaching into bodies of water and bioaccumulating in the animals we eat. Texas Senate Research Center
Power supplies Ask what they do with the glass
refaire les 3 tit images
The Electronic Waste Recycling and Consumer Protection Act proposes that recycling of eWaste be promoted by offering tax credits of $8 per unit for recyclers who collect 5000 or more units and $15 per unit for consumers who bring their ewaste to be recycled. The Act also calls for ewaste to fall under a stricter category of waste than simply solid waste and eventually, once adequate collection programs exist, become unlawful to dispose of. The Act also prescribes an EPA feasibility study to review the collecting of advance recycling fees, collecting of end of life fees and the possibility of holding manufacturers responsible for the cost of recycling. After one year of enactment the EPA would also be required to assess the success of the program and the possibility of including other electronic waste streams in the Act.
It will be up to manufacturers to notify retailers of those electronic products on which to charge fees. But another aspect of this law is that manufacturers can play a key role in consumer education. Where to return obsolete electronic products for recycling or disposal, how to properly handle and what toll-free phone numbers to call for help will go a long way in resolving this dilemma.
To our knowledge this work represents the first reported cord blood tests for 261 of the targeted chemicals, and the first reported detections of at least 209 chemicals. Scientists refer to this contamination as a person's body burden. The study found a broad array of pollutants that collectively are known to present potential risks to nearly every organ and system in the body:• Of the 287 chemicals found in newborn umbilical cord blood, 180 cause cancer in humans or animals, 217 are toxic to the brain and nervous system, and 208 cause developmental problems. The dangers of exposure to these chemicals in combination has never been studied.• We detected 287 chemicals of 413 tested (69 percent) in umbilical cord blood samples from 10 newborn babies, with a range of between 154 and 231 for each child. We found 101 chemicals in all babies tested.• Our tests targeted nine chemical classes; we detected at least half of the analyzed chemicals in each class.
Use pictures or samples to point out the many materials in PCs Add crt picture lead Add lcd picture, mercury Add flame retardants in plastics
TSDF = Transfer Storage Disposal Facilities
These are two typical pollution of e-waste recycling in Guiyu. Left hand side is the process using acid to take gold and other metals from printed circuit board. They do not treat wastewater, just discharge it into rivers. Right hand side is the process removing IC tip and solders from printed circuit board, using heat. There are hundreds of such workshop in this area. Several chemicals might cause air pollution.