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PROBLEM SET
Standard namespace:
Recall from lecture that after you tell the preprocessor to use functions from the standard
input/output library (#include <iostream>), you need to tell the compiler that the functions
you’ll be using are defined in the “standard namespace” (a language feature we won’t go
into in detail), which you do with “using namespace std;”. Another way to access the
functions in the standard namespace is to prefix each one with the name of the namespace.
For instance, you can skip the using statement if you write std::cout and std::cin every time
you want to print or input text.
Problem 1
Look at the following program and try to guess what it does without running it.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{ int x = 5;
int y = 7;
std::cout << "n";
std::cout << x + y << " " << x * y;
std::cout << "n";
return 0;
}
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Problem 2
Put the following program in a file called buggy.cpp and compile it. (“.cpp” is the
standard suffix for C++ code files.) What errors do you receive? How would you fix
them? (You may need to correct and recompile several times before all the problems are
fixed.)
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout < "Hello Worldn;
return 0
}
Problem 3
Write a program that writes “I love C++” to the screen.
char * data type:
One data type that we discussed only implicitly in lecture is strings. Strings are just
sequences of characters, which are denoted by quotation marks – e.g. "Hello world!" is a
string, as are "n", "The Noble Duke of York", and so on. (Note that strings use double
quotes, whereas lone characters, such as 'n', use single quotes.) The official C++ name
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for this data type – i.e. the equivalent for strings of int, double, etc. – is char *. You do not
need to know how this syntax works; all you need to know is that when you want to
declare a variable to store a string, you type something like: char *loveCpp = "I love
C++!";. (The * is usually placed directly before the variable name, but the name of this
variable is just loveCpp.) The escape codes we talked about in lecture are all for encoding
special characters as chars or within char *’s.
Problem 4
What would be the correct variable type in which to store the following information?
a. Your age
b. The area of your backyard
c. The number of stars in the galaxy
d. The average rainfall for the month of January
e. Your name
f. A status value corresponding to failure or success
Problem 5
Suggest a good variable name for each piece of information you described in Problem
4, and provide a sample declaration/assignment statement for the variable.
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Expressions:
An expression in C++ is any series of tokens that, when it is evaluated and all commands
contained within it are run, is equivalent to a value. For instance, a + b is an expression, as
are 35902 and "Hello world!". An expression is said to “evaluate to” its value. This is in
contrast to a statement, such as x = a + b;, which gives an instruction to the processor. We
will see other examples of statements, such as conditional statements and loops, in the next
lecture. (Even x = a + b, an assignment statement, can be treated as an expression, whose
value is whatever x is equal to after the assignment is completed, but this is not commonly
used.)
Expressions that you type directly into your code – integers, decimal numbers, true, false,
etc. – are constants. 35 and "This is a string" are constants, but 24 / 3 and myVariable are
not, since they are calculated at run-time.
There are two different types of expressions: L-values and R-values. An L-value appears on
the left side of an assignment statement (“L” for “left”); it is the thing that is assigned to. An
Rvalue is the expression whose value is evaluated, and possibly assigned to an L-value. An
identifier – a name that you gave to something, such the name of a variable – can be used as
an expression in either of these ways. For example, in the statement x = y + 5;, x and y are
both identifiers; x is an L-value; and y, 5, and y + 5 are all R-values.
The compiler will often convert numbers between types automatically for you to make your
expressions work. For example, if you write 3 + x where x is a double, the compiler
converts the 3 to a double for you.
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Problem 6
State whether each of the following is an expression or a statement. If it is an expression,
state its data type, what type of expression it is (if it is a constant or an identifier), and the
value it evaluates to. (Decimal numbers are doubles by default. You need not consider
assignment statements to be expressions.)
a) 23.5
b) double a = 23.5;
c) 24 * 3.2
d) 24 / 32
e) 24 / 32.0
f) return 0;
g) x // Assume the line before says int x = 4;
h) 'x‘
Problem 7
Write a program that prompts the user to enter two integer values and a float value,
and then prints out the three numbers that are entered with a suitable message.
