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Evolution of project management

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Project management has evolved significantly over time. Early projects from 2500 BC like the Egyptian pyramids were organized but lacked formal management philosophies. In the 1950s, organizations like RAND Corporation began using operations analysis and techniques like PERT and CPM were developed for projects like Polaris missile program. This led to the establishment of project management as a formal discipline in 1959. Over subsequent decades, practices advanced with developments like matrix organizations in 1960s, establishment of PMI in 1967, and introduction of concepts like portfolio management techniques in 2000s.

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EVOLUTION OF PM

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Evolution of PM  All of mankind’s greatest accomplishments- from building the great pyramid to discovering a cure for polio to putting a man on the moon- began as project.  Ever since there have been work endeavors that could be defined as “projects”, people have been using management tools and techniques.

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Evolution of PM  After all, without some form of planning, organization and communication strategy, nothing can be effectively accomplished.  However, the discipline that we now think of as project management was first formalized in the 1950s.

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Project management: History  Way back in BC 2500… Pyramids of Egyptians… (were organized as projects, but without any management philosophy.  1911 Taylorism/Scientific Management: Henry L Gantt invents the Gantt scheme

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Project management: History  1931: Karol Adamiecki creates the first network diagram, the so called Harmonogram  1942-45: The Manhattan project (USA). The project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion

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Project management: History  1950ies: Operations analysis, RAND Corporation  1957: The Sputnik shock, initiating the Polaris project  The Polaris project: The Polaris missile was nuclear- armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed Corporation of California for the United States Navy. Many new project management techniques were introduced during the development of the Polaris missile program, to deal with the inherent system complexity. This includes the use of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). This technique replaced the simpler Gantt chart methodology which was largely employed prior to this program.

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Project management: History  1956-59: CPM (Critical Path Method) is created at DuPont, independent of PERT.  1959: The concept of ”project manager” is coined in Harvard Business Review.

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Project management: History  1960ies: Great interest in matrix organizations  1967: INTERNET and PMI is established

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Project management: History  1980ies: Increasing interest in organizational and project management issues in projects. The project philosophy spreads to other fields, to smaller activities and to internal activities.  1987: PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) presents its first ever certified project management concept by PMI in the form of so called PMPs (Project Management Professionals).

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Project management: History  1990ies: Management by projects (the project based company), Agile project Management.  2000s: Portfolio management techniques.

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Operation analysis  Operations Analysis is the study of operational systems with the aim of identifying opportunities for improvement.  Using various mathematical models, statistical analyses, and logical reasoning methods, operational analysis aims to determine whether each area of the organization is contributing effectively to overall performance and the furthering of company strategy.

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Sputnik Shock  On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the earth’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik-1.  The successful launch came as a shock to experts and citizens in the United States, who had hoped that the United States would accomplish this scientific advancement first. back

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Portfolio management techniques  Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices(PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics.  The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategic objectives, or external real-world factors. back

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Evolution of project management

  • 2. Evolution of PM  All of mankind’s greatest accomplishments- from building the great pyramid to discovering a cure for polio to putting a man on the moon- began as project.  Ever since there have been work endeavors that could be defined as “projects”, people have been using management tools and techniques.
  • 3. Evolution of PM  After all, without some form of planning, organization and communication strategy, nothing can be effectively accomplished.  However, the discipline that we now think of as project management was first formalized in the 1950s.
  • 4. Project management: History  Way back in BC 2500… Pyramids of Egyptians… (were organized as projects, but without any management philosophy.  1911 Taylorism/Scientific Management: Henry L Gantt invents the Gantt scheme
  • 5. Project management: History  1931: Karol Adamiecki creates the first network diagram, the so called Harmonogram  1942-45: The Manhattan project (USA). The project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion
  • 6. Project management: History  1950ies: Operations analysis, RAND Corporation  1957: The Sputnik shock, initiating the Polaris project  The Polaris project: The Polaris missile was nuclear- armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed Corporation of California for the United States Navy. Many new project management techniques were introduced during the development of the Polaris missile program, to deal with the inherent system complexity. This includes the use of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). This technique replaced the simpler Gantt chart methodology which was largely employed prior to this program.
  • 7. Project management: History  1956-59: CPM (Critical Path Method) is created at DuPont, independent of PERT.  1959: The concept of ”project manager” is coined in Harvard Business Review.
  • 8. Project management: History  1960ies: Great interest in matrix organizations  1967: INTERNET and PMI is established
  • 9. Project management: History  1980ies: Increasing interest in organizational and project management issues in projects. The project philosophy spreads to other fields, to smaller activities and to internal activities.  1987: PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) presents its first ever certified project management concept by PMI in the form of so called PMPs (Project Management Professionals).
  • 10. Project management: History  1990ies: Management by projects (the project based company), Agile project Management.  2000s: Portfolio management techniques.
  • 11. Operation analysis  Operations Analysis is the study of operational systems with the aim of identifying opportunities for improvement.  Using various mathematical models, statistical analyses, and logical reasoning methods, operational analysis aims to determine whether each area of the organization is contributing effectively to overall performance and the furthering of company strategy.
  • 12. Sputnik Shock  On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the earth’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik-1.  The successful launch came as a shock to experts and citizens in the United States, who had hoped that the United States would accomplish this scientific advancement first. back
  • 13. Portfolio management techniques  Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices(PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics.  The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategic objectives, or external real-world factors. back