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Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons

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CGIAR
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This presentation was given by Rahma Adams (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center / CIMMYT) on 21 November 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and CGIAR Research Program on Maize. Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-seed-system-ssa/ Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/

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Science for a food-secure future Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons Rahma Adam, PhD 21st of November, 2019 CGIAR Gender Platform Webinar
Presentation Outline 1. Rationale for gender responsiveness in formal seed systems 2. Gender in the formal maize seed sector: (i) Gender and the adoption of DT maize varieties in East Africa, including farmers awareness of the varieties. (ii)Women in the maize seed business in East and Southern Africa (iii) Gender mainstreaming in seed companies: A case from Uganda 3. Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa 4. Capacity building 5. Conclusions & further areas of research
Science for a food-secure future Rationale for gender responsiveness in seed systems Women farmers are less likely to use improved seed than men in SSA, leading to lower productivity levels The gender gaps in the uptake of improved seed, represent real costs to households, seed companies, agro-dealers and society The role of Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa (STMA) project then is three folds: Provide state of the art knowledge on gender in seed value chains Understanding men and women product preferences Awareness creation and adoption through alternative partners like NGOs, CBOs, and local extensions I II III
Science for a food-secure future I. Gender in the formal maize seed sector
Science for a food-secure future % households aware of DTMVs in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda by Gender based on HH surveys  More MHHs are aware of DT maize than FHHs, especially in Uganda and Tanzania  Extension service biased towards men Note: Datasets from Tanzania and Kenya are from STMA 2018 and for Uganda is DTMASS 2015 Households awareness of Drought Tolerant Varieties in East Africa
Science for a food-secure future % households adopting DTMVs in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda by Gender based on HH surveys  More MHHs adopted DT maize than FHHs, especially in Tanzania and Kenya  Provided that seeds are made available in Uganda, the FHHs are likely to adopt DTMVs the same way as MHHs.
Science for a food-secure future Sylvia Horemans Stephanie Angomwile Josephine Okot Dr. Zubeda Omari Mduruma Cecilia Alphonce Magesa Sarah Muya Dr. Grace Malindi Elizabeth Sikoya Janey Leakey Kamano Seed Company Ltd Afriseed Victoria Seed Ltd AMINATASeeds Sementes Nzara Yapera Lda Leldet Seed Company Ltd Zambia Uganda Meru Agro Tours & Consultants Co. Ltd Tanzania Suba Agro Trading & Engineering Company Ltd Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Mgom’mera Seed Company MalawiZambia Mozambique Women in the maize seed business in East and Southern Africa
Science for a food-secure future Research findings for women in the maize seed business study Production portfolio of the company include maize and legume seeds i.e. beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas and soybeans They vary in production output ranging from 33.3 tons to 1411.3 tons of maize per year Innovative mechanisms for marketing: Bodaboda (motorcycle) Maendeleo (devel- opment) seed pack Work with women lead farmers Women targeted branded materials i.e. maternity wards sheets
Science for a food-secure future 837 women vs 548 men Majority of the women are in seed processing (sorting, cleaning, grading, stitching, loading and packing) In seed production women are in planting, weeding, and harvesting and men are breeders, production managers, technicians and agronomists and mostly full-time employees Men take the leadership roles in administration as general managers, zonal managers and managing directors The number of male and female employees working in the seed companies Female Male
Science for a food-secure future  In each category of outgrowers, there are more men outgrowers than there are female outgrowers  The difference not big: 53% men and 47% women  Large parcel of land ownership as a challenge for women outgrowers Number and type of outgrowers used by the women owned seed companies
Challenges and recommendations for women-owned seed companies CHALLENGES • Societal discrimination and bias of women’s entrepreneurial and leadership skills in seed companies • Limited infrastructure (e.g. processing plants, warehouse capacity and transport.) • Women-owned seed companies have less start-up and working capital • Limited human resources and retainment of skilled staff i.e. breeders • Delayed payments e.g. by governments and agro-dealers affects business operations and cash flow especially for small seed companies RECOMMENDATIONS • Challenge social norms and stereotypes and build capacity on women’s contribution in the seed sector • Increased investments through loans, grants from public and private sectors. • Facilitate women-owned seed companies to access affordable loans from public and private institutions • Train and motivate staff through promotional strategies to retain skilled staff • Encourage government(s) to invest in women-owned seed companies
