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Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan

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Muhammad Ishfaq khosa

This document provides an introduction to the geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. It discusses the two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism. Contact metamorphism occurs near igneous intrusions and forms non-foliated rocks like marble, quartzite, and hornfels. Regional metamorphism occurs at greater depths and forms foliated rocks like slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and amphibolite. Examples of different metamorphic rocks are provided.

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Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan
Geo Chemistry Introduction to Geo Chemistry of Metamorphic Rock
Presented by Muhammad Ishfaq Khosa Roll no. 220 Session 2013-2017 University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarbad
Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan
Metamorphic Rock • Metamorphic Rocks are formed from Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks through metamorphism processes deep under the Earth Crust • It formed due to Temperature, Pressure and chemical Processes.
Types of Metamorphism • There are two types of metamorphism 1)Contact Metamorphism 2)Regional Metamorphism
1. Contact Metamorphism • Contact metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed, mainly by heat. • The Confining Pressure is relatively low • It is less than 10 km • The zone is 1-100 m wide • Non Foliated Rocks are formed due to Contact metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism • It is formed when magma pushed the existing rocks • Changes the structure and mineral composition of the surrounding rocks
Contact metamorphism Folding Minerals
2. Regional Metamorphism • Regional metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed by heat and pressure over a wide area. • It takes place at depth greater than 5 km • Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are formed due to Regional Metamorphism.
Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan
Classification of rocks • Rocks can be classified in two different types based on the texture i. Foliated rocks ii.Non foliated rocks
Non Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • These Rocks are formed due to Contact Metamorphism • Metamorphic Rocks does not foliation. • Examples of Metamorphic Rocks are • Marble, Quartzite and Hornfels etc.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • These Rocks are formed due to Regional Metamorphism. • Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are visible layers or bands are formed due to perpendicular Pressures. • Examples are Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss etc.
Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan
Non Foliated Rocks • Marble • Quartzite • Hornfels
Marble • Marble is the coarse grained rock composed of interlocking calcite crystals forms when limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism if the parent rock is the dolomite the recrystal rock is the dolomitic marble • Marble is however highly susceptible to chemical weathering
Chemistry of Marble • Metamorphic rock containing more than 50% vol. of calcite and/or dolomite and/or aragonite. • Pure marble contains more than 95% vol.of these carbonate minerals, whereas the remainder are classified as impure marble.
Marble Hunza marble Low grade marble
Quartzite • Is produce when grains of quartz in sandstone are welded tighter while the rock is subjected to high temperature. This makes it as difficult to break along grain boundaries as through the grains. Therefore quartzite, being as hard as single quartz crystals is difficult to break
Quartzite Chita Bata quartzite Quartzite
Hornfels • Hornfels is a very fine-grained non foliated, metamorphic rock whose parent rock is either shale or basalt. • If it forms from shale only microscopically visible micas form from the shale’s clay minerals. • If Hornfels form from basalt, amphibole, rather than mica , is the predominant fine-grained mineral produces.
Foliated Rocks • Slate • Phyllite • Schist • Gneiss
Slate • Slate is a very fine grained rock that break easy along the flat, parallel planes. • Some slate forms from the volcanic ash, parent rock is shale • The individual grains are too small to be seen by the unaided eye (<0.1 mm) and in which the schistosity is developed on the grain scale. • Slate is usually of very low metamorphic grade and rich in phyllosilicates
Slate Hazara Slate Kilk Slate
Phyllite • Metamorphic rock, in which the individual grains are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye (>0.1mm) • characterized by a lustreous sheen and a well developed schistosity resulting from the parallel arrangement of phyllosilicates. • Phyllite is usually of low metamorphic grade
Phyllite
Schist • A schist is characterized by megascopically visible. • Parallel oriented minerals • Platy or elongated minerals that crystalize from the parent rock are clearly visible to the naked eye • Two, of several, schist that form from shale that are the mica schist and garnet mica schist • Mica schist and garnet mica schist are formed from the same parent rock
Schist • If the parent rock is basalt, the schist are the Amphibole schist • If the ferromagnesian mineral that form during the metamorphism of the basalt is formed amphibole • If the predominant mineral is chlorite, green micaceous mineral is chlorite schist
Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan
Schist Talc schist Garnet schist
Schist Chlorite Schist Amphibolite Schist
Schist Graphite Schist Starolite Schist
Gneiss • Gneiss is a rock consisting of light and dark minerals layers or lenses. • Due to temperature and pressure changed in the rock then mineral have separated in to the layers • Platy or elongated minerals(mica or amphibole) in dark layers • Coarse feldspar and quartz are light colored layers
Gneiss gneiss Maylonite Gneiss
Amphibolite • Amphibolite is metamorphic rock mainly (to more than 50% vol.) consisting of green, brown, or black amphibole and plagioclase. • The modal content of pyroxene is larger than 30% vol. and larger than the percentage of any one of the other mafic minerals. Plagioclase is a major mineral (>5%vol.).
Other common minerals in amphibolite are quartz, chlorite, epidote, zoisite, biotite, garnet, titanite, scapolite, and calcite. Their presence should be indicated by prefixing them, e.g., garnet bearing clinopyroxene amphibolite, where garnet is a minor and clinopyroxene a major constituent. Only in the case of the special type of amphibole or plagioclase being present, these constituents should be prefixed as well (e.g., bytownite amphibolite
Amphibolite Kamila Amphibolite Epidote
Eclogite • Eclogite is Plagioclase free metamorphic rock composed of more than 75% omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major minerals

