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Geology

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1. Geology is the science that studies the physical structure and composition of the Earth, as well as the processes that act on it. 2. Geology provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay that are important for civil engineering projects. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact projects. 3. Geology is important for understanding groundwater resources and interpreting drilling data for projects like dams and bridges to ensure stable foundations.

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GEOLOGY Presented by: K TARUN KUMAR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTCAL ENGINEERING
Definition:- • The science which deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth, their history, and the processes which act on them. • The geological features of a district. • The geological features of a planetary body. Geo logous Geology Earth science
The importance of geology in civil engineering may briefly as follows: • Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence, composition, durability and other properties. Example of such construction materials is building stones, road metal, clay, limestones and laterite.
• The knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquakes helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works. For example the knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition helps greatly in solving the expensive problems of river control, coastal and soil conservation.
• Ground water is the water which occurs in the subsurface rocks. The knowledge about its quantity and depth of occurrence is required in connection with water supply, irrigation, excavation and many other civil engineering works.
• The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built. In these works drilling is commonly undertaken to explore the ground conditions. Geology helps greatly in interpreting the drilling data. • In tunneling, constructing roads, canals, docks and in determining the stability of cuts and slopes, the knowledge about the nature and structure of rocks is very necessary. • Before staring a major engineering project at a place, a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections, is prepared. Such a report helps in planning and constructing the projects.
Physical Geology: • Physical Geology uses the scientific method to explain natural aspects of the Earth - for example, how mountains form or why oil resources are concentrated in some rocks and not in others. • This chapter briefly explains how and why Earth's surface, and its interior, are constantly changing. It relates this constant change to the major geological topics of interaction of the atmosphere, water and rock.
Geology
Petrology:- • Petrology is the branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks. • (from the Greek language : petra-"rock" and logos- "study") • “Lithology” was once approximately synonymous with petrography, but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale description of rocks while petrography is the specialty that deals with microscopic details.
Branches: • There are three branches of petrology, corresponding to the three types of rocks: Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. • Igneous petrology focuses on the composition and texture of igneous rocks (rocks such as granite or basalt which have crystallized from molten rock or magma). Igneous rocks include volcanic and plutonic rocks.
• Sedimentary petrology focuses on the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks (rocks such as sandstone, shale, or limestone which consist of pieces or particles derived from other rocks or biological or chemical deposits, and are usually bound together in a matrix of finer material)
• Metamorphic petrology focuses on the composition and texture of metamorphic rocks (rocks such as slate, marble, gneiss, or schist which started out as sedimentary or igneous rocks but which have undergone chemical, mineralogical or textural changes due to extremes of pressure, temperature or both). • Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) causing profound physical and/or chemical change.
Geology
Structural geology: • Structural geology is the study of the three- dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. • The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries.
Geology
Weathering of Rocks: • Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice. • There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. • Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. • The second classification, chemical weathering involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals also known as biological weathering in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.
Geology
Geology

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Geology

  • 1. GEOLOGY Presented by: K TARUN KUMAR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTCAL ENGINEERING
  • 2. Definition:- • The science which deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth, their history, and the processes which act on them. • The geological features of a district. • The geological features of a planetary body. Geo logous Geology Earth science
  • 3. The importance of geology in civil engineering may briefly as follows: • Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence, composition, durability and other properties. Example of such construction materials is building stones, road metal, clay, limestones and laterite.
  • 4. • The knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquakes helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works. For example the knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition helps greatly in solving the expensive problems of river control, coastal and soil conservation.
  • 5. • Ground water is the water which occurs in the subsurface rocks. The knowledge about its quantity and depth of occurrence is required in connection with water supply, irrigation, excavation and many other civil engineering works.
  • 6. • The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built. In these works drilling is commonly undertaken to explore the ground conditions. Geology helps greatly in interpreting the drilling data. • In tunneling, constructing roads, canals, docks and in determining the stability of cuts and slopes, the knowledge about the nature and structure of rocks is very necessary. • Before staring a major engineering project at a place, a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections, is prepared. Such a report helps in planning and constructing the projects.
  • 7. Physical Geology: • Physical Geology uses the scientific method to explain natural aspects of the Earth - for example, how mountains form or why oil resources are concentrated in some rocks and not in others. • This chapter briefly explains how and why Earth's surface, and its interior, are constantly changing. It relates this constant change to the major geological topics of interaction of the atmosphere, water and rock.
  • 9. Petrology:- • Petrology is the branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks. • (from the Greek language : petra-"rock" and logos- "study") • “Lithology” was once approximately synonymous with petrography, but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale description of rocks while petrography is the specialty that deals with microscopic details.
  • 10. Branches: • There are three branches of petrology, corresponding to the three types of rocks: Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. • Igneous petrology focuses on the composition and texture of igneous rocks (rocks such as granite or basalt which have crystallized from molten rock or magma). Igneous rocks include volcanic and plutonic rocks.
  • 11. • Sedimentary petrology focuses on the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks (rocks such as sandstone, shale, or limestone which consist of pieces or particles derived from other rocks or biological or chemical deposits, and are usually bound together in a matrix of finer material)
  • 12. • Metamorphic petrology focuses on the composition and texture of metamorphic rocks (rocks such as slate, marble, gneiss, or schist which started out as sedimentary or igneous rocks but which have undergone chemical, mineralogical or textural changes due to extremes of pressure, temperature or both). • Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) causing profound physical and/or chemical change.
  • 14. Structural geology: • Structural geology is the study of the three- dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. • The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries.
  • 16. Weathering of Rocks: • Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice. • There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. • Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. • The second classification, chemical weathering involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals also known as biological weathering in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.