Fundamental of computer

SAVE SAVE AS
Thiscommandis use whenyouwantto save a
file byonlyone name.
Thiscommandis use whenyouwantto save a file by
twoor more than twoname.
Save isa commandinthe file menuof most
applicationsthatstoresthe databack to the
file andfolderitoriginallycame from.
Save as is a commandinthe file menuof most
applicationsthatallowstostore a new file orto
store the file ina new location.
Save appliestoa currentfile. Save as appliestoa new file.
Save doesnot allowsavingthe file insome
otherformat.
It allowsthe usertochange the file formatwiththe
userto change the file formatwiththe save as
dialogbox.
PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDDARY MEMRY
The primarymemoryiscategorizedasvolatile
& nonvolatile memories.
The secondarymemorymemoryisalwaysanon-
volatile memory.
These memoriesare alsocalledinternal
memory.
Secondarymemoryisknownasa Backupmemory
or additional memoryorauxiliarymemory.
Data is directlyaccessedbythe processingunit. Data cannot be accesseddirectlybythe processor.
It isfirstcopiedfromsecondarymemorytoprimary
memory.OnlythenCPUcan access it.
It’sa volatile memorymeaningdatacannotbe
retainedincase of powerfailure.
It’sa non-volatilememorysothatdata can be
retainedevenafterpowerfailure.
RAM ROM
Ram isa volatile memorywhichcouldstore the
data as longas the poweris supplied.
Rom isa non-volatilememorywhichcould
retainthe data evenwhenpoweristurnedoff.
Data storedin RAMcan be retrievedandaltered. Data storedin Romcan onlybe read.
It isa high-speedmemory. It ismuch slowerthanthe Ram.
Ram standsfor RandomAccessMemory. Rom standsfor readonlymemory.
Ram memoryislarge and highcapacity. Rom isgenerallysmall andof low capacity.
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Hardware refersto the physical elementsof a
computer.
Software referstoa collectionof instructionsthat
tellsthe computerhow toperforma task.
The hardware has fourmain categories:input
devicesand internal components.
Software ismainlydividedintosystemsoftware
and applicationsoftware.
The hardware is tangible. Software isintangible.
Hardware is developedusingelectronicandother
materials.
Software isdevelopedbywritinginstructionsusing
a programminglanguage.
Whena hardware componentisdamaged,itcan
be replacedwitha newcomponent.
Whensoftware isdamaged,itcan be reinstalled
usinga backupcopy. Malware such as virusand
wormscan damage software.
Keyboard,Mouse,Monitor, Printer,Harddisk,
CPU, RAMand ROMare fewexamplesof
hardware.
MS Word , Excel,CorelDraw,Photoshopare some
example of software.

CONDITIONAL FORMATTING FORMATTING
Conditional formattingisafeature thatallowsyouto
applyspecificformattingtocellsthatmeetcertain
criteria.
Formattingisa neat trickwhichisusedto change the
appearance of the data representedinthe worksheet.
It callsattentiontoimportantdata pointsuch as
deadlines,at-risktasks,orbudgetitems.
It helpstomake your fontmore readable.
It ismost oftenusedascolor-basedformatting. The formattingof texton manydocumentisbasedon
colour,size,bold,Italicetc.
FOOTNOTE ENDNOTE
Footnote referstothe supplemental piece of
information,publishedatthe bottomof the page.
Endnote impliesanote printedatthe endof the book
or a particularsectionof the book.
It appearsat bottomof the page. End of the documentorbookor chapter.
It containsan abbreviatedadditionof anin-text
excerpt.
Detailsof the reference quoted.
FOOTNOTE FOOTER
Footnote isshortpiece of text,oftennumbered,placed
at the bottomof a printedpage.
Footerisa line of informationprintedatthe bottomof
the page.
It containscommentsthatare tooperipheral or
tangential tobe includedinthe bodyof the document,
or to city referencesmentionedinthe bodyof the
document.
It containspage numbers,the date,documentname or
author of the document.
Footnote appliesonlytothe page for whichthe note
providesadditional information.
Once it iscreated,theyusuallyappearoneverypage.
CUT DELETE
Cut isan optionthat helpstoremove apiece of content
and save itto the clipboardforpaste option.
Delete isanoptiontocompletelyeliminateapiece of
contentfromthe document.
The user can use control keywiththe x keyto perform
cut functionality.
User can use delete ordel keytoperformdelete
functionality.
Cut allowsyoutomove a file. Delete movesthe file tothe trashbin.
An optionthathelpstoremove apiece of contentand
save it to the clipboardforpaste option.
An optionthathelpstocompletelyeliminate apiece of
contentfromthe document.
Remove textorothercontent fromthe documentand
save it inthe clipboard.
Remove textorothercontentfromthe document
withoutsavingtothe clipboard.
Use control keywithx keyto cut. Use delete ordel keytodelete.

