Educational Philosophies.pptx
- 1. P R O F E S S O R M U H A M M A D I S M A I L A N S A R I T R A I N E R / I N S T R U C T O R Educational Philosophy
- 2. What is philosophy Combination of two words Philo “Love” & Sophos “Wisdom” Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about reason, existence, knowledge, values, mind, and language.
- 3. Philosophical School of Thoughts There are four broad philosophical schools of thought that apply to education today. These four general frameworks provide the root or base from which the various educational philosophies are derived. They are: idealism, realism, pragmatism (sometimes called experientialism), existentialism.
- 4. Idealism Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. Plato, father of Idealism, espoused this view about 400 years BC, in his famous book, The Republic. Plato believed that there are two worlds. The first is: the spiritual or mental world, which is eternal, permanent, orderly, regular, and universal.
- 5. Idealism and education:, the aim of education is to discover and develop each individual's abilities and full moral excellence in order to better serve society. The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind: literature, history, philosophy, and religion. Teaching methods focus on handling ideas through lecture, discussion, and Socratic dialogue (a method of teaching that uses questioning to help students discover and clarify knowledge). Introspection, intuition, insight, and whole-part logic are used to bring to consciousness the forms or concepts which are latent in the mind Character is developed through imitating examples of heroes.
- 6. Idealist philosophers Plato, Descartes, Kant, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Schopenhauer
- 7. Realism Realists believe that reality exists independent of the human mind. The ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. Truth is objective-what can be observed. Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his mentor's idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific method. In this metaphysical view, the aim is to understand objective reality through "the diligent and unsparing scrutiny of all observable data."
- 8. Realism Aristotle believed that to understand an object, its ultimate form had to be understood, which does not change. Aristotle also was the first to teach logic as a formal discipline in order to be able to reason about physical events and aspects. Perennialism is based on the philosophy of realism
- 9. Realism and education The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter of the physical world, particularly science and mathematics. The teacher organizes and presents content systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making decisions. Teaching methods focus on mastery of facts and basic skills through demonstration and recitation. Students must also demonstrate the ability to think critically and scientifically, using observation and experimentation. Curriculum should be scientifically approached, standardized, and distinct-discipline based. Character is developed through training in the rules of conduct.
- 10. Realists Philosophers - Aristotle, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Herbart, Montessori, Hobbes, Bacon, Locke - Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann embraced realism - Accountability in the schools is an outgrowth of realism
- 11. Pragmatism (Experientialism) Pragmatism is derived from the teaching of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), who believed that thought must produce action, rather than linger in the mind and lead to indecisiveness. For pragmatists, only those things that are experienced or observed are real. Unlike the Realists and Rationalists, Pragmatists believe that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best through applying our experiences and thoughts to problems, as they arise. There is no absolute and unchanging truth, but rather, truth is what works.
- 12. Pragmatism John Dewey (1859-1952) applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to each other and to their environment. Social reconstruction theory and progressive education also based on pragmatist philosophy.
- 13. Pragmatism (Experientialism)and education Schools should emphasize the subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on the context of place, time, and circumstance. The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new social order. Character development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences.
- 14. Pragmatism (Experientialism)and education teaching methods focus on hands-on problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often having students work in groups. Curriculum should bring the disciplines together to focus on solving problems in an interdisciplinary way. Rather than passing down organized bodies of knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe that learners should apply their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry. This prepares students for citizenship, daily living, and future careers.
- 15. Pragmatist Philosophers Charles Peirce, William James, John Dewey. Followers looked to Jean-Jacques - Rousseau, author of “Emile” who believed in natural education without coercion - Pestalozzi, Rousseau’s follower, believed that education should involve the entire child—body, emotions, and intellect - William Heard Kilpatrick—advanced cooperative learning, intrinsic rewards, liberal classroom discipline…”project method
- 16. Existentialism Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It is the view that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe. The nature of reality for Existentialists is subjective, and lies within the individual. The physical world has no inherent meaning outside of human existence.
- 17. Existentialism Individual choice and individual standards rather than external standards are central. We should not accept anyone else's predetermined philosophical system; rather, we must take responsibility for deciding who we are. The focus is on freedom, the development of authentic individuals, as we make meaning of our lives.
- 18. Existentialism Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a Danish minister and philosopher, is considered to be the founder of existentialism. Another group of existentialists, largely European, believe that we must recognize the finiteness of our lives on this small and fragile planet, rather than believing in salvation through God.
- 19. Existentialism and education the subject matter of existentialist classrooms should be a matter of personal choice. Teachers view the individual as an entity within a social context in which the learner must confront others' views to clarify his or her own. Character development emphasizes individual responsibility for decisions.
- 20. Existentialism and education: Real answers come from within the individual, not from outside authority. Examining life through authentic thinking involves students in genuine learning experiences. Existentialists are opposed to thinking about students as objects to be measured, tracked, or standardized. Such educators want the educational experience to focus on creating opportunities for self-direction and self actualization. They start with the student, rather than on curriculum content.
- 21. Existentialist philosophers -Kierkegaard Sartre Nietzsche Kierkegaard
- 22. MCQs 1. The literal meaning of philosophy is ? (a)Love of wisdom (b)Love of learning. (c)the act of teaching 2. The focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. (a)Realism. (b)Idealism (c)Pragmatism 3. Plato believed that there are two worlds, the first is: the spiritual or mental and the Second is the world of appearance. (a) Idealism. (b) Realism (c) Pragmatism
- 23. MCQs 4. The____________ focus is on the reality of experience. (a) Existentialism (b) Pragmatism (c) Realism 5. ___________ (1859-1952) applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. a) Ivan Pavlove. b) John Dewey. c) Jean Piaget 6. The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter of the _________ world, particularly science and mathematics. a) Ideal b) Imaginary c) physical
- 24. 7. Individual choice and individual standards rather than external standards are central in __________. a) Existentialism b) Pragmatism c) Realism 8. _______believe that learners should apply their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry. a) Idealists. b) Realists c) Pragmatists