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Earth sciences

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Earth science and geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. Some key areas of focus include geology, the study of the age and structure of the Earth; geomorphology, the study of surface landforms and their evolution; and historical geology, the use of rocks and fossils to understand the past history of the Earth. The document also outlines various subdisciplines within geology like mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and allied sciences like geochemistry, geophysics, and oceanography that involve applying other fields to geological problems and phenomena.

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Earth Science & Geology
Earth sciences
Earth Sciences • Geology (from Greek geo= Earth; logos = science), Science deals with the study of age and Structure of the earth. • Evolution, modification and extinction of various surface and subsurface physical features. • Materials of the earth, Interaction of 3 sphere. • Study of various physio and dynamic process’s.
Sub Divisions of Geology
Earth sciences
Earth sciences
A. Physical Geology • Origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features and internal features. • Internal agents ( Volcanism and earthquake). • External agents ( Wind, water and ice) on physical features.
Earth sciences
B. Geomorphology • Part of physical geology, study of surface features of earth. • Structure and evolution of these landforms.
Earth sciences
C. Mineralogy • Minerals are basic units. • Deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation and uses of minerals. • Sub- branches and evolution of these landforms.
Earth sciences
D. Petrology • Rock- Natural aggregated form. • Formation, mode of occurrence, composition, textures and structure of different rocks. • Igneous, Sedimentary and metamorphic petrology are branches. • Petrography- Nature and distribution of rocks (geological explanation governing such distribution).
Earth sciences
E. Historical Geology • Past history studied with rocks and features associated with them. • Rocks contain evidence of nature and time of their formation, composition, magnetism, structural disposition and etc. • Fossils (Remains of ancient life). • Paleo geography, palaeontology and stratigraphy are subdivisions.
Earth sciences
F. Economic geology • Study of economic, minerals, rocks and other materials (fuels). • Exploited for Man benefit. • Variety of ores of metals and non-metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (Coal, petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals and industrial materials for refractories, abrasives and insulations and manufacture of chemicals. • Mode of occurrence, principles for formation and accumulation, properties, controls on it and extraction at economic costs.
Allied Sciences
Earth sciences
A. Geochemistry • Dealing with chemical construction of the earth. • Distribution and relative abundance of different elements. • Trends of reorganization in the elements of earth during geological history through the surface and subsurface process’s.
Earth sciences
B. Geophysics • Methods of physics applied to solve geological problems. • Identification of water and oil bearing strata by geophysical methods. • I.e. Geomagnetism, Geo thermometry, Geo electricity, Geo cosmology and seismology.
Earth sciences
C. Geohydrology • Geological aspects of groundwater and surface water bodies with regards to their occurrence and movements through different rock types.
Earth sciences
D. Mining Geology • Geology applied to mining and quarrying practice. • For the exploration and exploitation of economic minerals deposit.
Earth sciences
E. Engineering Geology • Interaction between the civil engineering and geological sciences. • Geo technical studies of the sites of major projects.
Earth sciences
F. Rock Mechanics • Study of behaviour of rocks under various types of load’s imposed on them (laboratory). • Study of factors geological or responsible for observed and expected behaviour of rocks under different force fields.
Earth sciences
G. Geo Mechanics • Study of natural force fields as acting on the earth on global and regional levels. • Force responsible for the development and disposition of these major features.
Earth sciences
H. Meteorology • Study of atmosphere (physical, chemical and biological aspects). • About weather, study of space through satellite’s.
Earth sciences
I. Oceanography • Study of oceans (physical, structural, genetic and other aspects).
The End

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Earth sciences

  • 1. Earth Science & Geology
  • 3. Earth Sciences • Geology (from Greek geo= Earth; logos = science), Science deals with the study of age and Structure of the earth. • Evolution, modification and extinction of various surface and subsurface physical features. • Materials of the earth, Interaction of 3 sphere. • Study of various physio and dynamic process’s.
  • 7. A. Physical Geology • Origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features and internal features. • Internal agents ( Volcanism and earthquake). • External agents ( Wind, water and ice) on physical features.
  • 9. B. Geomorphology • Part of physical geology, study of surface features of earth. • Structure and evolution of these landforms.
  • 11. C. Mineralogy • Minerals are basic units. • Deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation and uses of minerals. • Sub- branches and evolution of these landforms.
  • 13. D. Petrology • Rock- Natural aggregated form. • Formation, mode of occurrence, composition, textures and structure of different rocks. • Igneous, Sedimentary and metamorphic petrology are branches. • Petrography- Nature and distribution of rocks (geological explanation governing such distribution).
  • 15. E. Historical Geology • Past history studied with rocks and features associated with them. • Rocks contain evidence of nature and time of their formation, composition, magnetism, structural disposition and etc. • Fossils (Remains of ancient life). • Paleo geography, palaeontology and stratigraphy are subdivisions.
  • 17. F. Economic geology • Study of economic, minerals, rocks and other materials (fuels). • Exploited for Man benefit. • Variety of ores of metals and non-metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (Coal, petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals and industrial materials for refractories, abrasives and insulations and manufacture of chemicals. • Mode of occurrence, principles for formation and accumulation, properties, controls on it and extraction at economic costs.
  • 20. A. Geochemistry • Dealing with chemical construction of the earth. • Distribution and relative abundance of different elements. • Trends of reorganization in the elements of earth during geological history through the surface and subsurface process’s.
  • 22. B. Geophysics • Methods of physics applied to solve geological problems. • Identification of water and oil bearing strata by geophysical methods. • I.e. Geomagnetism, Geo thermometry, Geo electricity, Geo cosmology and seismology.
  • 24. C. Geohydrology • Geological aspects of groundwater and surface water bodies with regards to their occurrence and movements through different rock types.
  • 26. D. Mining Geology • Geology applied to mining and quarrying practice. • For the exploration and exploitation of economic minerals deposit.
  • 28. E. Engineering Geology • Interaction between the civil engineering and geological sciences. • Geo technical studies of the sites of major projects.
  • 30. F. Rock Mechanics • Study of behaviour of rocks under various types of load’s imposed on them (laboratory). • Study of factors geological or responsible for observed and expected behaviour of rocks under different force fields.
  • 32. G. Geo Mechanics • Study of natural force fields as acting on the earth on global and regional levels. • Force responsible for the development and disposition of these major features.
  • 34. H. Meteorology • Study of atmosphere (physical, chemical and biological aspects). • About weather, study of space through satellite’s.
  • 36. I. Oceanography • Study of oceans (physical, structural, genetic and other aspects).