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Fundamentals of Earth Science

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Imran Rakib

The document provides an outline for a lesson on fundamentals of earth science. It discusses the four spheres of Earth - hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It then explains how these spheres interact as part of the Earth system and describes some key cycles within the system, including the hydrologic and rock cycles. The document also summarizes theories on the origin and evolution of Earth, from the formation of the solar system out of a primordial nebula according to the nebular hypothesis, to the development of life on Earth.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTH SCIENCE M D I M R A N H O S S A I N R A K I B B U P D E P O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L S C I E N C E
OUTLINE Earth’s spheres The Earth system Evolution of Earth
LESSON OBJECTIVE To learn the basic knowledge of Earth’s sphere and its interrelationship To understand the Earth’s system To learn the evolution of Earth
EARTH’S SPHERES
Fundamentals of Earth Science
HYDROSPHERE Blue planet Earth’s uniqueness Dynamic sphere continually move Ocean covers 71 percent and hydrosphere contain 97 percent
Fundamentals of Earth Science
ATMOSPHERE Earth is surrounded by life giving gaseous envelope Atmosphere is thin and tenuous An integral part of planet Not only for breathing but also protects us from the Sun’s intense heat and dangerous UV radiation. Exchange of energy between atmosphere and Earth surface and between the atmosphere and space produce effects called weather and climate
If Earth had no atmosphere, what would happen?
BIOSPHERE All life on Earth Most life concentrated near surface, tree roots and burrowing animals, flying insects and birds Some of the life found in extreme environment Organisms depends on physical environment
Think a world without life…..
GEOSPHERE Lying beneath the atmosphere and the oceans is the solid Earth or geosphere it extends from surface to center of the Earth Largest of four Earth’s sphere Dynamic behavior of earth’s interior Soil is a thin layer of Earth’s surface
SOIL The solid portion is a mixture of weathered rock debris (geosphere) and organic matter from decayed plant and animal life (biosphere). The decomposed and disintegrated rock debris is the product of weathering processes that require air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere).
AMAZING EARTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T20RT0GgOB4
EARTH AS A SYSTEM Our planet is a dynamic body with many separate but interacting parts or spheres. Each is related in some way to the others to produce a complex and continuously interacting whole that is called Earth system
CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM Hydrologic cycle is an important subsystem Unending circulation of Earth’s water among the four spheres
CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM The rocks of the geosphere are constantly forming, changing and reforming. The loop that involves the processes is called rock cycle These cycle are not independent
CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM Hydrologic cycle and rock cycle: 1. Weathering, disintegrate and decompose 2. Movement and deposition 3. GW percolate through debris 4. leave mineral matter which help to cementing 5. Changing from one rock to another would not possible without hydrologic cycle Figure: 1.13 (Tarbuck)
ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM Two sources of energy: 1. The Sun 2. The Earth’s interior
The Sun: Drives external processes Weather and climate Ocean circulation Erosional processes Earths interior: Decay of radioactive elements Volcanoes Earthquakes Mountains
ORIGIN OF PLANET EARTH Big bang occurred 14 billion years ago A large explosion that sent all matter of the universe flying outward at incredible speeds. The debris from the explosion was almost entirely hydrogen and helium Began to cool and condense into the first stars and galaxies One of the galaxies was Milky way galaxy, where our solar system and planet earth took place
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Gaseous hypothesis of Kant Nebular hypothesis of Laplace
GASEOUS HYPOTHESIS OF KANT Immanuel Kant- German Philosopher Book “ The General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven” in 1755 His assumptions– Supernaturally created primordial hard matter was scattered in the universe In fact, slowly rotating cloud of gas (nebula) and matter comprised of very cold, solid and motionless particles The particles began to collide with each other due to gravitational attractions
This attraction and collision generated random motion and heat With temperature the random motion/rate of collision also increases Temperature rise changed the solid primordial matter to gaseous particle Heat increases so as the size of the nebula and angular velocity Rapid spin results in the separation and thrown off of irregular rings from the nebula Similar way nine rings (planets) were separated from the nebula The central mass of the nebula remained as the sun
Limitations of Gaseous hypothesis of Kant  The source or the origin of the primordial matter  Source of energy to cause random motion  Increase of rotatory speed with size
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS OF LAPLACE Modified version of Kant’s hypothesis French Mathematician Laplace in his book “ Exposition of the World System” in 1796 His assumptions There was a hot and rotating gaseous nebula in space Gradual loss of heat from the outer surface due to motion/rotation
This gradual loss of heat resulted in the cooling of the outer surface and contraction of size and volume of the nebula As the size decreases, the nebula started spinning at very fast speed As a result centrifugal force (out of the centre) became greater the centripetal force (towards centre)
• The condensed and cooled outer ring could not rotate with the central nucleus • separated from the nebula • This separated ring also started moving around the nebula • The separated ring was divided into nine rings (hot gaseous agglomeration) moved away from one another • These hot gaseous agglomeration was cooled and condensed to form planets • The remaining central nucleus became the sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRZYMimUET8
HOME ASSIGNMENT Difference between Laplace hypothesis and Kant hypothesis
THANK YOU