Science for a food-secure future Men hold KEY leadership positions, i.e., include seed production, processing, product development, sales & marketing managerial positions (men are the breeders, agronomists, technicians) Gender mainstreaming in seed companies: A case from Uganda Female Male Number of male and female department heads in seed companies 13 companies, which represent 80% of the market share in Uganda were studied
Science for a food-secure future 77%of the company employees are women 3567 females 810 males Though majority of the employees are seasonal workers  Women dominate the seed processing sector  Men dominate the rest of the categories Female Male Number of male and female employees in each department in seed companies in Uganda
Science for a food-secure future PROBLEM: Marketing strategy for selling of seeds is one size fits all of the outgrowers are men  Women outgrowers have smaller land plots and less secure land ownership and produce lower quantity of seeds than men  However, the quality of seeds produced by women outgrowers is much better than that of men  Few seed companies have allowed women outgrowers to grow seed on their land Female Male Number of male and female seed outgrowers 62%
Science for a food-secure future II. Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa Method used: Farmers’ participatory varietal selection
Science for a food-secure future  Stated preferences are the same for men and women  Men and women farmers though have give higher ranking for germination, yield, and early maturing Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa: Cases from Kenya and Rwanda Stated preferences of maize criteria by gender-Kenya Female Male N= 1708 Female= 936 Male= 772 Year=2016-2017
Science for a food-secure future Stated preferences of maize criteria by gender-Rwanda • Stated preferences are the same for men and women • Though highest preferred traits for men and women were germination, drought resistance and cob size Female Male N= 174 Female=97 Male= 77 Year=2016-2017
Science for a food-secure future 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Stalk borer resistance*** Biomass** Barreness level*** Foliar diseases resistance*** Lodging resistance Stalk thickness*** Number of cobs* Drought resistance* Cob size*** Early maturing*** Yield*** Traits contribution to overall evaluation by gender (OLS) Female Male Revealed criteria contribution to overall evaluation by gender from Kenya and Rwanda  IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA: There were significant differences (P<0.1) between men and women in the revealed trait criteria for all traits except for resistance to lodging  RELATIVE IMPORTANCE BETWEEN CRITERIA HAS NOT CHANGED: More similar for both men and women  As a result the evaluations of the different hybrids did not differ between men and women. Importance of post-harvest and processing.
Science for a food-secure future  Similar findings was observed when comparisons of gender and maize trait preferences was done in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda datasets
Science for a food-secure future III.Capacity Building Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for seed companies Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for breeders and technicians Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for agro-dealers Training manuals Gender-responsive budgeting tool for the promotion of improved maize seed in Africa Guiding tool for gender-responsive demos and field days data collection Gender-responsive approaches for the promotion of improved maize seed in Africa Materials for strengthening integration of gender considerations in formal maize seed sector development gender considerations in formal maize seed sector development
Science for a food-secure future Capacity Building Year Training Location Numbers 2019 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Lilongwe, Malawi 35 participants 2018 Breeders training (NARS, seed companies, universities in Eastern, Southern and West Africa) Kampala, Uganda 33 participants (26 male, 7 female) from NARS, private seed companies, and universities in Eastern, Southern, and West Africa. 2018 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Arusha, Tanzania 24 participants (19 male and 5 female) 2018 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Zambia 33 participants (22 male and 11 female) 2017 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Kampala, Uganda 34 participants (26 male and 8 female) 2017 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Zimbabwe 28 participants (20 male and 8 female) 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Uganda 33 participants (21% females, 18 seed companies, USTA, NaCRRI, Prisoners) 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Kenya (21.4% females, 8 seed companies, 5 research centers) participated in the training 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Tanzania six seed companies (26 participants), one regulator (2), CIMMYT (8 one as participant trainee) and CIP (1)
Science for a food-secure future CIMMYT’s Impact and success stories  Public-private partnership, Nalweyo seed company (NASECO’s) in Uganda annual seed production jumped from 20 tonnes in 1999 to 3,000 tonnes of maize hybrids in 2017, 10% of which was exported to DR Congo and Burundi, where there is virtually no seed and input distribution system available for farmers.  With CIMMYT's support, the company established over 1000 demo plots every year from 2015-2018 in Uganda, expanded distribution networks and improved its quality control processes.
