Eco Systems and their relation with tourism
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The document discusses various ecosystems and their importance for tourism, including wetlands, coral reefs, and mangroves. It notes that wetlands provide important ecological functions and that their management requires a multidisciplinary perspective. Coral reefs are described as highly diverse ecosystems that are home to 25% of marine fish species but are severely threatened by pollution, climate change, and other human impacts. Mangroves are introduced as coastal forests adapted to tidal conditions that provide habitat for many species.
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Eco Systems and their relation with tourism
- 1. By Amit Tiwari Asst. Professor Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management Gwalior (An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India)
- 2. Eco Systems and their relation with tourism: Introduction to wetland sites; coral reefs; mangroves; national parks; wild life sanctuaries; biosphere reserves and their role in tourism. Syllabus- UNIT II
- 3. Water is an important resource for all living beings. Therefore, the use of water and its supply from sources are very important. Wetlands are an ecosystem from mangrove to subarctic peat lands that have affected human. This represents the importance of the water and wetlands. The fact that people are in these regions is a reflection of how important it is for biotic diversity. Therefore, wetlands are a very critical ecosystem, and some of them are the most productive habitats. Importance of Wetland site Management
- 4. Because of urbanization, economic growth, industrialization, and increasing population, more wastes were discharged into nature. Wetlands carry through some beneficial functions in the protection of whole balance of the nature. Wetlands are ecologically sensitive systems and provide many significant services to the human population. The evaluation of wetlands with a multidisciplinary perspective in the natural sciences and social sciences provides efficient results. This perspective can give an increased understanding of the processes and problems associated with such strategies. Importance of wetland management
- 7. Wetlands that may be accepted as ecosystems on edge because of their importance for the future have gained a crucial role to climatic change. Wetland management policies and simulations of their ability to absorb major quantities of carbon from the atmosphere as more than five times from tropical forest show an important solution in future climate .It seems clear that wetlands are balanced due to mechanism of geochemical cycles (natural control-feedback mechanism). Wetlands & its future
- 8. An Introduction of Wetlands Video Session by Amit Tiwari, Assitant Professor IITTM Gwalior https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHvr7iqDDik&list=PLzTOuirWWMlNMikY C2BO-AHImGebOC6KS&index=12
- 9. Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms: large reef building colonies, graceful flowing fans, and even small, solitary organisms. Thousands of species of corals have been discovered; some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others in the cold, dark depths of the ocean. Introduction of ecosystem -Coral reef
- 10. Because of the diversity of life found in the habitats created by corals, reefs are often called the "rainforests of the sea." About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Fishes and other organisms shelter, find food, reproduce, and rear their young in the many nooks and crannies formed by corals. Coral reef diversity
- 11. Shallow water, reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues. The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis. In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food, as well as oxygen. The algae also help the coral remove waste. Since both partners benefit from association, this type of symbiosis is called mutualism. Deep-sea corals live in much deeper or colder oceanic waters and lack zooxanthellae. Unlike their shallow water relatives, which rely heavily on photosynthesis to produce food, deep sea corals take in plankton and organic matter for much of their energy needs. Characteristics of Corals
- 12. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Many of these threats can stress corals, leading to coral bleaching and possible death, while others cause physical damage to these delicate ecosystems. During the 2014-2017 coral bleaching event, unusually warm waters (partially associated with a strong El Niño) affected 70% of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Some areas were hit particularly hard, like the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where hundreds of miles of coral were bleached. Major Threats to coral reef ecosystems
- 13. Mangroves are one of the world’s dominant coastal eco- systems comprised chiefly of flowering trees and shrubs uniquely adapted to marine and estuarine tidal conditions (Tomlinson, 1986; Duke, 1992; Hogarth, 1999; Saenger, 2002). They form distinctly vegetated and often densely structured habitat of verdant closed canopies (Figure 1) cloaking coastal margins and estuaries of equa- torial, tropical, and subtropical regions around the world (Spalding et al., 1997). Mangroves are well known for their morphological and physiological adaptations coping with salt, saturated soils, and regular tidal inundation, notably with specialized attributes MANGROVES
- 14. For more information video can be access: https://www.yout ube.com/watch?v= p6xCChU80fI&list= UUEnkfpF0NkgBsxj x_Gy1keA&index=9 3
- 16. A forest of exposed, above- ground stilt roots of Rhizophora apiculata, Daintree River estuary, northeastern Australia. Mature, viviparous propagules of a Bruguiera gymnorhiza tree, near Dumbea, New Caledonia.