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Problem 8
Write a program to evaluate the fuel consumption of a car. Have the user input the miles
on the car’s odometer at the start and end of the journey, and also the fuel level in the tank
(in gallons) at the start and end of the journey. Calculate fuel used, miles travelled, and the
overall fuel consumption in miles travelled per gallon of fuel. Print these values,
accompanied by appropriate messages indicating what they are.
Named constants:
We talked in lecture about naming conventions for constants: a name
in all-caps usually indicates a constant. C++ allows you to instruct the compiler to insist
that a variable stay constant throughout the program. You can do this by putting the
keyword const before the variable declaration. For example, const double PI = 3.14159;
declares a variable named PI that can never be changed after its initial assignment to
3.14159. To attempt to change the value of such a variable – a named constant – is a syntax
error. Effectively, we’ve simply defined another name for the constant value 3.14159,
which of course we aren’t allowed to change.
Operator shorthands:
C++ provides a number of shortcuts for simple arithmetic expressions. Often you’ll want to
modify the value of a variable by doing something to its current value – adding 1,
multiplying by 42, etc. We could express this as something like x = x + 2;. Because this is
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such a common need, though, C++ allows us to simply write x += 2;. The same syntax
works for other mathematical operators: -=, *=, /=, %= are all valid operators.
There is an even shorter shortcut for saying x += 1;: We can use the pre-increment operator
(syntax: ++variable) to add 1 to a variable before evaluating it, and the post-increment
operator (syntax: variable++) to add 1 after evaluating it. For instance, if y is set to 3, x =
y++; will set x to 3 and y to 4, while x = ++y; will first set y to 4, then x to 4, as well.
Problem 9
Write a program that sets the constant integer NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES to 2 and the
integer variable x to 100. The program should then increment x, set it to the remainder of
its current value divided by NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES, and add 2 to it. Use the operator
shorthands as much as you can.
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SOLUTIONS SET
Problem 1
OUTPUT:
12 35
Problem 2
Errors in code: missing second < after cout; missing final quote after n, missing
semicolon after return statement. Corrected code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello Worldn";
return 0;
}
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Problem 3
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "I love C++";
return 0;
}
Problem 4
a) (short) integer
b) double or float
c) (long) integer
d) double or float
e) char * (NOT char – char is only a single character; only a char * can store a whole
string)
f) boolean (bool)
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Problem 5
a) int myAge = 18;
b) double yardArea = 20.5;
c) long numOfStars = 100000000;
d) double avgRain = 15.3;
e) char *myName = "Tanmay";
f) bool success = false;
Problem 6
a. expression, double, constant
b. statement
c. expression, double, neither, 76.8
d. expression, double, neither, 0
e. expression, double, neither, 0.75
f. statement
g. expression, int (or long int), identifier, 4
h. expression , char, constant
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Problem 7
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int a, b;
float c;
cout << "Enter an integer:";
cin >> a;
cout << "Enter another integer:";
cin >> b;
cout << "Enter a number with decimal:";
cin >> c;
cout << "You entered " << a << ", " << b << ", and " << c;
return 0;
}
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Problem 8
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int initialMiles, finalMiles, milesTraveled;
float initialTank, finalTank, fuelUsed, fuelConsumed;
cout << "Enter the miles on your car's odometer at the start of your journey n";
cin >> initialMiles;
cout << "Enter the fuel level in your tank at the start of your journey n";
cin >> initialTank;
cout << "Enter the miles on your car's odometer at the end of your journey n";
cin >> finalMiles;
cout << "Enter the fuel level in your tank at the end of your journey n";
cin >> finalTank;
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milesTraveled = finalMiles - initialMiles;
fuelUsed = initialTank - finalTank;
double milesPerGal = milesTraveled / fuelUsed;
cout << "You traveled " << milesTraveled << " miles using “
<< fuelUsed << " gallons of fuel n";
cout << "Your fuel consumption was " << milesPerGal << " miles per gallon n";
return 0;
}
Problem 9
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
const int NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES = 2;
int x = 100;
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++x %= NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES;
x += 2;
cout << x;
return 0;
}
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