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Geo chemistry of metamorphic rock in pakistan

  • 2. Geo Chemistry Introduction to Geo Chemistry of Metamorphic Rock
  • 3. Presented by Muhammad Ishfaq Khosa Roll no. 220 Session 2013-2017 University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarbad
  • 5. Metamorphic Rock • Metamorphic Rocks are formed from Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks through metamorphism processes deep under the Earth Crust • It formed due to Temperature, Pressure and chemical Processes.
  • 6. Types of Metamorphism • There are two types of metamorphism 1)Contact Metamorphism 2)Regional Metamorphism
  • 7. 1. Contact Metamorphism • Contact metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed, mainly by heat. • The Confining Pressure is relatively low • It is less than 10 km • The zone is 1-100 m wide • Non Foliated Rocks are formed due to Contact metamorphism
  • 8. Contact Metamorphism • It is formed when magma pushed the existing rocks • Changes the structure and mineral composition of the surrounding rocks
  • 10. 2. Regional Metamorphism • Regional metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed by heat and pressure over a wide area. • It takes place at depth greater than 5 km • Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are formed due to Regional Metamorphism.
  • 12. Classification of rocks • Rocks can be classified in two different types based on the texture i. Foliated rocks ii.Non foliated rocks
  • 13. Non Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • These Rocks are formed due to Contact Metamorphism • Metamorphic Rocks does not foliation. • Examples of Metamorphic Rocks are • Marble, Quartzite and Hornfels etc.
  • 14. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • These Rocks are formed due to Regional Metamorphism. • Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are visible layers or bands are formed due to perpendicular Pressures. • Examples are Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss etc.
  • 16. Non Foliated Rocks • Marble • Quartzite • Hornfels
  • 17. Marble • Marble is the coarse grained rock composed of interlocking calcite crystals forms when limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism if the parent rock is the dolomite the recrystal rock is the dolomitic marble • Marble is however highly susceptible to chemical weathering
  • 18. Chemistry of Marble • Metamorphic rock containing more than 50% vol. of calcite and/or dolomite and/or aragonite. • Pure marble contains more than 95% vol.of these carbonate minerals, whereas the remainder are classified as impure marble.
  • 20. Quartzite • Is produce when grains of quartz in sandstone are welded tighter while the rock is subjected to high temperature. This makes it as difficult to break along grain boundaries as through the grains. Therefore quartzite, being as hard as single quartz crystals is difficult to break
  • 22. Hornfels • Hornfels is a very fine-grained non foliated, metamorphic rock whose parent rock is either shale or basalt. • If it forms from shale only microscopically visible micas form from the shale’s clay minerals. • If Hornfels form from basalt, amphibole, rather than mica , is the predominant fine-grained mineral produces.
  • 23. Foliated Rocks • Slate • Phyllite • Schist • Gneiss
  • 24. Slate • Slate is a very fine grained rock that break easy along the flat, parallel planes. • Some slate forms from the volcanic ash, parent rock is shale • The individual grains are too small to be seen by the unaided eye (<0.1 mm) and in which the schistosity is developed on the grain scale. • Slate is usually of very low metamorphic grade and rich in phyllosilicates
  • 26. Phyllite • Metamorphic rock, in which the individual grains are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye (>0.1mm) • characterized by a lustreous sheen and a well developed schistosity resulting from the parallel arrangement of phyllosilicates. • Phyllite is usually of low metamorphic grade
  • 28. Schist • A schist is characterized by megascopically visible. • Parallel oriented minerals • Platy or elongated minerals that crystalize from the parent rock are clearly visible to the naked eye • Two, of several, schist that form from shale that are the mica schist and garnet mica schist • Mica schist and garnet mica schist are formed from the same parent rock
  • 29. Schist • If the parent rock is basalt, the schist are the Amphibole schist • If the ferromagnesian mineral that form during the metamorphism of the basalt is formed amphibole • If the predominant mineral is chlorite, green micaceous mineral is chlorite schist
  • 34. Gneiss • Gneiss is a rock consisting of light and dark minerals layers or lenses. • Due to temperature and pressure changed in the rock then mineral have separated in to the layers • Platy or elongated minerals(mica or amphibole) in dark layers • Coarse feldspar and quartz are light colored layers
  • 36. Amphibolite • Amphibolite is metamorphic rock mainly (to more than 50% vol.) consisting of green, brown, or black amphibole and plagioclase. • The modal content of pyroxene is larger than 30% vol. and larger than the percentage of any one of the other mafic minerals. Plagioclase is a major mineral (>5%vol.).
  • 37. Other common minerals in amphibolite are quartz, chlorite, epidote, zoisite, biotite, garnet, titanite, scapolite, and calcite. Their presence should be indicated by prefixing them, e.g., garnet bearing clinopyroxene amphibolite, where garnet is a minor and clinopyroxene a major constituent. Only in the case of the special type of amphibole or plagioclase being present, these constituents should be prefixed as well (e.g., bytownite amphibolite
  • 39. Eclogite • Eclogite is Plagioclase free metamorphic rock composed of more than 75% omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major minerals