Science for a food-secure future CIMMYT's impact and success stories  CIMMYT has provided the companies with: technical support, high quality breeder seeds and on-farm varietal demonstrations and trainings on various aspects of seed productions including gender trainings.
Science for a food-secure future Conclusion & areas for further R&D  Bridge the gender gap in the adoption of improved varieties of maize seed and strengthen better farming practices  There is a need to strengthen seed companies gender responsive seed related product positioning and operations at the workplace  The synthesis trait preferences: Further studies need to be done in the post-production characteristics, i.e., processing, cooking and consumption  Need to do household surveys that are gender dis-aggragated at the plot level as well as deeper gender responsive qualitative studies
Science for a food-secure future Acknowledgment CIMMYT Social Economics and Global Maize Programs Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation United States Agency for International Development All the women seed company owners and leaders in East and Southern Africa whom we have interviewed and their employees Ms. Pauline Muindi Dr. Lone Badstue Ms. Florence Sipala Ms. Jessica Osanya Dr. Franklin Simtowe Dr. Hugo De Groote Dr. Paswel Marenya Kipenz Films Maina Wainaina studio CIMMYT communications
Thank you for your interest! Science for a food-secure future

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Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons

  • 1. Science for a food-secure future Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons Rahma Adam, PhD 21st of November, 2019 CGIAR Gender Platform Webinar
  • 2. Presentation Outline 1. Rationale for gender responsiveness in formal seed systems 2. Gender in the formal maize seed sector: (i) Gender and the adoption of DT maize varieties in East Africa, including farmers awareness of the varieties. (ii)Women in the maize seed business in East and Southern Africa (iii) Gender mainstreaming in seed companies: A case from Uganda 3. Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa 4. Capacity building 5. Conclusions & further areas of research
  • 3. Science for a food-secure future Rationale for gender responsiveness in seed systems Women farmers are less likely to use improved seed than men in SSA, leading to lower productivity levels The gender gaps in the uptake of improved seed, represent real costs to households, seed companies, agro-dealers and society The role of Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa (STMA) project then is three folds: Provide state of the art knowledge on gender in seed value chains Understanding men and women product preferences Awareness creation and adoption through alternative partners like NGOs, CBOs, and local extensions I II III
  • 4. Science for a food-secure future I. Gender in the formal maize seed sector
  • 5. Science for a food-secure future % households aware of DTMVs in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda by Gender based on HH surveys  More MHHs are aware of DT maize than FHHs, especially in Uganda and Tanzania  Extension service biased towards men Note: Datasets from Tanzania and Kenya are from STMA 2018 and for Uganda is DTMASS 2015 Households awareness of Drought Tolerant Varieties in East Africa
  • 6. Science for a food-secure future % households adopting DTMVs in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda by Gender based on HH surveys  More MHHs adopted DT maize than FHHs, especially in Tanzania and Kenya  Provided that seeds are made available in Uganda, the FHHs are likely to adopt DTMVs the same way as MHHs.
