The document discusses modulation, the electro-optic effect, electro-optic modulators (EOMs), the acousto-optic effect, and acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). Modulation varies properties of a waveform to transmit information. The electro-optic effect modifies material properties with electric fields. An EOM uses this effect to modulate light. The acousto-optic effect alters material properties with strain, and an AOM controls light using sound waves.