SHORT- CUT KEY
Cut – Ctrl+ X, Shift+ Del
Copy – Ctrl+ C, Ctrl+ Ins
Paste – Ctrl+ V, Shift+ Ins
Print – Ctrl+ P
Spelling and grammar – Alt+ F7
Power point presentation run – Alt+ f5
Save – Ctrl+ S
Bold – Ctrl+ B
Underline – Ctrl+ U
Italic – Ctrl+ I
Alignments – Ctrl+ L, Ctrl+R, Ctrl+E, Ctrl+ J
Open a save – Ctrl+ O
Open a new document – Ctrl+ N
Select all – Ctrl+ A
Open windows explorer – Windows+E
Copy selected item – Ctrl+ Ins
Cut selected item – Shift+ Del
Undo last action – Ctrl+ Z
Justify paragraph alignment – Ctrl+ J
Alignment Center – Ctrl+ E
Open new page – Ctrl+ Enter key Combination.
Duplicate – Ctrl+ D
Find – Ctrl+ F
Group & Go to – Ctrl+ G
Replace – Ctrl+ H
Hyperlink – Ctrl+ K
New Slide – Ctrl+ M
Quite – Ctrl+ Q
New Tab – Ctrl+ T
Close the window – Ctrl+ W
Redo – Ctrl+ Y
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

FULL FORM
CPU --------> Central processingunit
ALU ---------> ArithmeticLogicUnit
CU ----------> Control unit
UPS ----------> Uninterruptible powersupply
IP --------------> Internetprotocol
HTTP -----------> Hypertexttransferprotocol
HTML -----------> Hypertextmarkuplanguage.
WWW -----------> Worldwide web
URL ---------------> Uniformresource locator
STP --------------> SpaningTree proted
LAN --------------> Local AreaNetwork
MAN ------------> MetropolitanAreaNetwork
WAN -------------> Wide AreaNetwork
E-MAIL ------------> Electronicmail
ROM ---------------> Read onlymemory
RAM---------------> RandomAccessMemory
VDSL--------------> VeryHigh-data-rate digitalsubscriberline.
HDSL-----------------> High-data-rate digital subscriberline.
LLL --------------> Low Level Language
HLL ----------------> High Level Language
VB ---------------> Visual Basic
DOS --------------> Diskoperatingsystem
LCD ------------> Liquidcrystal display
OCR --------------> Optical Character recognition
MICR --------------> Magneticinkcharacter recognition
OMR --------------> Optical mark readingandrecognition
SOL --------------> StructuredQueryLanguage
ANSL-------------> AmericanNational StandardsInstitute
Webmail -----------> Webbasedemail
POST ----------------> Power on self-test
ISP -------------------> Internet serviceprovider
IRC -------------------> Internet relay chat
ATM -----------------> Asynchronous transfer mode