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Fundamentals of Earth Science

  • 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTH SCIENCE M D I M R A N H O S S A I N R A K I B B U P D E P O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L S C I E N C E
  • 2. OUTLINE Earth’s spheres The Earth system Evolution of Earth
  • 3. LESSON OBJECTIVE To learn the basic knowledge of Earth’s sphere and its interrelationship To understand the Earth’s system To learn the evolution of Earth
  • 6. HYDROSPHERE Blue planet Earth’s uniqueness Dynamic sphere continually move Ocean covers 71 percent and hydrosphere contain 97 percent
  • 8. ATMOSPHERE Earth is surrounded by life giving gaseous envelope Atmosphere is thin and tenuous An integral part of planet Not only for breathing but also protects us from the Sun’s intense heat and dangerous UV radiation. Exchange of energy between atmosphere and Earth surface and between the atmosphere and space produce effects called weather and climate
  • 9. If Earth had no atmosphere, what would happen?
  • 10. BIOSPHERE All life on Earth Most life concentrated near surface, tree roots and burrowing animals, flying insects and birds Some of the life found in extreme environment Organisms depends on physical environment
  • 11. Think a world without life…..
  • 12. GEOSPHERE Lying beneath the atmosphere and the oceans is the solid Earth or geosphere it extends from surface to center of the Earth Largest of four Earth’s sphere Dynamic behavior of earth’s interior Soil is a thin layer of Earth’s surface
  • 13. SOIL The solid portion is a mixture of weathered rock debris (geosphere) and organic matter from decayed plant and animal life (biosphere). The decomposed and disintegrated rock debris is the product of weathering processes that require air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere).
  • 15. EARTH AS A SYSTEM Our planet is a dynamic body with many separate but interacting parts or spheres. Each is related in some way to the others to produce a complex and continuously interacting whole that is called Earth system
  • 16. CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM Hydrologic cycle is an important subsystem Unending circulation of Earth’s water among the four spheres
  • 17. CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM The rocks of the geosphere are constantly forming, changing and reforming. The loop that involves the processes is called rock cycle These cycle are not independent
  • 18. CYCLES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM Hydrologic cycle and rock cycle: 1. Weathering, disintegrate and decompose 2. Movement and deposition 3. GW percolate through debris 4. leave mineral matter which help to cementing 5. Changing from one rock to another would not possible without hydrologic cycle Figure: 1.13 (Tarbuck)
  • 19. ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM Two sources of energy: 1. The Sun 2. The Earth’s interior
  • 20. The Sun: Drives external processes Weather and climate Ocean circulation Erosional processes Earths interior: Decay of radioactive elements Volcanoes Earthquakes Mountains
  • 21. ORIGIN OF PLANET EARTH Big bang occurred 14 billion years ago A large explosion that sent all matter of the universe flying outward at incredible speeds. The debris from the explosion was almost entirely hydrogen and helium Began to cool and condense into the first stars and galaxies One of the galaxies was Milky way galaxy, where our solar system and planet earth took place
  • 22. ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Gaseous hypothesis of Kant Nebular hypothesis of Laplace
  • 23. GASEOUS HYPOTHESIS OF KANT Immanuel Kant- German Philosopher Book “ The General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven” in 1755 His assumptions– Supernaturally created primordial hard matter was scattered in the universe In fact, slowly rotating cloud of gas (nebula) and matter comprised of very cold, solid and motionless particles The particles began to collide with each other due to gravitational attractions
  • 24. This attraction and collision generated random motion and heat With temperature the random motion/rate of collision also increases Temperature rise changed the solid primordial matter to gaseous particle Heat increases so as the size of the nebula and angular velocity Rapid spin results in the separation and thrown off of irregular rings from the nebula Similar way nine rings (planets) were separated from the nebula The central mass of the nebula remained as the sun
  • 25. Limitations of Gaseous hypothesis of Kant  The source or the origin of the primordial matter  Source of energy to cause random motion  Increase of rotatory speed with size
  • 26. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS OF LAPLACE Modified version of Kant’s hypothesis French Mathematician Laplace in his book “ Exposition of the World System” in 1796 His assumptions There was a hot and rotating gaseous nebula in space Gradual loss of heat from the outer surface due to motion/rotation
  • 27. This gradual loss of heat resulted in the cooling of the outer surface and contraction of size and volume of the nebula As the size decreases, the nebula started spinning at very fast speed As a result centrifugal force (out of the centre) became greater the centripetal force (towards centre)
  • 28. • The condensed and cooled outer ring could not rotate with the central nucleus • separated from the nebula • This separated ring also started moving around the nebula • The separated ring was divided into nine rings (hot gaseous agglomeration) moved away from one another • These hot gaseous agglomeration was cooled and condensed to form planets • The remaining central nucleus became the sun
  • 30. HOME ASSIGNMENT Difference between Laplace hypothesis and Kant hypothesis

Editor's Notes

  1. Tarbuck : page-12
  2. Savindra Singh page: 18-