- 17. A cormorant makes use of an eroding edge tree of Sonneratia caseolaris, in the upper Daintree River estuary, northeastern Australia
- 18. Mangroves are a diverse group of predominantly tropical trees and shrubs growing in the upper half of the intertidal zone of coastal areas worldwide (Duke, 1992). They are often mistakenly thought of as a single entity. But, like coral reefs, healthy mangroves are functionally diverse and complex. They also provide essential structure and habitat for a host of marine and intertidal species Rich and diverse
- 19. Terebralia gastropods devouring a fallen mangrove leaf, near Koumac, New Caledonia
- 20. Mangroves have evolved and flourished in their dynamic setting. While mangroves collectively have specialized morphologies and physiologies, these attributes have limits that vary with individual species. The distributional range of each mangrove species reflects its response to the dominant influencing factors at global, regional, and local scales . Where mangroves inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of the world, their presence in higher latitudes is generally constrained by the 20○C winter isotherm in the respective hemispheres Factors influencing mangrove distributions
- 21. Delicate pink flowers of the rare hybrid shrub, Lumnitzera rosea, Le Cap River, New Caledonia. Erect fruiting bodies of the striking mangrove palm, Nypa fruticans, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam
- 22. Sizing up an ancient tree of Avicennia germinans, near Braganza, Amazonian Brazil. Attractive flowers of Pelliciera rhizophorae support hummingbirds, near Diablo on the Pacific coast of Panama, Central America.
- 23. National Parks in India are discussed here along with the Wildlife Sanctuaries. These are the suitable place for biodiversity conservation. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries are protected areas declared by Government with the primary objective to preserve wildlife, save flora & fauna and restore the natural ecological balance. There are 103 National Parks and 544 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India. Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have the maximum number of National Parks (9 each). The spectacular natural beauty across the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India attracts millions of tourists every year. National Parks in India
- 24. National park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and biodiversity, and where activities like developmental, forestry, poaching, hunting and grazing on cultivation are not permitted. The government can declare an area as a national park with adequate ecological, geo-morphological and natural significance. In these parks, even private ownership rights are not allowed. Their boundaries are well marked and circumscribed. They are usually small reserves spreading in an area of 100 sq. km. to 500 sq. km. In national parks, the emphasis is on the preservation of a single floral or fauna species. National Parks in India: Overview
- 32. Wildlife Sanctuary is an area demarcated for the protection of a particular species of flora and fauna. Limited human activities may be allowed by the state authorities for the people living inside it. For e.g. Wildlife authorities may allow livestock grazing for a particular community living there. Any exploitation of wildlife is punishable offense and removal of forest produce requires a recommendation from relevant National or State Wildlife Board. Wildlife Sanctuary in India
- 33. Andaman and Nicobar-96 Arunachal Pradesh-11 Assam-18 Bihar-12 Chhattisgarh-11 Chandigarh-2 Dadra and Nagar Haveli-1 Daman and Diu-1 Delhi-1 List of Wildlife Sanctuary in India
- 34. Goa -6 Gujarat-23 Haryana-8 Himachal Pradesh-28 Jammu and Kashmir-15 Jharkhand-11 Karnataka-30 Kerala-17 Contd…
- 35. Lakshadweep-1 Madhya Pradesh-25 Maharashtra-42 Manipur-2 Meghalay-a4 Mizoram-8 Nagaland-3 Odisha-19 Contd…
- 36. Punjab-13 Rajasthan-25 Sikkim-7 Tamil Nadu-29 Telangana-9 Tripura-4 Uttar Pradesh-25 Uttarakhand-7 West Bengal-15 Contd…