SHORT NOTE
1. Page setup : Page setupisa setof specificparameterinvolvingthe displayandlayoutof aprintedpage.This
type or resource ispart of manymodernwordprocessingapplicationsandother documentprocessing
software,forinstance,inMicrosoftoffice applications.
Page setup:Margin,Orientation,Size,Columns,Breaks,Line number,Hyphenation.
2. Word Art : Wordart is a text modifying feature in Microsoft word, a popular word processing program. It
includes effect such as shadows, outlines, colors, gradients, and 3D effects that can be added to a word or
phrase.Wordartcan be addedtoa wordor phrase.Wordart can alsobend,stretch,skew,orotherwisemodify
the shape of the text.
3. Water mark : Watermark is simply that image or text that appears mainly behind the main document will
normallydisplaythe statusof the documentswillnormallydisplaythe statusof the documentlikeconfidential
. draft among among other. Watermarks are normal used to prevent counterfeiting.
4. Foot note : Footnote is short piece of text, often numbered, placed at the bottom of a printed page.
It containscommentsthat are too peripheral ortangential tobe includedinthe bodyof the document,orto
city references mentioned in the body of the document.
Footnote applies only to the page for which the note provides additional information.
5. Drop cap : Dropcap isa formattingoptioninmswordthatallowsyouto insertafancycapital letterthatdrops
down below the line of text.
Drop cap means Dropped capital . A Drop cap is a large capital letter used as a decorative element at the
beginning of a paragraph or section. The size of a drop cap is usually two or more lines. The following
illustration shows your options for positioning a drop cap.
6. Data validation: Data validationinmsexcel isafeature thatisusedto setup certainrulestodictate whatcan
be entered into a cell.
Data validation provides a distinct guarantee for fitness and reliability of data in an application or automated
system.
7. Short : Sorting is any process of arranging items systematically, and has two common, yet distinct meaning
ordering arranging items in a sequence ordered by some criterion , categorizing : groping items with familiar
properties.
8. Filter : Filter is a feature used for extracting particular data using some conditions spread sheet. Offers both
these featured for sorting and filtering for sorting and filtering data in the spreadsheet.
9. Chart : chart are the pictorial representation of a worksheet that makes it easier for user to comprehend the data.
Charts help to make instant decisions based on comparison of numbers. It helps you to analyze and evaluate the
worksheet conveniently. It also holds the interest of the audience of the data is present in graphical or pictorial
form. Which is easier to read and understand.
Types of chart Column chart, Bar chart, Graph, Line Chart, Area chart, Pic Chart, Net chart, Stock chart,
Column and line chart, Bubble chart, Scatter or XY chart.
10. Animation : Power point animation is a form of animation which used Microsoft PowerPoint and similar
programs to create a game or movie. The artwork is generally created using power points auto shape features,
and then animated slide-by-slide or by using custom animation.

QUATION ANSWERS
1. What is Netwok?
 A computernetworkisa groupof computerconnectedtogetherforthe purpose of sharingvarious
computersoftware andhardware resource.Network -1.Advantage Network 2. Disadvantage
2. What is internet?
 The internetisa worldwide networkof network.Itisacollectionof smallernetwork.Itisa collectionof
smallernetworkandotherconnectedmachinesspanningthe entire globe.Networkthatoperatesatavery
highspeedandcarriesthe bulkof the traffic.Othersmallernetworksconnecttothatbackbone.Internet
simplytocooperate witheachother.
3. What is www ?
 wwwisa the worldwide web. The worldwide webisawayof exchanginginformationbetweencomputer
on the internet.
4. What is topology?
 Topologyisthe arrangementof the elementsof acommunicationnetwork.Networktopologycanbe usedto
define ordescribe the arrangementof varioustypesof telecommunicationnetworksincludingcommand
and control radionetworksandcomputernetwork.
5. Types ofnetwork topology (name).
 1. Mesh topology
2. Star topology
3. Bus topology
4. Ring topology
5. Hybridtopology
6. Types ofnetwork...?
 1. PAN --------- Personal areanetwork
2. LAN ---------- local area
3. WLAN -------- wirelesslocal areanetwork
4. CAN ---------- campusarea network
5. MAN ---------- metropolitanareanetwork
6. WAN ---------- wide areanetwork
7. SAN ----------- Storage area network
7. Advantage and disadvantage ofnetwork ?
Advantage:-
 1. Easy to communicationbetweentwopeople whoare farfromeach other.
2. The file sharingveryfast,itsavesa lotof time.
Disadvantage:-
 1. The variousnetworkcomponents,cablesand software canbe reallyexpensive.
2. The breakdownof networkmaybe leadstolossof informationandresources.
8. Give example ofsome web browsers?
 InternetExplorer
 Google Chrome
 Operamini
 MicrosoftEdge