  • 7. Science for a food-secure future Sylvia Horemans Stephanie Angomwile Josephine Okot Dr. Zubeda Omari Mduruma Cecilia Alphonce Magesa Sarah Muya Dr. Grace Malindi Elizabeth Sikoya Janey Leakey Kamano Seed Company Ltd Afriseed Victoria Seed Ltd AMINATASeeds Sementes Nzara Yapera Lda Leldet Seed Company Ltd Zambia Uganda Meru Agro Tours & Consultants Co. Ltd Tanzania Suba Agro Trading & Engineering Company Ltd Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Mgom’mera Seed Company MalawiZambia Mozambique Women in the maize seed business in East and Southern Africa
  • 8. Science for a food-secure future Research findings for women in the maize seed business study Production portfolio of the company include maize and legume seeds i.e. beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas and soybeans They vary in production output ranging from 33.3 tons to 1411.3 tons of maize per year Innovative mechanisms for marketing: Bodaboda (motorcycle) Maendeleo (devel- opment) seed pack Work with women lead farmers Women targeted branded materials i.e. maternity wards sheets
  • 9. Science for a food-secure future 837 women vs 548 men Majority of the women are in seed processing (sorting, cleaning, grading, stitching, loading and packing) In seed production women are in planting, weeding, and harvesting and men are breeders, production managers, technicians and agronomists and mostly full-time employees Men take the leadership roles in administration as general managers, zonal managers and managing directors The number of male and female employees working in the seed companies Female Male
  • 10. Science for a food-secure future  In each category of outgrowers, there are more men outgrowers than there are female outgrowers  The difference not big: 53% men and 47% women  Large parcel of land ownership as a challenge for women outgrowers Number and type of outgrowers used by the women owned seed companies
  • 11. Challenges and recommendations for women-owned seed companies CHALLENGES • Societal discrimination and bias of women’s entrepreneurial and leadership skills in seed companies • Limited infrastructure (e.g. processing plants, warehouse capacity and transport.) • Women-owned seed companies have less start-up and working capital • Limited human resources and retainment of skilled staff i.e. breeders • Delayed payments e.g. by governments and agro-dealers affects business operations and cash flow especially for small seed companies RECOMMENDATIONS • Challenge social norms and stereotypes and build capacity on women’s contribution in the seed sector • Increased investments through loans, grants from public and private sectors. • Facilitate women-owned seed companies to access affordable loans from public and private institutions • Train and motivate staff through promotional strategies to retain skilled staff • Encourage government(s) to invest in women-owned seed companies
  • 12. Science for a food-secure future Men hold KEY leadership positions, i.e., include seed production, processing, product development, sales & marketing managerial positions (men are the breeders, agronomists, technicians) Gender mainstreaming in seed companies: A case from Uganda Female Male Number of male and female department heads in seed companies 13 companies, which represent 80% of the market share in Uganda were studied
  • 13. Science for a food-secure future 77%of the company employees are women 3567 females 810 males Though majority of the employees are seasonal workers  Women dominate the seed processing sector  Men dominate the rest of the categories Female Male Number of male and female employees in each department in seed companies in Uganda
  • 14. Science for a food-secure future PROBLEM: Marketing strategy for selling of seeds is one size fits all of the outgrowers are men  Women outgrowers have smaller land plots and less secure land ownership and produce lower quantity of seeds than men  However, the quality of seeds produced by women outgrowers is much better than that of men  Few seed companies have allowed women outgrowers to grow seed on their land Female Male Number of male and female seed outgrowers 62%
  • 15. Science for a food-secure future II. Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa Method used: Farmers’ participatory varietal selection
  • 16. Science for a food-secure future  Stated preferences are the same for men and women  Men and women farmers though have give higher ranking for germination, yield, and early maturing Synthesis on trait-preferences by gender in East Africa: Cases from Kenya and Rwanda Stated preferences of maize criteria by gender-Kenya Female Male N= 1708 Female= 936 Male= 772 Year=2016-2017
  • 17. Science for a food-secure future Stated preferences of maize criteria by gender-Rwanda • Stated preferences are the same for men and women • Though highest preferred traits for men and women were germination, drought resistance and cob size Female Male N= 174 Female=97 Male= 77 Year=2016-2017
  • 18. Science for a food-secure future 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Stalk borer resistance*** Biomass** Barreness level*** Foliar diseases resistance*** Lodging resistance Stalk thickness*** Number of cobs* Drought resistance* Cob size*** Early maturing*** Yield*** Traits contribution to overall evaluation by gender (OLS) Female Male Revealed criteria contribution to overall evaluation by gender from Kenya and Rwanda  IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA: There were significant differences (P<0.1) between men and women in the revealed trait criteria for all traits except for resistance to lodging  RELATIVE IMPORTANCE BETWEEN CRITERIA HAS NOT CHANGED: More similar for both men and women  As a result the evaluations of the different hybrids did not differ between men and women. Importance of post-harvest and processing.
