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Geometry of folds

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venkatesh sambandan

The document discusses key concepts related to the geometry and elements of rock folding. It defines folding as the bending of rock strata due to compressional forces, which results in a wavy formation of the earth's surface known as folds. Folds are described by their form and orientation. Key elements of folds discussed include limbs, which are the segments of rock beds between the crest and troughs of a fold, and hinge lines, which connect the points of maximum curvature in a folded sequence. The document also defines axial planes, fold axes, plunge, and features such as crests, troughs, and inflection points.

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Geometry and elements of fold
The bending of rock strata of plastic nature due to compressional forces acting horizontally towards a common point or plane from opposite directions is known as folding. INTRODUCTION
It results in the crumbling of strata , resulting in a wavy formation on the surface of the earth , which are known as folds. Folds are described by their form & orientation. CONTINUE...
Geometry of folds
The stretch of the rock beds lying between any crest and any of the adjacent troughs on either sides is known as the limb of the fold. The limb may be then redefined as the fold segment between a hinge line and the adjacent inflection line. 1.LIMBS
Geometry of folds
A point can be found where curvature is maximum is called hinge point. When rocks occur in a sequence & their all hinge points are joined together , they make a line , called the hinge line. 2.HINGE
Geometry of folds
An axial plane is that imaginary plane that passes through all the points of maximum curvature in a folded sequence. It may be vertical , inclined or horizontal in nature. 3.AXIAL PLANE
Geometry of folds
A line drawn parallel to the hinge line of a fold. A precise definition is the line representing the intersection of the axial plane of a fold with any bed of the fold. 4.AXIS OF A FOLD
Geometry of folds
The angle of inclination of the fold axis with the horizontal as measured in a vertical plane is termed the plunge of the fold. In other words , plunge is the angle which this line makes with a horizontal plane. 5.PLUNGE OF A FOLD
Geometry of folds
Crest-Highest points in an uparched fold. Trough-Lowest point in a downarched fold. Inflection point-A point on a fold at which the fold changes from syncline to anticline or vice versa. 6.CREST,TROUGH & INFLECTION POINT
Geometry of folds
Engineering & general geology-Parbin Singh. A textbook of geology-G.B.Mahabatra https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flank_ %26_hinge.PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agiosp avlos_DM_2004_IMG002_Felsenformati on.JPG REFERNCE
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Geometry of folds

  • 2. The bending of rock strata of plastic nature due to compressional forces acting horizontally towards a common point or plane from opposite directions is known as folding. INTRODUCTION
  • 3. It results in the crumbling of strata , resulting in a wavy formation on the surface of the earth , which are known as folds. Folds are described by their form & orientation. CONTINUE...
  • 5. The stretch of the rock beds lying between any crest and any of the adjacent troughs on either sides is known as the limb of the fold. The limb may be then redefined as the fold segment between a hinge line and the adjacent inflection line. 1.LIMBS
  • 7. A point can be found where curvature is maximum is called hinge point. When rocks occur in a sequence & their all hinge points are joined together , they make a line , called the hinge line. 2.HINGE
  • 9. An axial plane is that imaginary plane that passes through all the points of maximum curvature in a folded sequence. It may be vertical , inclined or horizontal in nature. 3.AXIAL PLANE
  • 11. A line drawn parallel to the hinge line of a fold. A precise definition is the line representing the intersection of the axial plane of a fold with any bed of the fold. 4.AXIS OF A FOLD
  • 13. The angle of inclination of the fold axis with the horizontal as measured in a vertical plane is termed the plunge of the fold. In other words , plunge is the angle which this line makes with a horizontal plane. 5.PLUNGE OF A FOLD
  • 15. Crest-Highest points in an uparched fold. Trough-Lowest point in a downarched fold. Inflection point-A point on a fold at which the fold changes from syncline to anticline or vice versa. 6.CREST,TROUGH & INFLECTION POINT
  • 17. Engineering & general geology-Parbin Singh. A textbook of geology-G.B.Mahabatra https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flank_ %26_hinge.PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agiosp avlos_DM_2004_IMG002_Felsenformati on.JPG REFERNCE