9. Give example ofsearch engines?
 Google
 Yahoo
 Ecosia
 MicrosoftBing
 Baidu
 Yandex
 Ask.com
10. Importance of usingmail merge ?
 Mail merge isa veryimportantfacilityprovidedbywordprocessors.itisaproduct of word processor
applicationsoftware.It helptocreate standardlatterand senttoogroup of people of withoutanychanging
apply.Itwill helpustoprepare large amountof letterwithoutanyproblem.Itisveryeasytoproof readonly
one latterthan thousandof individual letters.Itisfastway to prepare letters.Itsavesourtime.
11. How to seta picture behindany passage ?
Selectthe image then Choose the orderoptionfromthe draw menuonthe drawingtoolbar.Word displaysa
submenu. Choose sendbehindtextfromthe submenu.The image shouldmove behindthe text.
12. What is auto filter?
 Autofilterisan easywayto turn the valuesinan excel columnintofiltersbasedonthe column’scellsor
content.
13. Whydo you use footnote ?
 Footnotesare notesplacedatthe bottom of a page.They cityreferencesorcommentona designatedpart
of the textabove it.Sayyou wantto add an interestingcommenttoa sentence youhave written,butthe
commentisnot directly relatedtothe argumentof yourparagraph.
14. What is conditional formatting?
 Conditional formattingisafeature thatallowsyoutoapplyspecificformattingtocellsthatmeetcertain
criteria.Itcallsattentiontoimportantdata pointsuchas deadlines,at-risktasks,orbudget items.Itismost
oftenusedascolor-basedformatting.
15. Write the shortcut key to play any power point presentation?
 F5 – Playthe presentationfromthe start.
 Shift+ F5 – Playthe presentationfromthe currentslide.
 Ctrl + P – Annotate usingapentool while playingthe slidershow.
 N or page Down – Move to the nextslide while playingthe slideshow.
16. What is computer?
 In oxforddictionarycomputerisdefinedasanautomaticelectronicapparatusformakingcalculationsor
controllingoperationsthatare expressible innumerical andlogical terms.The wordcomputercomesfrom
the word compute whichmeanstocalculate.Socomputermeansa device,whichcancomputerorcalculate.
17. Computer6 types
 Operatingprinciples
 Application
 Size and capability
 Number of Microprocessor
 Word length
 Number of user

18. Operating principles classified 3 types –
 Analog computer
 Digital computer
 Hybrid computer
19. Application classified 2 types –
 Special purposecomputer
 General purposecomputer
20. Size and capability classified 5 types –
 Microcomputers (personal computer)
 Workstation
 Mini computer
 Main frame computer
 Superframe computer
21. Microcomputer classified 2 types.
 Desktop
 Portables
22. Portable computer’s are –
 Laptop
 Networks
 Palmtop
 Table pc
 Wearablecomputer
23. Microprocessors classified 2 types –
 Sequertial computer
 Parallel Computer
24. Word length and number of users classified 3 types –
 Singleuser
 Multi user
 Network
25. What is computer memory ?
 Computer memory is any physical devicecapableof storinginformation temporarily or permanently.
Computer memory two types 1. Primary memory 2. Second memory
Primary memory – (RAM)-DRAM , SRAM ,
Second memory – (ROM)- PROM , EPROM , EEPROM
26. What does computer memory (RAM) do ?
 Computer randomaccess memory (Ram) is one of the most important components in determining your system’s
performance. Ram gives applications a placeto store and access data on a short term basis.Itstores the information
your computer is actively usingso thatitcan be accessed quickly.
27. What is a computer virus ?
 A computer virus is an executableprogram. By definition a virus programis ableto replicateitself.This means that the
virus multiplies on a computer by makingcopied of itself.
28. Type of computer virus.
 Web scriptingvirus
 Browser hijacker
 Resident virus
 Direct action virus

29. What is metropolitan area network ?
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a
geographic region of the sizeof a metropolitan area.
30. What is the harm caused by computer virus attack ?
 Some computer viruses areprogrammed to harmyour computer by damagingprograms, deleting files,or reformatting
the hard drive. Others simply replicatethemselves or flood a network with traffic,makingi t impossibleto perform any
internet activity.
11. Types of Hardware ?
 Processor
 Memory or storage device
 Input or output device
12. Types of Memory ?
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory
13. Types of software ?
 System software
 Application software
 Utilities

Fundamental of computer

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