FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE.pptx
- 7. The belief in the account of the creation of the universe is presented in Genesis (one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament). God created the earth and everything on it, taking six days. The universe as thus brought into being by God. TheTheory ofCreation
- 9. Big Bang Theory The current accepted model on the formation of the universe. The universe began almost 14 billion years ago in an extremely hot and dense state, from which it has cooled and expanded since. The fundamental forces and particles of nature emerged in the first fractions of a second after the big bang.
- 10. Big Bang Theory According to this theory, matter was not present at the beginning of time; there was only pure energy compressed in a single point called singularity. The big bang caused rapid inflation and expansion of the universe.
- 11. Big Bang Theory The overall composition of the universe transitioned from light elements to solid particles in the form of a nebula.These nebulae would later form the star systems and planets known today.
- 12. GEORGES LEMAÎTRE (1894 – 1966) Belgian priest-astronomer suggested the big bang theory in the 1920s The hypothesis of the primeval atom” or the “Cosmic Egg”. BIG BANGTHEORY
- 13. 1.The universe is Expanding. 2.The outward speed of distant objects in the universe is proportional to their distance from us. 3.The rate of expansion can be estimated from observation. Hubble’s Law Hubble Constant
- 14. EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) American astronomer Proved the existence of other galaxies besides the MilkyWay. Examined the constant relationship between galaxies' redshift and distance.
- 15. REDSHIFT A phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation (such as light) from an object undergoes an increase in wavelength. Hubble observed that most galaxies have spectral shifts that move towards the red end of spectrum which occurs when a light emitting object move away from the observer.
- 16. George Gamow Russian cosmologist Gave further support to Lemaitre and Hubble’s theory of the Origin of the Universe Elements were formed after the Big bang and the large amounts of hydrogen and helium in the universe came from the reactions when the universe expanded from its very dense state.
- 17. ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON Discovered the cosmic microwave background in 1964 placed the seal of approval on the Big Bang Theory and shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics The cosmic microwave background hails from the earliest observable event in the history of the universe, some 300,000 years after its birth.
- 18. COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow in the microwave band coming from all directions-blackbody radiation with an average temperature of about 2.7degrees above absolute zero the predicted thermal echo of the universe's explosive birth. the oldest light in the universe
- 19. The Steady StateTheory View that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density Matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate has no beginning or end in time;
- 20. The Steady StateTheory At the heart of the Steady State theory is the Perfect Cosmological Principle. This states that the Universe is infinite in extent, infinitely old and, taken as a whole, it is the same in all directions and at all times in the past and at all times in the future. In other words, the Universe doesn’t evolve or change over time.
- 21. The Steady StateTheory first put forward by Sir James Jeans in about 1920 in revised form in 1948 by Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold. further developed by Sir Fred Hoyle
- 22. QUASARS In 1963, a new class of astronomical objects called quasars was discovered. These are incredibly bright objects but are very small when compared to size of a galaxy.
- 23. TheTheory of Oscillating Universe Albert Einstein’s favored model after rejecting his own original model followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature resulted in the expansion of the universe for a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big crunch
- 24. TheTheory ofOscillatingUniverse cosmological theory model that combines the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. Cyclical Model Introduced by the Russian scientist Alexander Friedmann, during the years 1922 and 1924. RichardTolman raised the theory in 1934 based on the background of George Gamow.
- 25. BigCrunch In this scenario, the current expansion of the Universe ultimately slows, stops and then reverses to begin contracting.
- 26. BigCrunch The Big Crunch is one of the scenarios predicted by scientists in which the Universe may end based on Einstein’sTheory of General Relativity. That is, if the Big Bang describes how the Universe most possibly began, the Big Crunch describes how it will end as a consequence of that beginning.
Editor's Notes
- All the stars systems, galaxies, gas and dusts, including all the matter and energy that exist at present, and will exist in the future are contained in the universe. The universe is so vast that it includes all of space and time. The study of the universe is called cosmology.
- According to Christian belief, God created the universe.
- in the beginning - God started creation the first day - light was created the second day - the sky was created the third day - dry land, seas, plants and trees were created the fourth day - the Sun, Moon and stars were created the fifth day - creatures that live in the sea and creatures that fly were created the sixth day - animals that live on the land and finally humans, made in the image of God were created by day seven - God finished his work of creation and rested, making the seventh day a special holy day.
- The big bang theory is the consensus cosmological framework for explaining the origin, properties, and evolution of the universe.
- The fundamental statement of the Big Bang theory is attributed to Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre in 1927.
- In his work, he presented three ideas. The second idea would be later known as Hubbles Law and the third as Hubble constant
- It was later supported by Edwin Hubble’s demonstration of the continuously expanding universe through his observation of galactic red shifts in 1929 and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965.
- o explain the observation, he turned to the Doppler effect, a phenomenon that most people associate with sound. For example, as an ambulance approaches us on the street, the pitch of the siren seems to increase; as it passes, the pitch decreases. This happens because the ambulance is either catching up to the sound waves it is creating (increased pitch) or moving away from them (decreased pitch). Hubble reasoned that light waves created by galaxies were behaving similarly. If a distant galaxy were rushing toward our galaxy, he argued, it would move closer to the light waves it was producing, which would decrease the distance between wave crests and shift its color to the blue end of the spectrum. If a distant galaxy were rushing away from our galaxy, it would move away from the light waves it was creating, which would increase the distance between wave crests and shift its color to the red end of the spectrum.
- They were working with a sensitive radio antenna at the Bell Labs Crawford Hill Laboratory outside Holmdel, New Jersey, when they discovered a persistent hiss with no obvious explanation. It came from all directions and, in spite of repeated checks for sources of noise, it refused to go away. Penzias and Wilson finally recognized that the mysterious radio signal was cosmic radiation that had survived from the earliest days of the universe. It was proof of the Big Bang.
- dating from the first epoch in which photons could travel freely. Shortly after the Big Bang, the cosmos was a seething-hot, opaque fog of plasma and energy; things changed about 380,000 years later, when temperatures dropped enough for electrically neutral atoms to form, and the universe became transparent. The CMB is markedly uniform, lending support to the theory of cosmic inflation, which posits that the universe expanded much faster than the speed of light just a few tiny fractions of a second after the Big Bang.
- The Steady State theory was very popular in the 1950s. However, evidence against the theory began to emerge during the early 1960s
- piece of evidence to discredit the theory emerged in 1963, when a new class of astronomical objects called quasars was discovered. These are incredibly bright objects which can be up to 1,000 times the brightness of the Milky Way, but are very small when compared to size of a galaxy. Quasars are only found at great distances from us, meaning that the light from them was emitted billions of light years ago. The fact that quasars are only found in the early Universe provides strong evidence that the Universe has changed over time.
- oscillating Universe theory Variant of the ‘Big Bang’ theory in which it is suggested that the universe passes through successive cycles of expansion and contraction (or collapse). At the end of the collapse phase, with the universe packed into a small volume of great density, it is possible that a ‘bounce’ would occur.
- All the stars systems, galaxies, gas and dusts, including all the matter and energy that exist at present, and will exist in the future are contained in the universe. The universe is so vast that it includes all of space and time. The study of the universe is called cosmology.