  • 19. Science for a food-secure future  Similar findings was observed when comparisons of gender and maize trait preferences was done in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda datasets
  • 20. Science for a food-secure future III.Capacity Building Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for seed companies Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for breeders and technicians Gender-responsive approaches for enhancing the adoption of improved maize seed in Africa: A training manual for agro-dealers Training manuals Gender-responsive budgeting tool for the promotion of improved maize seed in Africa Guiding tool for gender-responsive demos and field days data collection Gender-responsive approaches for the promotion of improved maize seed in Africa Materials for strengthening integration of gender considerations in formal maize seed sector development gender considerations in formal maize seed sector development
  • 21. Science for a food-secure future Capacity Building Year Training Location Numbers 2019 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Lilongwe, Malawi 35 participants 2018 Breeders training (NARS, seed companies, universities in Eastern, Southern and West Africa) Kampala, Uganda 33 participants (26 male, 7 female) from NARS, private seed companies, and universities in Eastern, Southern, and West Africa. 2018 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Arusha, Tanzania 24 participants (19 male and 5 female) 2018 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Zambia 33 participants (22 male and 11 female) 2017 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Kampala, Uganda 34 participants (26 male and 8 female) 2017 Maize technician training (NARS and seed companies) Zimbabwe 28 participants (20 male and 8 female) 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Uganda 33 participants (21% females, 18 seed companies, USTA, NaCRRI, Prisoners) 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Kenya (21.4% females, 8 seed companies, 5 research centers) participated in the training 2016 seed production and quality training in collaboration with other CIMMYT projects (DTMASS and WEMA) and partners Tanzania six seed companies (26 participants), one regulator (2), CIMMYT (8 one as participant trainee) and CIP (1)
  • 22. Science for a food-secure future CIMMYT’s Impact and success stories  Public-private partnership, Nalweyo seed company (NASECO’s) in Uganda annual seed production jumped from 20 tonnes in 1999 to 3,000 tonnes of maize hybrids in 2017, 10% of which was exported to DR Congo and Burundi, where there is virtually no seed and input distribution system available for farmers.  With CIMMYT's support, the company established over 1000 demo plots every year from 2015-2018 in Uganda, expanded distribution networks and improved its quality control processes.
  • 23. Science for a food-secure future CIMMYT's impact and success stories  CIMMYT has provided the companies with: technical support, high quality breeder seeds and on-farm varietal demonstrations and trainings on various aspects of seed productions including gender trainings.
  • 24. Science for a food-secure future Conclusion & areas for further R&D  Bridge the gender gap in the adoption of improved varieties of maize seed and strengthen better farming practices  There is a need to strengthen seed companies gender responsive seed related product positioning and operations at the workplace  The synthesis trait preferences: Further studies need to be done in the post-production characteristics, i.e., processing, cooking and consumption  Need to do household surveys that are gender dis-aggragated at the plot level as well as deeper gender responsive qualitative studies
  • 25. Science for a food-secure future Acknowledgment CIMMYT Social Economics and Global Maize Programs Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation United States Agency for International Development All the women seed company owners and leaders in East and Southern Africa whom we have interviewed and their employees Ms. Pauline Muindi Dr. Lone Badstue Ms. Florence Sipala Ms. Jessica Osanya Dr. Franklin Simtowe Dr. Hugo De Groote Dr. Paswel Marenya Kipenz Films Maina Wainaina studio CIMMYT communications
  • 26. Thank you for your interest! Science for a food-secure future